this video contains every Russian idea principle and fundamental that you need to understand how Russian operates as a language after watching this video you'll have a clear basis of Russian and understand how to utilize its grammar properly in essence this video is a long compilation of all of my previous videos that show and explain each Russian grammatical concept individually so that way you don't have to search for each concept on its own everything that you need in Russian is in this video when watching it some moments will have weird sentences like this concept is for a future video so in this video and more this is because all of my videos are edited into one long video some parts may be slightly slower wider or faster than other parts but I did try my best to balance the video so that everything is on the same level in this long video as I said this is a simple collection of all my previous rushing videos combined so obviously I cannot go back and edit them in any way what's in this video is the same as in all of my previous videos and I'll end the video with a short conclusion explaining why I showed these ideas now for those of you who saw my long Spanish video there are a few things that I want to say beforehand regarding these two long videos a complete guide to every fundamental in Spanish and Russian in my long Spanish video I made a lot of mistakes when explaining and I wanted to address my approach to them in this video before fully showing every fundamental in Russian in my long Spanish video I spoke too fast gave incorrect explanations explained Spanish as someone who's not fluent in Spanish had disorganized frames and had quiet audio these are the mistakes that I noticed later when I put that video out I want to very much apologize and say that I'm very very sorry for the way that I showed Spanish in that video because what you will see in this Russian video will be significantly better slower and way more accurate again I'm very sorry for the stupid mistakes that I made in my Spanish video despite getting a lot of positive feedback but I do have my reasons as to why I made mistakes when speaking too fast I have never done content creation before never edited videos never used a microphone and never tested my voice so I was doing everything very quickly at the time I figured that I should do quick short and fast videos but it turned out that I was editing everything too fast and speaking too fast I'm very very sorry for the fast space because in this Russian video I promise that everything will be slower and carefully explained when making grammatically incorrect explanations in Spanish I was aware that some people would correct me even though I noticed more mistakes later again I'm very sorry for those mistakes because along with the fast editing my explanations got careless so that's why everything was sort of sloppy like unas Minas which doesn't exist in Spanish I found that out much time later so I'm sorry in this Russian video I assure you that there will not be any mistakes or incorrect explanations because I am fluent in Russian and in fact it is my first spoken language because of my fluency and the banner on my channel you can tell that this Russian video will be much better when explaining Spanish as someone who's not fluent in Spanish this again caused careless explanations and incorrect ways of showing Spanish in my case I was explaining Spanish as someone who can speak it conversationally but not fluently because I'm fluent in Russian do not expect any incorrect explanations in this Russian video when having this organized frames I was using the platform canva for both Spanish and Russian but in my Spanish video the frames were disorganized because I used screenshots and framed everything too quickly in this Russian video you will not see this mistake when having low audio I was using a simple video editing program called open shot with a basic microphone so I didn't really know how to work things out I just did what I thought was fast in this Russian video I used better software better frames a better microphone and better audio so everything is better organized these are the mistakes that I wanted to address and explain what happened in comparison to this long video moreover the way that I explain Russian Concepts is completely different than in the Spanish video for many reasons aside from speed frames audio and grammatical inaccuracy Russian is a language that requires more attention and a slow explanation of every concept that it has it's a complicated language that requires more understanding and feeling as opposed to simpler languages like English and Spanish unlike my Spanish video in this Russian video I explain Concepts much more slowly and describe ideas as simply and as accurately as possible in comparison to English for those who only speak English or who use English as a placeholder to learn other languages this video will make make perfect sense to you the way that I made these videos and taught Russian is by putting myself in the position of those who only speak English because this is the audience that my content is fit for of course there could be people who already speak Russian or want to better understand Russian so this video will also be very practical unlike my Spanish video Russian will have more complexity difficulty and grammar that did not exist in Spanish with a slower Pace accurate grammatical explanations still frames and enhanced audio however it will have some examples that will be somewhat nonsensical but just so you know the emphasis of this long video is on Russian grammar this is how far I went to really ensure that Russian will be understood and clearly explained furthermore in the description you'll find many links to many of the Russian Concepts in the video I left them to extend your knowledge of Russian because it is a difficult but very fascinating language I did not do it in my Spanish video because I got that information from a university book and