Lecture Notes: Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction

• Free Quiz & Study Guide: Available on the website.
• Diabetes Overview: Blood becomes "mud" with high sugar, leading to organ damage.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) vs Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

• DM: Sugar problem, not peeing problem.
• DI: Peeing problem, not sugar problem.

Pathophysiology Basics

• Blood Sugar Regulation:
  • Insulin from beta cells lowers blood sugar by moving sugar and potassium into cells.
  • Glucagon increases blood sugar by breaking down glycogen in the liver.

Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes

• Type 1:
  • No insulin produced (autoimmune).
  • Genetic, insulin-dependent.
• Type 2:
  • Insulin resistance due to lifestyle.
  • Risk factors include poor diet, sedentary lifestyle.

Metabolic Syndrome (BULL)

• Criteria: 3+ indicates metabolic syndrome.
  • B: Blood pressure meds or BP > 130 systolic.
  • B: Blood sugar meds or fasting glucose > 100.
  • O: Obesity (waist size > 35 for females, > 45 for males).
  • L: Lipids (cholesterol panel with specific numbers).

Diagnosing Diabetes

• Key Labs:
  • Normal glucose: 70-115.
  • Fasting glucose < 100.
  • Hemoglobin A1C < 6.5.

Hypoglycemia (low sugar < 70)

• Causes: Exercise, alcohol, insulin peaks.
• Symptoms: Headache, irritability, weakness, anxiety, shaking, hunger.
• Treatment: Sugary food when awake, Dextrose IV when unresponsive.

Hyperglycemia (high sugar)

• Causes: Sepsis, stress, skipping insulin, steroids.
• Symptoms: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia.

Long-term Complications

• Organ Damage: Nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, heart disease, stroke.

Treatments & Medications

• Insulin Types:
  • Long-acting (no peak, no mix).
  • Regular (IV only).
  • Rapid (quick onset and peak).
• Oral Medications:
  • Metformin, sulfonylureas, others with specific instructions and contraindications.

Patient Education

• Diet: Low sugar, low simple carbs.
• Foot Care: Critical to avoid complications.
  • FOOT: Avoid flip-flops, over-the-counter remedies, hot baths, toe injuries.
  • Daily Inspection: Essential for preventing infections.

Special Considerations

• Insulin Pump: Continuous subcutaneous infusion for steady insulin levels.
• Therapeutic Communication: Supportive, non-judgmental approach.

Key Exam Tips

• ENLEX Focus: Recognize symptoms and appropriate treatment for hypo/hyperglycemia.
• Insulin Peaks: Timing and management critical for patient safety.

Conclusion

• Quiz and Study Resources: Available for further practice and review.
• Thanks and Closing Remarks: Appreciation to the team and viewers.