Unit 8- Medieval and Renaissance Europe and Japan
Slides: 1. Unit 8 Slides: 4/29 + 4/30
Medieval to Renaissance Europe
Medieval Era (c. 500-1500)
-Also known as the: Age of Faith due to dominance of Christianity and Islam. Postclassical Age, a transition between Classical and Modern civilizations. Middle Ages, which implies they are not as important as Classical or Modern Ages.
Middle Ages are divided into three periods:
Early Middle Ages or “Dark Ages”, (c. 500-1000)
High Middle Ages (1000-1350)
Late Middle Ages (1350-1500)
Dark Ages -Fall of Western Rome in 476 CE resulted in decline of civilization in Western Europe for several centuries
-While the Byzantine Empire and Islamic caliphates kept Greco-Roman learning alive in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, Northern and Western Europe were overrun with Germanic barbarian tribes
-Destroyed much of what remained of Western Roman civilization -Written records and trade became scarce
Invaders -After the Western Roman Empire collapsed, there was no one to defend the people from Germanic invaders as they swept into towns
-This time period is also known as the “Dark Ages” in Europe, because there was little learning or trade. Survival was what mattered most
-Eventually these Germanic tribes formed their own kingdoms and governments
Germanic culture -Germanic tribes were characterized by: -Nomadic movements, however, eventually settled. -Colorful oral traditions (songs and epics)
-Illiteracy led to a decline in learning -Polytheistic religion – Wotan was a chief war god, also known as Odin by the Norse -Highly decentralized government. Loyalty to clan and chieftain
Warrior culture – the “comitatus” (the war band promoted loyalty and bravery). Blood Feuds – wergilds (value placed on a man determined based on rank) were used to pay “blood money” to avoid ongoing bloodshed. Tribal assemblies advised leaders. Trial by ordeal – appealing to divine judgment. Acquisition of slaves – often these were prisoners of war.
Vikings -Invaded from Scandinavia
-Settled in areas today known as Russia, Iceland, and Greenland, and briefly in North America
-Most Viking attacks took place in the 9th and 10th centuries
-Tribal units were led by chieftains. -Lack of arable land led to exploration and invasion. -Observed a polytheistic religion, but many converted to Christianity following the fall of the Roman Empire.
Recall: Vikings settled along areas north of Constantinople and traded with Slavs.
Angles and Saxons
The Angles were a group that would be the first to settle in Great Britain after the Fall of Rome. The Saxons would initially settle northern Germany, but later move into Great Britain. Gradually both converted to Christianity and eventually adopted literacy. English is a Germanic language as a result of the invasions by these Germanic people.
Franks The Franks would be the people that would settle northern France, Belgium, and western Germany
The Franks were the first Germanic people to convert to Christianity, under their leader Clovis. The Franks are one major influence in the spread of Christianity in Europe
The Franks would fight the Muslim Moors at the Battle of Tours in October 732 -topped spread of Islam into Europe at that time
Magyars Originated in the Ural Mountains in NW Russia and migrated westward to settle near Danube River in what is now Hungary in the 10th century C.E. Converted to Christianity and adopted literacy.
Outline 1
Pages 600-601
Medieval Europe Main idea: after Rome fell, western europe underwent many political and culture changes
After the Fall of Rome
-germanic leaders seized power in Rome, divided it into small kingdoms that were always at war -leaders faced the challenge to keep their people safe and secure
-kingdoms thrived because of the regions ,mostly moderate climate, and rich soil -farmers could grow crops, have livestock and eat
-there were many forests which provided wood for building -mountains contained wealthy of minerals (iron) that germanic people made weapons out from
-major rivers gave people lots of fish
Political and Cultural changes -waterways became routes and network for trading -germanic people in the west were not as interested in trading and preferred their own traditions to roman ways
-did not write down laws, or create large centralized governments like the Romans did -people obeyed the unwritten rules and traditions of their king
-they lived in small villages, worked the land and tended their herds -cities disappeared as trade disappeared (became more rural)
-christianity helped Western Europe unit in the early Middle ages
Before 500s Germanic tribes (angles,Jutes, Saxons) practiced their traditional religions and worshipped many gods
-when germanic leaders rose to power, many converted to Christianity
ClouisL ruled the franks, first to convert -as he converted, his subjects did too -even though the western roman empire had disappeared, the city of rome itself retained a certain amount of powers and strength
Pages 602-603 Charlemagne Job: first emperor of the Holy Roman empire Home: kingdom of the Franks
A mighty ruler
-200 years after Clovis died, Charlemagne became Frankish king in 768 and proved to be a natural leader
-he had a vision for his reign
-wanted to unite the germanic kingdoms
-he the frankish king battled slavs, lambards, and saxons
-brought many germanic tribes together, became strongest leader in western europe -he established new laws to keep order and appointed officials
-took care of his subjects, founded schools and protected the weak against injustice
-he wanted to strengthen christianity throughout the empire, though
A Christian Empire -like pas frankish kings, Charlemagne was christian -he wanted to spread his faith by uniting tribes
-after he conquered saxons, he would kill anyone that refused to convert to Christianity -he killed more than 4,000 saxons who rebelled
Pages 612-613
Church and Crown Main idea: In the middle ages, the church controlled lives and challenged the authority of kings
The Role of Church -roman catholic church dominated people’s lives from the cradle to the grave -strongest unifying force in medieval europe
-priest was in charge of a single church, bishop oversaw a group of churches
-monasteries became the center of learning
Struggle for Power -power and wealth of church increased in 1000s
-church's received free land from the nobles, and the kings returned to power
-there was a power struggle between kings and the church -appointments could be made from kings and religious leaders but kings wants more power over religious appointments -ban was lifted and religious leaders gained full control of religious appointments
Slides: 2. Unit 8 Slides: 5/1 + 5/2
Role of the Church in Medieval Europe -roman catholic church was a dominant force in people’s lives during the middle ages, influencing things from birth to death
-was initially threatened by various germanic tribes -they were able to survive due to several tribes converting to Catholicism, such as Franks and Magyars
Important people in the church: -the religious leaders who oversaw important religious ceremonies and delivered important teachers were the clergy -consisted of everyone in the Church who held power, from priests to the Pope
-the church had an established clergy hierarchy by the time of the Middle ages:
Rise of the Papacy -The bishop of Rome, known as “pope” (papa in Latin) and “Pontiff” which means “bridge builder” continued to play a leader role after the downfall of Western Rome
-Pope Gregory I “the Great” served as pontiff from 590-604 and helped to develop what would become the Roman Catholic Church in a secular (wordly) power
Pope gregory I: achievements
during his papacy, he: -collected and administered funds to rebuild roads, raise armies for defense against the Lombards, and help the poor (any of whom were refugees)
-he developed much of the Latin liturgy and “Gregorian chant” used in Catholic worship
-he commissioned St. Augustine to lead a mission to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity
Spread of Christianity: -to help expand “western Christendom” the catholic church made a powerful ally in the Franks, the Germanic tribe that settled in Gaul (france).