also because Spanish doesn't require Advanced explanations due to its simpli and similarity to English in the description you will see a lot of links to the Russian Concepts in the timestamps so if you're curious about Russian or if you think that I explained something very poorly you can check them out those links will take you to separate sites where you will find more explanations of different Russian fundamentals in fact most of the information in this video was taken from those sites but of course you can find other information on other sites so I'm not saying that my source is the best all I did was take out all the unnecessary fat from the the information providing you with a virtual audio or visual dictionary of Russian Concepts so use it as you wish you can change the speed adjust the sound check this video in one day or many days and simply find the time that fits you even if you know Russian or already have an average basis of Russian you can now know what it is you need to learn with this video you can teach yourself build sentences practice speaking Russian understand the nuances of the language and revisit this video as many times as you want at last there are just a few Concepts that I not cover in Russian like these and I chose to not cover them for the following reasons if you feel that I made any mistake or missed any other crucial concept you're more than welcome to correct me or add your own input in the comments because this long video is a compiled collection of my previous videos I did make some typos when explaining such as missing letters in Words added letters in Words or fully incorrect words where I say one word but on the screen you'll see a different word at the very bottom of the description you'll see the timestamps for all the Ty post so in case you see one you can know what was the actual correct word or letter also I have the time stamps for every Concept in the description so that way you don't have to waste time by looking for the concept you need just click on the time and you will be taken to the concept that you need anyhow enjoy so in this video I would like to discuss the things you must know before learning Russian before approaching the subject matter there are a few things I would like to say as to how I will be teaching Russian and how I will engage in the context of the this complicated language I'm going to be teaching and explaining things very differently because Russian is a language that requires more attention and a slow explanation of every concept that it has before jumping into the basic grammatical Concepts there are many things that you have to know about it so that later the context of Russian will make more sense at first as many of you can tell by the banner of my YouTube channel I am a native Russian speaker educating somebody about Russian can be complicated but I do have a plan to make things very simple for everybody as a native Russian speaker this means that I will be going very slowly not stuttering and explaining every Concept in Russian slowly surely and simply once again I'm a native Russian speaker so in the context of Russian I do know what I'll be talking about secondly before immediately diving into Russian Concepts there are many things that you simply have to know in Russian I am not talking about Russian grammar but simply Russian rules that will be applied once you start to learn Russian grammar as a native Russian speaker I am putting myself in the shoes of the people who only speak English or at least use English as a primary language to learn other languages because my content is fit for people who only have English as their native language it's only fair if I put myself in their position I'm not expecting everybody to understand the concepts right away but it is significant to understand how everybody learns if you're watching this video and your native language is English meaning that you're using English to learn other languages then this video will make perfect sense to you if you speak any other language and still know English as a second or third then this video will still be very educational and that's something very crucial to emphasize learning Russian using English even though I don't recommend doing it many people just know English as their native language and so they have to use English as their only source I will be explaining Russian Concepts using English as easily as I can before actually learning Russian grammar that is past present future tenses verb conjugations all of these things there are things that you simply have to know in Russian because these are the foundational rules of Russian in the beginning you don't necessarily have to understand these things you just have to follow these rules in Russian and I will explain them as easily as possible considering that I will be teaching Russian using English so let's get into it the first thing you should know about Russian is the difference between literal and spoken Russian literal Russian is the Russian you see on paper and it's the Russian that most people use to learn Russian grammatical ideas you can find this Russian in books subtitles magazines and anything else that has literacy spoken Russian on the other hand is self- patory it's the Russian that is used in conversations however spoken Russian is completely different than literal Russian meaning Russian that you learn on paper will sound completely different when you start listening to it especially through Russian natives for instance when engaging in a Russian conversation 90% of words that have the letter O will be pronounced with the letter A let's take the word computer in Russian for now don't worry about any of the letters I will explain them later when looking at this word in Russian we can pronounce Ed as however for a native Russian speaker the word is pronounced computer computer this is the difference in dialect between literal and spoken Russian now the reason I've brought this up is to give you a