The United States and the Spanish-American War

Background: Interest in Cuba

• Proximity and Demographics: Cuba is only 90 miles south of Florida, largely Catholic, and home to Americans, which drew U.S. attention.
• Cuban Independence: In 1895, Cuba fought for independence from Spain.
• American Press: U.S. tabloids reported on Spanish repression in Cuba, causing social, religious, political, and economic concerns in America.
• Trading Partner: Cuba was an important trading partner for the United States.

Rising Tensions

• Calls for Intervention: Increasing calls in the U.S. for intervention in Cuba.
• USS Maine: In 1898, President McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana to protect American interests and facilitate possible evacuations.
• Explosion of USS Maine: The ship exploded, initially thought to be a bombing.
  • Later Investigation: 1976 investigation revealed it was likely an internal explosion.

Yellow Journalism

• Role of the Press: Sensationalized stories and headlines, known as "yellow journalism," fueled anti-Spain sentiment.
• Key Figures: Joseph Pulitzer's New York World was instrumental in spreading sensational coverage.

Path to War

• McKinley's Hesitation: Initially hesitant to go to war, McKinley faced mounting pressure.
• Congressional Action: After USS Maine explosion, Congress unanimously supported a response, followed by a formal war declaration.

Expansion of the War

• Beyond the Caribbean: The conflict extended to the Pacific Ocean.
• Battle of Manila Bay: Admiral Dewey ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines and succeeded.

Outcome of the Spanish-American War

• Shift in Objectives: Initially aimed to liberate Cuba, eventually extended to acquiring territories.
• U.S. Territorial Gains: By the end of the war, the United States gained control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands.