Overview
This lecture examines the concept of ethnicity, its origins, how it differs from race, and how these categories have evolved in the U.S. over time.
Defining Ethnicity and Race
- Ethnicity refers to shared cultural origin or heritage, such as national origin or specific cultural practices.
- Race is often defined by physical or phenotypic traits like skin tone or facial features.
- Ethnicity and race are interwoven but not synonymous; both concepts have evolved over time.
Historical Development
- The term "ethnicity" emerged in social science in the 1920s, aiming to describe social groups beyond racial distinctions.
- In 19th-century America, groups now considered ethnicities (e.g., Irish, Italians, Slavs) were classified as separate races.
- By the early 20th century, these groups were consolidated into the "white" category to reinforce cultural majority status.
Social Dynamics and Assimilation
- Ethnic groups can sometimes assimilate more easily into the majority culture compared to racial minorities.
- Acceptance of ethnic groups by the majority is influenced by shifting definitions of race and class mobility.
- Historical events, like the 1863 New York Draft Riots, illustrate tensions among class, race, and ethnicity.
Fluidity and Limits of Ethnicity
- Definitions of race and ethnicity are not stable and have changed to fit social and political needs.
- Ethnicity is rooted in shared culture and heritage, not just any shared interest or subculture.
- Migration can create new hyphenated ethnic identities (e.g., Chinese American).
Key Terms & Definitions
- Ethnicity — a group identity based on shared cultural origin and heritage.
- Race — a social category based on perceived physical traits.
- Phenotype — observable physical characteristics used to classify race.
- Heritage — inherited cultural traditions, customs, and history.
- Assimilation — the process by which a group adopts the culture of a dominant group.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the differences and intersections between race and ethnicity.
- Reflect on the ways heritage and migration influence ethnic identity.
- Optional: Watch the "What is Cultural Appropriation?" episode for more on culture.