The Frankish Kings
496 -frankish king Clovis became the first-major germanic king to convert to Christianity, forming an alliance with the Church
732 -Charles Martel defeated the Muslim Moors at the Battle of tours in northern france -this ended the expansion of islam in europe at the time
-his son, Pepin the short, fought against the Lombards in italy, gaining the favor of the church and staring the carolingian dynasty
800 -pope Leo III crowned Pepin’s son, Charlemagne, as the first Holy Roman emperor, cementing the alliance
Islands of Light during europe’s dark ages
-monasteries played a critical role in preserving Christian faith and classical Greco-Roman heritage during Dark Ages
-monasteries were communities of faith made up of men (monks) and women (nuns) who devoted themselves to a spiritual life
-Monasteries promoted education, maintained libraries, and copied important Christian and Greco-Roman texts (mostly in Latin) serving as “islands of light in a sea of darkness.”
-Self-sufficient–grew own food, etc. Isolated from the public
The Benedictine order
-founded by St. benedict of Nursia -from 480 to 543
-based on his famous rulers, which influenced all fo western monasticism -rulers provided a spiritual and administrative guide
-Benedictines were devoted to a life of “pax, ora, et labora” (peace, prayer, and work)
benedictine monks made three vows: -poverty -chastity -obedience
-the order became very financially and politically powerful
Charlemagne
-Charlemagne was a Frankish ruler, becoming king in 768 and Holy Roman Emperor in 800 on Christmas Day.
-Charlemagne’s goal was to unite all of the Germanic tribes under his rule, by battling tribes like the Slavs, Lombards, and Saxons.
Charlemagne empire: achievements and decline
-charlemagne unified most of western europe -an achievement that would not be achieved again until the time of Napoleon
-the “carolingian renaissance” promoted christianity and education with the help of monasteries and priests
Charlemagne Crowned Holy Roman Emperor
-Charlemenagne was a devout Christian and zealous defender of Christianity, often giving money, land, and resources to the Catholic church to protect or assist the pope
-as a way to acknowledge his power and reinforce his relationship with the church, pope leo III crowned Charlemagne Holy roman emperor, december 25 800 AD
-following this, there were greater security within the Church, emphasis by Charlemagne on education and scholarship, economic and religious reformers, and a standardized form of writing in his empire
Charlemagne group discussion prompts -why would Pope Leo III want to crown Charlemagne as “Holy roman emperor?” -what does he gain from this act?
-who would have had a problem with this action? Why?
What does this event imply about the power of the church and the power of the state in the medieval European context?
Treaty of Verdun -Charlemagne died in 814, roughly 50 years after taking power, with his son Louis the Pious taking over
-When Louis died, Louis’ sons (Lothair I, Ludwig the German, and Charles the Bald) fought over the legitimacy of the eldest brother’s claim to the title of emperor, as they did not believe him to be the rightful heir
-After a bloody civil war, the Treaty of Verdun signed in 843, split Charlemagne's Holy Roman Empire into three sections for each of the sons.
