Overview
This lecture examines the role of women warriors in the Russian Revolution, focusing on Maria Bochkareva and the creation of all-female battalions during World War I.
Background: The Russian Revolution and May Day
- May Day, celebrated by workers globally, symbolized labor solidarity and was important to Russian revolutionaries.
- In 1917, Russia was under a Provisional Government after the abdication of Czar Nicholas II.
- The government was divided over continuing World War I, with leaders like Kerensky supporting the war and the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, opposing it.
Women in the Russian Military Before 1917
- Maria Bochkareva, a peasant woman escaping abuse, petitioned Czar Nicholas II to join the army in 1914.
- Bochkareva faced harassment but earned medals for bravery after proving herself in combat.
- Historical precedents include Nadezhda Durova, who disguised herself as a man to serve in the Napoleonic Wars and published her memoir, "The Cavalry Maiden."
- Other examples include Zoya Smirnova and classmates, who fought at the front dressed as men.
Creation of the All-Female Battalions
- Bochkareva proposed all-female battalions in 1917 to shame male soldiers into continuing the fight.
- Minister of War Kerensky authorized the formation of the Women's Battalion of Death.
- Bochkareva issued a call for volunteers; 2,000 women responded, but only 500 were selected after rigorous training and strict discipline.
- Bochkareva dismissed many volunteers for "loose behavior" and did not allow the formation of councils (soviets) within her unit.
Impact and Legacy
- Bochkareva's battalion inspired similar units in cities across Russia, such as Moscow, Kiev, and Odessa.
- The Provisional Government recognized women's contributions by promising voting rights and allowing women to become political deputies.
- The creation of women's battalions inspired advocates of women's equality in Russia and abroad.
- The battalion participated in the Kerensky Offensive, with public support as they departed for the front.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Provisional Government — Temporary government established in Russia after the abdication of Czar Nicholas II.
- Bolsheviks — Radical socialist party led by Lenin, opposed to Russia's involvement in WWI.
- Women's Battalion of Death — All-female combat unit formed in 1917 by Maria Bochkareva.
- Soviet — Council representing soldiers or workers' interests to authorities.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review key individuals: Maria Bochkareva and Nadezhda Durova.
- Read memoir excerpts for primary source perspectives on women in combat.
- Study the political context of the Russian Revolution, focusing on gender and military policies.