different perspective on the dialects that exist within complicated languages like Russian as a native Russian speaker I will pronounce every Russian word and sentence both ways so you can understand the difference between literal and spoken Russian because the whole point of learning Russian is to speak it the second thing to know about Russian is the difference between typed and written Russian in other words it's the difference between how Russian is printed and how Russian is written on paper now in the first point I already explained Russian on paper but I would like to specify a few more things printed Russian utilizes its printed alphabet and puts more emphasis on letter spacing and expressions this is the type of Russian that I will use in every video of Russian fundamentals written Russian is also known as cursive Russian written on paper and it's the Russian that natives use to write I will not be explaining cursive Russian whatsoever because I personally cannot even read or write it but mainly because it's only used for writing in the videos that I will do about Russian I will focus on printed Russian only but if you're interested in cursive Russian I have a link in the description that explains surilla cursive Russian on a separate site the third thing you should know is that Russian has no definite or indefinite articles considering again that I'm explaining Russian using English the reason Russian doesn't have articles can be explained using two things Russian has declensions which I will explain later in the video and Russian relies on context context is more significant because it is almost always clear whether we speak about a definite or indefinite concept sometimes it's unclear so we use additional words to justify that from a Russian standpoint the concept of Articles is redundant because articles do not carry any additional information that is not visible from the context take a look at this text I go to store I enter store and walk in aisle in a I find book and buy book when I pay for it I see man I give man money and he gives me receipt I go back home and read book as native English speakers we can correctly and instinctively place all the missing articles in the text because once again we use additional words to justify the definiteness or indefiniteness of nouns Russian however doesn't have this concept because it relies just on context without having definiteness or indefiniteness of nouns if you're trying to learn or think in Russian simply remove all articles from your mind because this is a concept you need to know before learning Russian the fourth thing you should know is that Russian has no sense of progression whether it's in the past present or future what I mean by that is the English fundamental of ings at the end of participles and placing the verb to be before each Progressive action inish English we can say I am eating he is sleeping you are speaking she was seeing we were talking and I will be showing one concept the these sentences share is the ing at the end of the participle along with am is R was and were which are conjugations of the verb to be in English this concept is called The Continuous also known as the past present or future Progressive this type of tense just like with articles doesn't exist in Russian the reason why is because of a grammatical difference but mainly because Russian participes fulfill the work of adjectives only what I mean by that is that Russian does have the meaning of the continuous or Progressive but it does not have a tense for it because English participles have more verbal characteristics than adjectives English participles have been developed into continuous ones Russian participles only fulfill the work of the adjectives which doesn't make a continuous try to think of it as a concept that is more explicit in English than in Russian because participles have the meaning of the continuous in both languages but only English has a tense this leads me to the fifth thing you should know and that is Russian has no perfect tenses the perfect tense also doesn't exist in Russian just like the continuous in English the perfect tenses can be explained using to have to had to will have or to could have plus a participle ending in Ed Russian again has the meaning of the participles which is used differently but it does not have tenses so overall the perfect and continuous tenses cannot be in Russian because they don't exist in Russian additionally the same same thing could be said about the verb to be in the present tense which leads me to the sixth thing you should know and that is Russian does have the verb to be but it is not used in the present what I mean by that is whenever it comes down to Expressions relating to adjectives like I am tall you are young or he is happy the conjugations of to be in the present that is am is and R will not be used in the present in Russian to be more specific Russian does have the verb to be that is used in the past and future but it is not used in the present the reason why is because at some point in time the conjugated personal pronouns I am you are or he is converged into one form and began to be removed because the language couldn't make use of it at the time the purpose of using it was lost so in modern times Russian doesn't use to be in the present but in the olden times it was used at some point in general if you're saying a Russian sentence in the present simply remember to not use the verb to be to not use a progressive or perfect tense and to not use articles because Russian doesn't have them the seventh thing you should know is that Russian only has three simple tenses of time the past present and future unlike English having continuous and perfect tenses Russian only has three the past present and future however it does not mean that Russian only has three aspects of these tenses for instance the past and future tenses have perfective and imperfective variations the perfective is an action that was or will be completed