Outline 2
Pages 606-607
Feudal Society
Main idea: in the middle ages, feudalism grew out of the need to provide security and defense
A new system -kings in western europe and england could not defend their kingdoms because they were vast -to help them, they held onto their land to protect their subjects
-vassals were supposed to be loyal to the king -many vassals switched their allegiance to their lord -this was the man who guarded their families, after all -as a result, lords were supreme rulers in their own territory
A New social order -the new system created a social order that was as tingly structured as a pyramid
-the top had the king, 2nd then the church officials and noblemen who included lords and some vassals, 3rd the knights -lords lived in fortified castles that were guarded by knights, third third class in feudal society
-relatively few people belonged to the upper three classes -the majority of people in the middle ages found themselves at the bottom of the pyramid -this class included peasants and serfs
-some peasants worked as artisans and merchants, most were farmers and laborers
Pages 610-611 The Manor system Main idea: life on the manor was hard for most people but provided nearly everything they needed, including security
A self-contained world -the rough accommodations of peasants and serfs were part of everyday life in europe’s feudal society -the homes were part of the manor system which tied the lowest class of people to the land and their lord
-the manor’s farmland was divided into strips: one for the lord, one for the church, and the rest for the peasants and serfs -these laborers farmed the lord’s lands as well as their own -the paid the lord rent for their lands and fees for everything they used on the manor (including the woods and meadows)
Life on the manor -life for peasants and serfs on the manor was hard -their average lifespan was 30 years -one out of six children did not survive in early childhood -those who grew into adulthood spent their lives performing hard physical labor and got by on a diet of bread, cheese, and vegetables
-peasants and serfs did get time off, on sundays and religious holidays -with the lords permission, they could attend nearby fairs and markets
-workers lived in one-room huts with dirt floors -the lord and his family lived much more comfortably in the manor house -the rooms in his fortified stone house had tiled floors, tapestries on the walls and fine furnishings -after managing his lands, judging court cases, or hunting wild game, the lord would feast on meat, fish, bread, cheese and fruit in his large dining room
-peasants and serfs were sometimes admitted to the manor house on holidays or when the estate was under attack
-the church was the center of life on the manor -church officials conducted religious services and also carded for the sick and needy -some educated priests even instructed children in the bible
-the church required peasants and serfs to work its land for gree and give one-tenth of their produce to the church, but workers did this willingly -they believed that doing these things was the key to escaping eternal punishment -and thought they would attain a better life after death
Slides: 3. Unit 8 Slides: 5/5 + 5/6
Western Christianity Between 850 and 1000, Western Christendom teetered on the brink of survival in the face of invasions by pagan Vikings, Muslim Arabs, and the Magyars (future Hungarians). By 1050, most Vikings were Christians, the Arabs had been turned back, and the Magyars had settled down in the Danube Valley and converted to Roman Catholicism (Christianity). By this time, two systems had developed that would shape medieval society during the High Middle Ages (c. 900/1000-1350): Feudalism Manorialism
Feudalism Invasions in the late Dark Ages led local landholders to band together to defend themselves. RESULT = FEUDALISM: a political-military system of landholding and governing based on the exchange of land for services.
Social class: King = Owner of all land in kingdom. (often did not live in the same area or manor system as the lords and other classes) Lord = Landholder Lords gave land to vassals in exchange for protection. Vassal = Noble/Knight who swore his loyalty to the lord in exchange for land. This piece of land was known as a Fief (fiefdom). Serf = Peasants worked land to provide food in exchange for shelter and protection.
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Manorialism As Germanic warlords settled down, they became landholding estate owners in the feudal system. Manor estates of Medieval times were based on the latifundia estates of the Roman Empire. Manor system (manorialism) was the social-economic system dependent on self-sufficient estates. Peasants provided labor for the lord in exchange for protection and food security. Over time, most peasants became serfs working the land; they could not be bought or sold like slaves but they had limited rights.
Manor Life: Serfs rarely traveled more than 25 miles from the manor in their lifetimes. Usually, 15-30 families lived in a manor village. The Lord (knight or higher-up noble) lived in the manor house and reserved part of the land as his “demesne.” Food, clothing, fuel, lumber, and leather goods were all produced on the manor. Salt, iron, and other unusual products could be purchased at regional markets. By the 11th century, agricultural production increased due to a number of new innovations: Three-field system Horse-drawn Plow Water Mills
Outline 3
Pages 548-551; 562-567
Pages 548-549
The Geography of Japan
Main idea: Japan’s geography has greatly affected its historical and cultural development
An Island Nation -japan is an archipelago
-most of Japan’s population lives on four main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu -these four islands have a total area of about 145,000 square miles -roughly the size of the state of montana
-Honshu is the largest island -along with Kyushu it has been the historic heartland of political, economic, and social development in Japan
-South korea is more than 120 miles away from Japan -china is about 500 miles away
-japan’s isolation has a huge impact on its culture -for much of its history, Japan was far enough away from mainland asia to escape invasions and major migrations
-japanese nation developed largely from one ethnic group -common ethnicity gave the Japanese a strong sense of unity
-japan’s nearest neighbors still influenced the country’s culture -imported many ideas and institutions from china and korea and adapted them to form a unique japanese culture
A Mountainous Land
-the islands of japan are actually the peaks of mostly submerged mountains and volcanoes -japan lies along the ring of fire
-1,500 earthquakes and thousands of volcanic eruptions rock Japan every year
-because of underwater earthquakes, Japan also is at risk from huge ocean waves called tsunamis -destructive storms called typhoons (hurricanes) are common -japan’s mountainous terrain limits the amount of space available for farming and for building homes
-only about 12 percent of the country’s land can be farmed, and Japan’s population is crowded onto a few coastal plains
-apart from seafood and vast forests, Japan lacks ay important natural resources, such as metals or coal -geographic difficulties have helped make the Japanese a hardy people
