AP Bio Penguins - Unit 1 Overview

Instructor Introduction

• Instructor: Mrs. Jones
• Platform: AP Bio Penguins
• Resources: Instagram Daily Review, 374-page review guide on Weebly, FRQ Friday videos, quizzes, games, review PowerPoints.
• Website: AP Bio Penguins Weebly
• Social Media for Additional Resources: AP Bio Penguins on Instagram, TikTok; Absolute Recap on TikTok and Instagram.

Unit 1 Focus

• Macromolecules
• Water Properties
• Practice Questions
• Q&A Session

Macromolecules Overview

1. Carbohydrates

• Types: Monosaccharides (glucose), Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), Polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin).
• Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen.
• Bonding: Glycosidic linkage in disaccharides and polysaccharides.
• Functions: Energy storage, structural components.

2. Proteins

• Monomers: Amino acids.
• Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, sometimes Sulfur.
• Structure Levels:
  • Primary: Amino acid sequence.
  • Secondary: Alpha helices and beta sheets, formed by hydrogen bonds.
  • Tertiary: Three-dimensional structure, various bonds including covalent, ionic, hydrogen.
  • Quaternary: Multiple polypeptide chains.
• Functions: Structural support, enzymes, motor functions.

3. Nucleic Acids

• Monomers: Nucleotides.
• Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
• Types:
  • DNA: Double helix, thymine.
  • RNA: Single-stranded, uracil.
• Bonding: Phosphodiester linkage between nucleotides.
• Functions: Genetic information storage and transfer.

4. Lipids

• Types: Fats, phospholipids, steroids.
• Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, sometimes Phosphorus.
• Characteristics: Non-polar, not true polymers.
• Functions: Energy storage, cell membrane structure.

Water Properties

• Polar Molecule: Unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen.
• Functions:
  • Cohesion and adhesion.
  • Universal solvent.
  • High specific heat.
  • Less dense as a solid (ice floating).
• pH Understanding: Negative log of hydrogen ion concentration; inverse relationship with hydrogen ion concentration.

Practice Questions & Discussion

• Concepts Discussed:
  • Folding of proteins influenced by polarity and hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions.
  • Role of Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction in confirming DNA’s helical structure.
  • Cross-referencing content with practice answers for comprehension.

Additional Resources

• Recommended Study Tools:
  • The Absolute Recap, Bozeman Science, Gabe Posner, Robin Tate.
  • Use of AP Classroom for practice.

Wrap-Up

• Q&A session for clarifying student doubts.
• Emphasis on using available resources for thorough exam preparation.