but the imperfective is an ongoing or habitual action in English English try to think of the perfective as the past or simple future unfortunately there is no English equivalent to the imperfective and that is something I'll explain in future videos alongside the usage of the two aspects can change the endings of verbs depending on the speaker style of speech and context in future videos I will explain each concept individually but for now simply put Russian has three tenses with two aspects of the past and future to understand which aspect to use reading and listening might be the best methods because it feels very very unnatural for people who only speak English of course it is something that you have to get a feel for once you understand the tenses which leads me to the eighth thing you should know and that is Russian nouns are gendered with the masculine feminine and neuter genders the masculine and feminine genders are self-explanatory but the neuter gender is something that not a lot of people know in English there is no gender when it comes down to nouns but in Russian there are three grammatical genders masculine feminine and neuter the neuter can be explained as the gender that is neither masculine nor feminine it is simply neutral and to distinguish if a noun is masculine feminine or neuter is something that I'll explain in a future video the ninth thing you should know is that Russian has a devocalization of consonants now to understand this concept I would have to introduce and explain the Russian alphabet which I will not do in this video because there are a lot of things you need to know about it instead I will show just a few letters that explain this concept and in the next video I will elaborate more on the alphabet and its letters in Russian there are hard consonants and soft consonants these consonants can become voiceless in some situations and sound more like their counterpart which makes a big difference in the meaning of Russian words in English this can be shown as be which sounds like p f which sounds like v s which sounds like Z and so on even though it's not a big deal in English some Russian consonants will be pronounced differently or devocalized when put with vowels which makes for different words for instance let's take the word cabin in Russian once again don't worry about the letters for now when looking at this word in Russian we can pronounce it as bka bka even though there's the letter D in the middle it precedes the letter c and therefore it generates a t sound bka this leads me to the 10th thing you should know and that is Russian has vow reduction just like with consonants Russian has vows that get reduced when pronounced meaning that they sound different from their alphabetical sound when put with hard or soft consonants which makes a long sound for instance Russian has the vowels a o u u and E which indicate that the preceding consonant is hard on the other hand there are the consonants y yo E U and ya that indicate that the preceding consonant is soft if you're interested in learning more about this I have a link in the description explaining this concept on a different site still I'll explain this concept more when I'll talk about about the alphabet in the next video the 11th thing you should know is that Russian has stress on syllables stress on syllables means that a word can change its meaning based on a stronger and longer sound so the only way to know how to say words is to listen to the pronunciation for instance Russian has this word zamok zamok for a native speaker the word is pronounced zamak zamak this word means Castle however if we put the stress on the second syllable the word will be zamok zamok this word zamok now means lock as in a lock on a door this is stress in Russian the 12th thing you should know is that Russian has a flexible sentence structure the usual structure in English is subject verb object or SVO in Russian it is possible to change the order of the words without changing the meaning too much but a bit of context can still change the meaning for instance SVO in Russian is a natural intonation s o emphasizes the object and Vos is a declarative and poetic undertone if you're interested in this concept I have a link in the description explaining this on a different site and on that website there are the last two most important things that you should know about Russian before learning it the second to last thing to know about Russian is that it has what's called declensions a declen by definition is the modification of nouns pronouns or adjectives by which a grammatical case number and gender are identified in Russian there are six cases that are very important to understand because using these cases it is possible to speak Russian correctly now I personally wouldn't call these declen cases but rather six different types of Expressions that generate six ways to modify nouns pronouns and adjectives simply put Russian has six different types of expressions with each expression generating a different way to modify a word the Expressions themselves Define the way a word modifies its form when used in a different context and there's a total of six different Expressions now I'm not going to explain all of these expressions in this video because there are so many of them but in a future video I'll explain these Expressions very easily and slowly because they require so in case you want to learn more about them once again I have a link in the description that leads to a useful website that has these cases now there is a big reason why I'm referring to these Russian cases as expressions and not declen Russian uses the case or expression system by modifying words in six different ways which ultimately places the system of having a strict word order like in English as I said previously the reason Russian allows sentences to be jumbled in any order is because Russian is a highly expressive language that relies on the meanings of words and sentences as opposed to having a definitive system like in English or Spanish the last thing you should know about Russian is that Russian is an extremely expressive language that allows you to emphasize a point by changing the order of the words in any sentence and by changing the words themselves this makes makes Russian one of the most flexible and most beautiful languages ever made because it relies on the meaning of sounds words and sentences combined Russian linguistically is not concrete nor strict like English and Spanish it is quite literally the opposite this means that to express something in Russian the emphasis needs to be put on intonation on how you say and not what you say languages like English and Spanish require a preliminary knowledge of the phological conventions that exist emphasizing what you say as opposed to how in Russian there are plenty of fanatic rules which explains why it relies on Expressions emotions and even sometimes sounds these types of Russian Linguistics completely don't exist in almost any other language like French German Italian polish Chinese Greek Etc this is the reason why I would call the six Russian cases the six Russian Expressions because Russian is a flexibly expressive language that is almost one of a kind just to recap on the things to know before learning Russian every single point that I made throughout the video can be related to the last one because Russian is a highly expressive language it is no wonder that there is a big difference between literal and spoken Russian because when you speak Russian you can express yourself in any way which doesn't exist in other languages it is no wonder that Russian doesn't have articles Progressive and perfect tenses because it doesn't need any additional words to be expressed it is no wonder why Russian only has three simple tenses of time because there is no need to express yourself differently than the three existing tenses of time it is no wonder why Russian has a variety of sounds such as devocalization reduction and stress because once again you get to change your way of speech and how you say what you say so that it feels more emotional and expressive it is no wonder why Russian has a flexible sentence structure because you get to express yourself in any way you want if you were to have a system that limits you to only one type of speech then you wouldn't be able to express yourself differently by changing the order of the words in a sentence you're not just changing the order you're also changing the meaning and how you express yourself that's why in Russian you can say a sentence in any way you want it is no wonder why Russian has the clench or the six Russian cases because you get to modify not just your speech but also the words themselves which ultimately explains why Russian is a highly meaningful language that originated and relies on Expressions these are the most important things to know before learning Russian this is what makes Russian very simple yet very complicated very beautiful and very fascinating in the next videos about Russian I'll explain each concept individually as simply as possible so that all of you can understand how Russian fully works because Russian is very expressive don't try to understand it by translating everything but simply try to understand it by listening to how it is used and from there basic Russian grammar will be very simple for you to understand so in this video I would like to explain the Russian alphabet and its letters the Russian alphabet has 33 letters 21 of which are consonants 10 are vowels and two are pronunciation letters while consonants and vowels are self-explanatory pronunciation ation letters are letters that are not pronounced when spoken and have no direct sound instead they indicate the pronunciation of a preceding consonant by making it soft or hard and I will elaborate more on this concept in a few minutes let's start from the beginning at first we have the letter A then we have the letter B then we have the letter V not to be confused with the English letter B which is visually the same then we have the letter G as in go then the letter D then the letter Y then we have the same letter but with two dots over it this letter is Yo and it's the only letter in the Russian alphabet that will always have the same pronunciation in any word just like its alphabetical sound for instance we can have the letter B pronounced like its counterpart T in some cases the same thing can be applied to other letters but not with the letter yo next we have the letter j as an treasure the easiest way to remember this letter is by its appearance of looking like a beetle and the word beetle in Russian begins with the letter itself which isuk juk then we have the letter Z not to be confused with the number three then we have e which resembles a backwards capital N in English then we have the same letter but with a squiggle over it this letter is e e k e translates as short e and it's never pronounced alone and only appears in combination with a vow very rarely if ever you will see a word start with E the only words that I know that start with E are yod meaning aine and yogur meaning yogurt and even then they're not native Russian words essentially will will appear at the end of words 90% of the time then we have the letter c then the letter L then the letter M then the letter N not to be confused with the English Capital H then the letter O then the letter P the easiest way to remember this letter is through its appearance of the number Pi which in Russian starts with the same letter P then we have the letter R not to be confused with the English letter p B then the letter s pronounced as s it's not C It's s then the letter T then the letter U pronounced U not to be confused with the English letter Y visually there's a big difference between them especially when they're capitalized then we have the letter F then the letter which makes a throaty h type of sound as in b this letter is not to be confused with the English