Pages 550-551
Early Beliefs and Cultures
Main idea: religion was at the center of society organized into family groups in early Japan
Traditional religion -with its rugged mountains and lush forests, Japan has an especially beautiful landscape
-the religion recognized millions of kamo, randing from the sun, moon, and storms to individual animals, trees, streams, and rocks
-anything in nature that inspires a sense of religious wonder is considered a kami or the hoem of a kami
-followers of shinto regard mountains as especially important homes for shinto gods
-might be because of Mount Fuji’s size, near Tokyo, has long been considered sacred
-shinto has no founder, no holy scriptures, no moral code, and no clear date of origin
-it does not have elaborate temples -the worshippers focus on simple shrines, or places that are considered sacred -gates called torii often mark a shrine’s entrance
-shinto worship is relatively simple -worshippers visit shrines, purify themselves by washing, clap to attract the god’s attention, and then whisper a short prayer, Shinto priests perform more elaborate rituals
Social structure -people from siberia and korea first settled Japan about 30,000 years ago -the first culture, the Jomon, emerged about 10,000 years ago -the jomon people were hunters, gatherers, and fishers who lived in caves and shallow pit dwellings
-they made simple potter, baskets, and clothes from natural materials -around 3000 BC they began basic farming
300 BC -a new wave of immigrants with a significantly more advanced culture, the Yayoi arrived from mainland Asia -they knew how to grow rice, work metal, and weave -their skills changed japan dramatically -as farming flourished, people built villages that grew into large communities
A powerful clan ruled each community
Clan: a group of families who share a common ancestor -each clan had a chief who was a religious leader or a mighty warrior -the chief who could be male or female, headed a social class system in which a small aristocracy was supported
Aristocracy: an upper class that is richer and more powerful than the rest of society -supported by many farmers, artisans, and slaves
300 AD -the power of aristocracy increased -this growth in power was reflected in the large tombs built for people of high social status
-vast earthen mounds covered the tombs -the largest of these tombs rivals Egypt’s great pyramids in scale
-The Shinto religion served as a strong unifying factor in early Japanese society -the worship of particular gosa abound together families, clans, and regions
Pages 562-563
Samurai and Shoguns
Main idea: between 1192 and 1867, powerful military families ruled Japan with the support of armies of hired warriors
A structured society
-by the mid 1000s, the power of the central government in Japan was fading -the emperor’s responsibilities were limited to religious functions
-they changed their local estates into self-governing states -they had the power to decide whether someone under them would live or die
-each daimyo had an army of hired warriors called samurai
Vassal: a person who received protection from a feudal lord in exchange for obedience and service
Feudalism: a political and social system in which a vassal received protection from a lord in exchange for obedience and service -was the main system of government in medieval europe, and the main system in japan -the greatest daimyo came to lead many lesser lords and their armies -this created powerful rival groups that battled for control of japan
Military rule -Japan’s daimyo fought one another until the Minamtoto family defeated them all
1192 -the family’s leader Yoritomo became shogun
-the code promoted loyalty, bravery, and honor much like the code of chivalry followers by knights (warriors) around the 800s
Tools of the Samurai: riding into battle on horseback, their armor was made out of metal or leather scales laced together to protect the warrior’s body while allowing quick, easy movement -samurai was armed with two swords, a long curved one and a short one, as well as a spear or gun
Pages 566-567 Unification and Isolation
Main idea: after centuries of intense power struggles, japan was reunified in the 1600s under a strong central government that rejected contact with foreigners
The Warring States Period -japan faced a major threat in 1274 -invasion by the mongols, the great asian superpower
-the mongols had already conquered china and korea -now the mongol leader Kublai Khan wanted to control Japan too
-the mongols captured many outlying islands -then they retreated after a hurricane wrecked many of their ships
-Kublai Khan did not launch another invasion of Japan until 1281 However this time he assembled the largest seaborne invasion force the world has yet seen, 4400 ships carrying about 150,000 men
-the daimyo put aside their differences and focused all their resources on defeating the mongols -the japanese warriors fought the invaders for about two months
-then a hurricane smashed into the mongol fleet, killing tens of thousands
-japan claimed that heaven had saved the country by sending kamikaze or divine wind to stop the mongols
-instead of unifying Japan, this victory against the mongols tore the country apart -a vast amount of money had been spent on the defense
-but the japanese gained no valuable rewards to repay the nobles and warriors -this inability to pay undermined the shogun’s authority -steadily, the daimyo seized control of their regions and then ruled them independently
-japan became divided among some 300 daimyo, all plotting and fighting for power
This period of the “warring states” lasted from 1467 to 1568 -then a powerful leader named Oda Nobunaga brought most of Japan under his control
1603 -a leader named Tokugawa ieyasu finally broke the power of the daimyo and reunified all of Japan under a shogunate, or rule by a shogun
The Tokugawa Shogunate -Ieyasu’s rule ushered in a period of stability and peace that lasted nearly 300 years -Ieyasu and his successors feared that foreign contact was corrupting the people and upsetting the traditional balance of power
1639 -the shoguns had begun a national policy of isolation and cut Japan off from outside influence -they stopped almost all foreign trade and travel and expelled certain group of foreigners (including europeans and christians)
-japan’s isolation continued for more than 200 years
1854 -the united states pressured Japan to reopen for foreign trade
1867 -the Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown and the emperor took control of Japan
Slides: 4. Unit 7 Slides: 5/7 + 5/8
Japan’s Geography
Japan - “land of the rising sun”
Only 500 miles away from China
Is an archipelago: a group of islands
Japan is made up of 4,000 islands
Very mountainous. Only 15% of land is farmable. However, mild climate and plenty of rainfall
Short in natural resources like coal, iron, and oil. Japan experiences typhoons, earthquakes, and tsunamis.
Shinto Shinto means = Way of the Gods
Respected nature and the worship of ancestors
Kami – Divine spirits that dwelled in nature
Beautiful trees, rocks, and waterfalls Home of kami
Shinto is more about rituals than belief
Japanese practice Shintoism as a way of life, so it can coexist with other types of worship, like Buddhism.
Torii: A traditional Japanese gate that is found at the entryway into a Shinto shrine.
Japanese Buddhism
Japan was impressed by Buddhism’s teachings, beautiful ceremonies, art. Introduced around 525 CE
Buddhism and Shintoism began to combine and up until about 150 years ago, were connected
Today, Mahayana Buddhism is common in Japan: emphasizes role models of bodhisattvas (those who have achieved enlightenment but return to teach humans)
Theravada: the way of the elders (practiced mostly in India)
Chinese Influence System of writing. Ways of painting. Following China styles of cooking, gardening, drinking tea, and hairdressing. Strong central government. Tried the civil service exam but nobles were too powerful
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Japan’s Writing, Art & Architecture
Writing – Early Japanese scholars adopted Chinese characters from Korean scholars. They only used some letters because the grammar was so different. Sculpture – Buddha statues and sculptures made of bronze and wood. Architecture – Pagoda style adopted from China with multiple stories and curved roofs. Music – Use of instruments, such as the Sheng, was common. This is a mouth organ whose tones can be found in many Japanese-generated video games. Poetry – The Japanese adopted Tanka poetry from the Chinese, which features 5 lines and 31 syllables.
Japanese Government
Japan adopted imperial rule like the Chinese Zhou Dynasty: an empire that rules over extensive territories or colonies. Japan was made up of hundreds of clans that controlled their own territories under the central emperor of the time.
Early Japanese Imperialism
In 604, Prince Shotoku of the Yamato clan created Japan’s first constitution and established guidelines for obedience to the emperor and his obligation to his subjects. This governmental structure lasted for nearly 400 years.
Daimyos & Shoguns By 1192, the Minamoto clan won a civil war and Yoritomo Minamoto was named the first shogun (military dictator) by the emperor. Shoguns ruled through the daimyos (local lords). This system prevailed until the 1860s when the last shogun was overthrown and Japan rapidly modernized. Today, it is a democracy after the empire was taken down after WW2.
Changes in Power By the mid-1000s, the daimyo, or powerful landowning families, effectively controlled Japan and the emperor had little power. The daimyo began treating their personal estates as autonomous (independent) and exerted absolute power over those who lived and worked on the estates. Japan remains an Empire through this. Daimyo families warred against each other, necessitating recruitment of soldiers for fighting and for protection. Enter the Samurai, vassals in Japan.
The Samurai
Landowners surrounded themselves with bodyguards or Samurai (one who serves). Lived according to the Bushido, a code of Behavior or “the way of the warrior.” Show courage. Reverence to gods. Protect those who were weaker
Die an honorable death (die fighting or by suicide instead of capture): hara-kiri.
Europe vs Japan
Similarities: -Land ownership forms basis of all feudal societies
-Both were fixed caste systems—a peasant was always born to peasants, and lords were always born to lords
-Both knights and samurai swore fealty (loyalty) to their lords
-Knights and samurai were militarily responsible for protecting those beneath them as a service to their lords
Differences:
European feudalism:
Japanese feudalism:
Medieval China DIY.org - The Social Learning App For Kids | Historical timeline, Chinese dynasties, How to speak chinese
Admiral Zheng He led large naval expeditions on behalf of the Ming emperor in the early 14000s, reaching as far as East Africa and collecting tribute from major trading states
China may have successfully mapped the Americas decades before Clumbus reached America in 1492
Shang -chinese dynasties 1532-1027 BC
-first to leave written records -built palaces, tombs, and walls around major cities (Anyang)
-flood control and irrigation
-ancestor worship (oracle bones)
-writing system developed
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Zhou -chinese dynasty -1027-256 BC
-claimed the mandate of heaven -feudalism emerged -use of iron starts
-introduction to coinage
-after 771 BC, decline into the Era of Warring States
-confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism
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Qin -chinese dynasty -221-202 BC -china unified by Shi Huangdi
-centralized power (autocracy)
-instituted Legalism
-started the Great Wall
-harsh taxes and punishments
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Han -chinese dynasty -202 BC - CE 220
-powerful leaders (Liu Bang and Wudi)
-centralized power by less harsh
-bureaucracy with civil service system
-Confucianism dominated
-Silk road trade
-invention of paper
Political traits of Medieval chinese dynasties
Tang (618-907) revived the Confucian civil service system of imperial bureaucracy, favored the aristocracy -golden age of chinese arts and culture
Song (960-1279) introduced elements of Buddhism and Daoism into government
-bureaucracy opened up to lower-class individuals through meritocracy (holding of power by people based on ability).
-Shaped China for modern times, time of great social and economic change
Yuan (1279-1368) mongol rulers (particularly Kublai Khan) abolished the civil service system and valued foreigners above chinese subjects, infighting led to instability and eventual collapse
Ming (1368-1644): Re-established the civil service based on meritocracy but failed to promote new ideas in science and looked down on business interests.
Foreign contacts:
Tang
-revived trade along the silk road and welcome foreign contacts: -traded silk, porcelain, jade, and paper for cotton, horses, ivory, and spices
-sea trade began to replace overland trade in importance
Yuan -both land and sea trade thrived under Mongol rule, especially under Kublai Khan
-foreigners were welcomed such as Marco Polo
Ming -sea voyages explored as far as East africa -collected tribute from “tributary” states
-Zheng He’s voyages were ended by emperor Ming by 1434 to save money
Economy and Society
Agriculture: Song dynasty encouraged the rise of rice cultivation in the southern regions. Used plows, fertilizers, and pumps to improve productivity. Population rose to 100 million under their reign. Trade & Commerce: Canals and currency encouraged economic growth and the rise of the merchant class. Urbanization: Chinese cities grew to over 1 million people and stimulated a rich culture – China had the highest living standard in the world by the 1300s.
Inventions/innovations
Exploration & Travel: Compasses and better shipbuilding made long sea voyages possible. “Junks” could carry mass cargo and inspired European caravels. Paper & Printing: Paper invented by the second century and spread to Europe by 1100. Woodblock printing gave rise to movable type by the 1200s. Porcelain: Mass production of ceramic “china” was in place by 1100. Gunpowder: Alchemists created the first weapons by the 900s and bombs and fireworks by the 1200s
Slides: 6. Unit 8 Slides: 5/13 + 5/14
The Crusades
First crusade: European knights were not prepared for the long journey to Jerusalem, nor the fighting in the scorching deserts of the Middle East. The First Crusade lasted from 1096-1099 and resulted in victory for the European Christians. Only one Christians wins. The Holy Land was divided into four Crusader states to rule and administer: -Kingdom of Jerusalem -County of Edessa -Principality of Antioch -County of Tripoli Aspects of the High Middle Ages
Second crusade: In 1145, the Muslims fought back and conquered Edessa, one of the Crusader states.
A new Pope, Pope Eugene III, announced a new Crusade.
This Crusade was led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with the help of several European nobles.
This Crusade ended in defeat for the Christians in 1149.
Third (1189-1192) and Fourth (1202-1204) Crusades:
During the Third and Fourth Crusades, the Muslims were victorious. By 1204, the Muslims had defeated the Crusaders.
Two main leaders of the Third Crusade were Richard the Lionhearted of England (Christian) and Saladin (Muslim).
While Crusaders briefly recaptured Jerusalem, eventually Saladin took back control, and signed a truce with Richard the Lionhearted.
During the Fourth Crusade, the crusading army decided to raid the Byzantine capital at Constantinople, weakening the city.
Children’s crusade: Started by a French child named Stephen of Cloyes and a German boy named Nicholas in 1211.
Thousands of children gathered to march to the Holy Land, but none of them made it and many were never seen again–likely sold into slavery.
Results of crusades
Jerusalem remained under control of the Islamic Empire. Eventually the Crusades stopped as fewer and fewer knights took up the challenge and many lords had been killed. By 1291, Muslims were in firm control of Palestine (there were 8 total Crusades).
The Pope’s power was elevated after the first Crusade. After all the Crusades, the Pope’s authority decreased. New monarchies emerge and nations will form without as much oversight from the Pope. A Protestant Reformation is coming.
Trade between Europe and the eastern Mediterranean region greatly increased because of greater contact between the two regions. Returning knights brought back valuable spices and other Middle Eastern goods. Increase in trade emerges between Europe and Asia due to proximity.
The attack on Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire, which fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. The Crusades left a legacy of tension between the religions who both consider Jerusalem to be a holy city.
Outline 4 Pages - 618-623
618-619 The Crusades Main idea: christians in europe fought non-christians to conquer Plaestine and retake Spain
Battle for Palestine
-the Seljuks had began attacking the Christian Byzantine empire, once the eastern half of the roman empire
-when the Byzantine emperor asked for help, Pope Urban seized his change to rally Christians against the growing power of Islam
1096 -christian armies fought a series of wars called Crusades to reclaim the holy land -christian leaders and soldiers were motivated by a desire to protect christians to slow the spread of Islam
-peasants, knights, and foot soldiers joined the fight and achieved victory
1099
1144 -the muslims fought back and conquered Edessa, one of the crusader states
-later a new pope launched the second crusade -ended in disaster for the europeans
-third and fourth crusade were fought, but these also failed to defeat the enemy (muslims)
1291, -the muslims had defeated the crusaders and taken control of Palestine -the crusades were over
A Spanish Crusade -crusades impacted europe -trade between europe and the eastern mediterranean region increased because of greater contact between the two regions -after the war, goods and ideas were exchanged
-the trade led to the rise of merchant class in europe and further decline of feudalism
-after the crusades, many jews were expelled from england and france
-greatest expulsion effort took place on the Iberian Peninsula (present day spain and portugal)
700s -muslims had conquered almost the entire peninsula -islamic rule weakened in the 1000s -christian kings began a long war called the Reconquista to drive the muslims off the peninsula
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain stepped up the war -they used a powerful court known as the Inquisition to punish non christians
-the court ordered the torture and execution of many muslims and jews who would not convert or who had converted by secretly practiced their former religion
1492 -ferdinand and isabella finally defeated and expelled the last of the muslim rulers and their followers from Spain And Portugal
-drove out about 200,000 jews -unlike the crusades, the reconquista had achieved its goal, but at the cost of many human lives
620-621 War and Plague Main idea: war and disease devastated Europe in the 1300s and brought about fundamental changes to society
War Between England and France -roots of the war were established long before the 1300s -Willam, Duke of Normandy conquered england in 1066 and became king
-Willam and the Norman kings who came after him were vassals to the French kings -they ruled over england in their own right -created a tense relationship between england and france -kings were both very powerful and competed for territory in france -competed over who would be king of france
1328 -king of france died -Edward III of England believed he should succeed him, but french nobles crowned a frenchman instead
1337 -Edward invaded France to claim the throne -his actions began the Hundred Year’s War between england and france -this was not continuous but rather a series of wars that dragged on for 116 years
1337 -beginning of the war
1453 -end of the war
-the english won many important victories -the french cause seemed hopeless until rescue came from an unexpected source
-a french peasant girl called Joan of Arc claimed that christian saints had told her to save her country
-she impressed Charles, the ruler of france and was given command of his army in 1429
-her religious and patriotic passion inspired her soldiers to win a battle that turned the tide of the war
-the english captured and executed Joan, but they had lost the war
1452 -the french had driven the english out of their lands