letter X then we have the letter as in Boots then we have ch as in chat then we have sha as in shock then we have a slightly different variation of this letter which is sha even though you probably don't hear a difference between these two letters when I pronounce them there is a big difference in terms of pitch the letter sha is pronounced without using your vocal chords and with your tongue rolled backwards sha tends to be a quickly pronounce letter as in shot or Shu however the letter sha is an extended sound created without letting your tongue touch your upper pallet as in sheep or sheet here is an example in Russian here we have the words Shi meaning shis and Shas which is an informal way of saying now even though the words follow the same structure there is a big difference in pronunciation sha in shasi is quick and short whereas sha in sh is more extended Shi and Sh Shi sh that's the difference between sha and sha near the end of the alphabet we have this letter which translates as a hard sign being a pronunciation letter it has no direct sound in any word but rather it indicates the pronunciation of a preceding consonant by making it hard meaning that it can only follow a consonant this can create different pronunciations depending on how you pronounce a word what's interesting about the is that it acts like a break in the middle of a word it will never start a word because it's not possible to begin a word with a break however before the early 20th century was placed at the end of words but eventually the sound didn't do anything and was removed ever since then you'll never see that be placed at the end of a word extensively only follows consonants but doesn't come after vowels therefore it can only be used to separate a consonant and a vowel to be more specific Zak can follow any consonant in Russian but can only come before these four vowels and I'll get to these two in a few minutes to give you an example with letters we already know let's take a look at this word the way that you pronounce it is vest vest this word means entrance as in a parking lot what makes this word unique is the fact that the KN is placed between a consonant and a vow and it acts like a break in the word if you were to remove it the word would be pronounced V with one syllable this word is incorrect and therefore we have to place the which would make the pronunciation of the letter V hard and create two syllables in the pronunciation that's the function of the hard sign in Russian next we have this letter which looks like two letters a lowercase b an i in English but this letter has only one sound and that is I I is very hard to pronounce if you're not a native Russian speaker but there are some correlations of this letter with English words for instance try to think of the letter U as an illustrate or ill also this letter will never start a word in Russian straight after we have another sign which is the mag ke znak which translates as the soft sign and don't get it confused with the lowercase English be just like the hard sign me indicates the pronunciation of a preceding consonant by making it soft likewise it acts like a break or like an extra syllable in a word it can never start a word and it follows consonants but never comes after vows so it's placed between consonants and vowels specifically these four however what makes the magnak different than the is that the magnak is used way more and therefore it has more variations in which it is used for instance the hard sign can only be placed between consonants and vowels and the soft sign can do the same however the soft sign can additionally be put between two consonants and at the end of a word after a consonant here we have a word where the soft sign is placed between a consonant and a vow I'll get to this vowel in a minute this word is pronounced simya sya this word means family if you were to remove the soft sign the word would be SE SE this word now means seed just like I said about the soft sign being used more than the hard sign this is what I meant here is another word where the soft sign is placed between two consonants this word is pronounced B this word is a cute way of saying bath B if you were to remove the soft sign the word would be banka ban this word now means jar or can here's the last example where the soft sign is placed at the end of a word after a consonant this word is pronounced y this word means a spruce or fur tree if you were to remove the soft sign the word would be y y this word now means masculine I you or he at that's the power of the mag key kn in Russian and it's something that you just have to get a feel for at last here are the final three letters in the Russian alphabet this letter is e this letter is U and this letter is y now that I've just covered every letter in the Russian alphabet it doesn't mean that it's everything that you should know about it because some Linguistics would make you understand the structure of Russian a bit better what I mean by that is the different dialects that exist when Russians speaking people can change the sound of letter letters and words from their alphabetical sounds that I just went over just like I said in the previous video there is a big difference between spoken conversational typed and written Russian I'm not going to cover all of these Concepts because I already did so but with Linguistics that relate to specific letters and words Russian will become more useful to understand for instance Russian has sound letters that are created for multiple sounds and letters previously in the video I went over the letter e which is a consonant that can be used as a semi vow because it creates a sound that is hiddenly used in some vowels Russian has hard and soft vowels and the difference between them is that hard vowels have only one sound whereas soft vowels have two sounds if we were to break the pronunciation of the soft vows you'd be surprised to know that is placed at the beginning of the hard vowels making new