-these weapons changed the nature of european warfare and made knights and castles the symbols of feudalism almost powerless
Disease Spreads Over the World -medieval europeans suffered from widespread disease -pour diet, filthy living conditions, and a lack of medicine made sickness common
1347, disease known as the bubonic plague swept through europe
-no one at the time understood the plague was caused by bites from these fleas -many believed the plague was a punishment from God
-some christians believed the jews had caused the plague by poisoning town wells -as a result, they destroyed entire Jewish communities
1350s -the worst of the plague was over in Europe, but by ten it had killed about one-third of the continent's population
-the deaths of so many people from disease and war led to major social and economic changes that would bring an end to feudalism
622-623 -in a port in italy workers unloaded ship cargos and released rats covered in fleas carrying the bubonic plague
-according to an old legend an old childhood rhyme was said to describe the plague -the rhyme begins with “ring around the rosie” which may refer to the red blisters caused when the fleas bite their victims -”a pocketful of posies” was said to be the flowers people carried to ward off the disease -when the flowers failed as a cure “we all fall down” or die
Outline 5 Pages 614-615, 624-625
614-615 King King John and Magna Carta Main idea: the magna carta marked a major step toward democratic government in western europe
The Great Charter
King John: long line of powerful english kings -invaded england and established strong monarchy -rose to throne in 1199, ruled england -weakened his position by waging wars
Common law: system of law established in england to make sure people received equal treatment -local baros took advantage, deceased the power of John -belief that raising taxes was a violation by the king
1215 -barons forced John to place his seal on their document called Magna Carta, or “Great Charter” a contract between king and nobles -king had limited authority, not above law
A Step toward Democracy -magna carta (foundation of english law)
623-624 Growth of Towns
Main idea: growth of towns and trade led to economic, political and cultural changes that brought the middle ages to an end
Economic opportunities arise -many peasants, serfs, workers left the manor to apple for jobs in towns, as a third of workforce were whipped out by the bubonic plague -bustling towns were a welcoming change, had makers, local produce, trade, and craftspeople
Burgher: wealthy, town-dwelling merchant during the Middle ages -town dwelling merchants elected to govern councils
Guild: group of craftspeople that helped protect and improve the working conditions of its members -craftspeople joined together, included silversmiths, shoemakers
The Middle Ages End -growth of towns with preposterous trades helped kings regian authority -they taxed towns, earned money for the army
-the strong army brought peace and stability to the land -people’s loyalty shifted from the (land) lords to the kings
-presented ancient greek and roman writing in libraries -people began eager to gain knowledge -universities were founded to provide learning for people
-monasteries were no longer center of education -no more centuries of war and instability
Slides: 8. Unit 8 Slides: 5/21 + 5/22
Decline of the Medieval Europe
Medieval mindset: Intense devotion to religious faith and belief that God was at the center of all events, both good and bad - divine punishments and rewards given to those deserving
Unquestioning obedience to the Church and other authorities - hierarchy prevailed in all aspects of life
Feudalism and Manorialism were the central political, social, and economic systems of life.
-Belief in the supernatural and distrust of the wider, outside world
Recall, the Middle Ages are divided into three periods: Early Middle Ages or “Dark Ages” (c. 500-1000) High Middle Ages (1000-1350) Late Middle Ages (1350-1500) Decline of feudalism:
By the 1400s, several factors contributed to the decline of feudalism as the primary political-military system of Western Europe:
-Stronger monarchies and a growing sense of nationalism, especially in England, France, and Spain
-Discontent with the nobility and their destructive behavior – constant civil conflict was increasingly bad for trade and general social welfare
-New weapons technology, such as longbows and cannons, rendered knights and castles obsolete – as we will see in the Hundred Years War.
Decline of manorialism:
-The Black Death’s impact reduced the urban labor force by almost half. Led to higher wages for workers. -Towns and cities grew as they drew peasants wanting a better life and greater economic freedom.
-Would be returned somewhat to normal with the Statute of Labourers, which fixed wages to pre-plague levels, made it illegal to seek work with new lords, and required everyone under the age of 60 to work.
-Led to Peasants’ Revolt of 1381.
-Peasants who remained on manor estates were often able to become tenant farmers: farming their own plot of land and a share of their production went to the landholder.
-Provided an incentive to work harder since they kept their own share for personal use and sale at market.
Rise of capitalism
As towns and cities rebounded back from the Black Death, capital (money) began to replace real estate (land) as the measure of one’s wealth.
Merchants acquired more power as banking and trade increased, spurred by renewed interests in the goods from Asia – thanks to the Crusades and Marco Polo!
Italian city-states led the way in the Commercial Revolution of the 1300s and 1400s: money and credit played a central role.
Paved the way for the Age of Discovery and creation of global empires by Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands.
Catholic Church Authority:
Ascent of authority: Frankish king Clovis converted to Christianity in 496 CE. Rome remained the center of Christian influence. Charlemagne further promoted the spread of Christianity, eventually being ordained the first Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 C.E. The Roman Catholic church played a dominant role in all aspects of people’s lives and served to unify the peoples of Medieval Europe. The Crusades were a series of wars fought for the Holy Land against Jews and Muslims.
Challenges in authority: The church continued to grow in power and influence until it eventually became involved in power struggles with kings who were gaining increasing power as the feudal system declined. In an early example of the growing tensions between church and state, in 1075, German King Henry IV laid claim to being the next Holy Roman Emperor and began appointing his own bishops. Pope Gregory VII disputed the king’s right to do this, saying religious law (canon law) was the only authority in this matter. Upon threat of excommunication, Henry backed down.
Decline of authority: By the 1400s, several factors contributed to the decline of the authority of the Catholic Church as a major religious and cultural pillar of medieval society: The Black Death called into question the Church’s spiritual authority as an effective mediator between God and believers. Monarchs asserted greater authority over the Church in their kingdoms – contributing to the Great Schism of the Western Church (1378-1415). Corruption among the Church ran rampant by the 1300s – simony (buying pardons), greed, adultery, and criminal behavior. Reformers were punished as heretics.
The Great Western Schism -1378-1417
-French King, Philip IV, forced the papacy to move to Avignon, France, in 1305 and there were 7 popes after who originated there.
-In 1376, Pope Gregory XI moved it back to Rome. He eventually died and Roman citizens wanted a new Italian pope.
-Italian cardinals elected Pope Urban VI who promptly turned violent. They decided to elect a new pope in 1378 by declaring the other invalid: Clement VII of Avignon.
-Created two papal authorities and split Western Christendom. -Resolved in 1417 with agreement on one pope after a series of more issues.
Slides: 10. Unit 8 Slides: 5/28 + 5/29
Religious reforms In response to the problems of the Church, reformers tried to bring about real change to bring the Church back to its original mission:
John Wycliffe of England sought to create an English version of the Bible in the late 1300s – the Church opposed use of the vernacular because it would enable more people to read and interpret the Bible for themselves.
Jan Hus and other reformers argued that the Bible was the ultimate authority in Christian faith, not the Pope in Rome – he was burned as a heretic in Prague in 1415 for his beliefs.
Renaissance Major ideas: -due to impactful events of the Medieval period, changes in values emerged:
Italy -italian city states became rich from this expanded trade (central location between middle east and europe)
-florence -venice -genoa
-independent city states governed as republic by wealthy merchants created a shift in the political landscape
Renaissance Art and Literature -renaissance artists were patronized (financially supported) by a variety of different people to portray scenes depicting the realities of everyday life and real people (secular (worldly or non religious ), classical, and humanist
-divine images were still made, but also secular (non religious)
-inspired by greco-roman styles and subjects, we see a shift to depict more realistic features vs the ideal figure, introduction of perspective
-many writies came from northern europe, compared to the famous artists hailing primarily from italy
Humanism
-humanism is the dominant value of the renaissance with all the others influenced somewhat by it
-humanism placed humanity at the center of the universe -placed emphasis on the study of humans and their activities throughout history rather than supernatural forces
-the printing press allowed for individuals to have their own thoughts and ideas -they could interpret political news by themselves and have their own biases
Political reform
Niccolo Machiavelli: 1469-1527 Wrote “The Prince”, which was published in 1532 after his death. Guidelines for how to get power by absolute rule. Father of modern politics and political philosophy. Believed the ends justify the means: one should do good if possible, but do evil when necessary. One who is Machiavellian is sly, cunning, manipulative because his work was initially misunderstood.
Famous works
Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo -Michelangelo was hired by Vatican City to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Painted scenes from the Book of Genesis from the Bible focusing on the human body.
“Statue of David” sculpted by Michelangelo -marble statue of biblical figure of david -sculpted in realistic features with lifelike anatomy
“Mona Lisa”, painted by Leonardo da Vinci -Arguably the most famous painting in the world -Natural landscape portrays secularism -Realistic human features, Da Vinci had an understanding of human musculature he used in his art (Vitruvian Man)
“The Last Supper” painted by Leonardo da Vinci -Depicting Biblical scene where Jesus declares an apostle will betray him -Da Vinci used geometry as a way to highlight the importance of Jesus -Greeks believed geometry represented heavenly perfection, so Da Vinci made Jesus a triangle
Renaissance writers: Petrarch and Erasmus were famous for developing and spreading humanism
Petrarch would write in the vernacular (local) languages, with most of his works being sonnets, a form of poetry. -He is called the father of humanism. -His writings inspired the Protestant Reformation
Erasmus was critical of corrupt church practices and superstitious beliefs, critiquing them in his satirical work In Praise of Folly -He argued that God gave humans their intellect and the free will to make their own decisions.
Sir Thomas Moore -Sir Thomas More was an English author and statesman, as well as a noted Renaissance Humanist
-His work Utopia was the first book in the world to depict a utopia: a perfect world with an ideal social, legal, and political system
-Thought to have been based on monastic communalism
Review: Kahoot:https://create.kahoot.it/details/ff5af0e6-48ef-41a0-9cfd-39af5e8b22f7
Flashcards(knowt): https://knowt.com/flashcards/cf37cb98-667f-453c-916e-a6f70be06156?isNew=true
Knowt notes: https://knowt.com/note/ce794bed-5b40-4fe9-8f99-5043047d7de6/Unit-8---Medieval-and-Renaissance-Europe
Quizlet
Medieval and renaissance europe: https://quizlet.com/777669927/medieval-and-renaissance-europe-terms-flash-cards/?i=4kwhvk&x=1jqt
People: https://quizlet.com/777671295/medieval-and-renaissance-europe-people-flash-cards/?i=61fib0&x=1jqt
2048 (Study Ver.) https://coconote.app/2048
SAQ practice:
Identify: one sentence (A - just answer the question) Describe: two sentences (AC - answer and provide evidence) Explain: three sentences (ACE - answer, provide evidence, and explain significance)
DBQ review: Copy of The Crusades DBQ Practice
Pope urban's speech: Pope Urban II Speech for Crusades
Contextualization: the middle ages lasted from 500-1500 AD. Local land owners came together to defend themselves. Life became more centered around a shared place or land called manorialism where serfs, knights (vassals) came together and provided service to the lord in return for protection.