soft vowels E and A make a yah sound which makes the letter Y being a soft vow and consisting of two sounds a fun fact about yah is that if you were to say it backwards you would get I yah backwards is I which is I in English I backwards in English is Y which is I in Russian that's one way to remember this letter alongside ye and E put together makes ye which makes the letter Y being a soft consonant Y and O make a Yo which makes the letter yo y and U make U which makes the letter U unfortunately there is no logical combination with E and U or E so we can just leave it at that now the reason why I brought this up is to give you a different perspective on the hardness and softness of vowels when Russian speaking people tend to pronounce letters and words as they are throughout the video I've been pronouncing as it is intended in Russian but when you listen very closely to the pronunciation yo is pronounced as it is softening the letter V before it but the letter is almost not heard inside the word additionally I've been saying and I've been doing it because I'm pronouncing the way that you see it a native Russian speaker would pronounce it asaya because the dialect is different ultimately this is the difference between softness and hardness in terms of speech and how Russian speaking people tend to pronounce words and letters in Russian you can have words like D and D where the letter D will sound differently because there's a difference in the hardness and softness of the vowels O is a hard vow therefore the remains hard do on the other hand ye is a soft vowel which makes a softer D sound and that's the difference and it's the same concept with other consonants like s Suma and SE both have the letter s but have different sounds for S because one word has a hard vow and the second has a soft vow in Russian these letter concepts are called devocalization of consonants and vowel reduction which I explained in the previous video furthermore I'm not going to cover every letter like that because it's something that you need to get a feel for but the same thing could be said about the hard and soft signs both the hard and soft signs are used to separate consonants and vowels but only the hard sign separates a hard consonant and a vow and the soft sign separates a soft consonant and a vow combining vowels with hard and soft consonants generates differences in softness and hardness which I already covered in case you're interested in learning more about this I have a link in the description that leads to a separate site that explains this concept more moreover Russian is also very expressive which makes it not rely on consonants that consist of two or more sounds it does have letter like T and CH which are composed of two other letters ultimately making one sound letter while Russian does have letters like that they're not emphasized as much as they are in English English has letters like g j h q and x which are all composed of other consonants and sounds that Russian conceptually doesn't have for instance Russian doesn't have the letter X because when you pronounce X you essentially make one letter sound out of two using K and S which makes a sound Russian simply doesn't need the system of letters because it's expressive enough at last you should also know that many spellings of Russian words became supported by tradition and created different sounds when the word is pronounced but not when typed or written for instance Russian preserved the rules of CH is chaa CH is a and CH is essentially you write the sound you hear one way but pronounce it in a different way we can have words that visually look like they have one pronunciation but native speakers pronounce them differently you would want to say LI or sh but the formal pronunciation is LI or you would want to say sh or TOA but they're pronounced Shas or TOA you would want to say or cha but you have to pronounce them as sh or CH this is something that you just have to get a feel for finally the same traditional spellings also exist in words where there's a completely different letter and in fact I've been using one of these words in the video which is mag ke it's perfectly fine to pronounce the word as you see it because you're learning the language and because people will still understand you however native Russian speakers will pronounce this word as the reason why Russian does that is because it's simp simply an exception and generalization preserved from old Russian between the 10th and 12th centuries there were no differences between the pronunciation in writing of words but over time there have been significant changes in the sound system and now many words are pronounced differently from how they're written the same concept can be applied to this word it doesn't matter if you say bog or B you will still have the same meaning because the word means god it's also the same with words like seod and yo but these words are pronounced and yo it doesn't matter how you say them because people will still understand you nonetheless if you want to sound traditional then you can try to pronounce them as I did overall this is the Russian alphabet and its letters so in this video I would like to explain how to identify and understand the gender of a Russian noun before showing what nouns indicate what gender all of the following words that you will see will come from the nominative case in Russian meaning that nouns are simply identified as a regular subject it's equivalent in English to any noun that is the subject of any sentence Additionally the plural forms of these nouns will also be included again being in the nominative case however Russian has different variations of the nouns you will see using six different ways that they can change depending on the gender and quantity but it's something that I'll explain in the next video for now don't worry about it in the regular nominative case in Russian if a noun ends in a consonant it's masculine if a Russian noun ends in the vowels a or Y it's feminine if a Russian noun ends in the vowels Ye Yo or o the noun is neuter the neuter gender in Russian is neither masculine nor feminine so it's simply neutral acting like a third gender here are a few masculine feminine and neuter words in Russian cot is cat and it's masculine God is year and it's masculine tone is telephone and it's masculine DOA is Road and it's feminine a native Russian speaker would sayoga R is arm and it's feminine is weak and it's feminine is building which is a noun and it's neuter is gun and it's neuter OK is window and it's neuter a native Russian speaker would say AK now to pluralize all of these nouns there is a small pattern you can follow typically the vowel is used for masculine nouns being put at the end of the word for feminine nouns the vowel e is used by replacing the vowel at the end categorically this does not apply to every Russian noun because there are many different variations and exceptions but it does apply to most Russian nouns which is the most that you have to know K pluralized is K and the native Russian speaker would say k God pluralized isone pluralized is T pluralized is DOI and the native Russian speaker would say Dari R pluralized is RI n pluralized is n the neuter nouns have a similar system except with the vowels ya and a when plural if a neuter noun ends in or yo the vowel y replaces the vowel in the end but if a neuter noun ends in o a replaces the last vowel pluralized is pluralized is R OK pluralized is okna once again this does not apply to every word in Russian but overall don't worry too much about pluralizing these words now besides any consonant and the vowels that I just showed there are Russian nouns that end with the remaining vowels that you haven't seen which are e u u e and U Russian nouns that end in these letters come from foreign origin meaning that they are unadapted borrowings that do not follow any expressive modification no matter the quantity and the grammatical case nouns ending in these letters fall into the category of the neuter gender by default even though they could technically be modified and follow the rules of regular neuter words Russian decided to leave these words as is and not give them any changes in any case for instance the word Taki is taken directly from the ancient Greek word for taxi so it doesn't fit the endings of native Russian words and the same applies to any word ending in these letters anyhow any Russian noun ending in these vowels is neuter and doesn't get modified furthermore it is possible to find Russian nouns then end in the which is the soft sign Russian nouns ending in the soft sign tend to be masculine or feminine and there is a way to tell them apart for the most part however some principles can help in determining the gender nouns that have the following endings and CH are feminine and most of them relate to designated statuses of women words like M meaning mother no which is news signature life Mo youth M Mouse P help and not Knight are all feminine other nouns are feminine just like that but covering all of them is simply too much because this is just a pattern that can help you identify the gender of a Russian noun ending in a s sign on the other hand we can have nouns like meaning day put meaning path and calendar meaning calendar which are all masculine nouns denoting male professions can also be masculine like which is a male teacher and which is King also the names of all months are masculine in Russian a May AUST OCT and of course many other masculine and feminine nouns end with the but to specifically identified the gender of such a word you can always check its meaning in vocabulary at last Russian has just a few exceptions where there is no pattern to follow so you'll simply have to memorize the meaning of these nouns nouns like IM and V are neuter even though they look like they're feminine other words are Papa jka and mush China are masculine because of their physical gender despite having a feminine ending a finally there is the noun kofia which is masculine although it looks like it's neuter kofia is a borrowed word and in the past it had masculine and neuter genders but now it's masculine I decided to not show the plural versions of these words because there's a lot more you have to know about expressive Concepts in Russian like the six cases or de clenin where words get modified in six different ways considering plurality as well there are 12 12 ways to modify words overall this video only explained how to identify the gender of nouns in the nominative form it did not explain adjectives verbs or other words even in the past or future that require more explanation due to their different variations in conclusion Russian words change according to the gender of the noun they're associated with so to speak Russian correctly you must know the gender of a word in order to modify other words so in this video I would like to explain what are the six Russian cases or the iions or what I like to call them the six types of Russian Expressions now I'm not going to fully elaborate on these cases in this video because each type of expression requires more explanation and a full understanding of how it works in the next videos I'll describe each Russian case on its own in this video nonetheless I'll explain what are the six Russian cases or types of expressions and why and how they work in Russian so in formal terms Russian cases answer a particular set of questions all also known as declensions a declension is the modification of nouns pronouns adjectives or other words by which a grammatical case number and gender are identified considering this definition it's safe to say that Russian has six different types of Expressions that can change a word in six ways the Expressions themselves Define the way a word modifies its form when used in a different context in other words Russian can have a word that can be modified in six ways because the word can can be expressed differently in six ways the way a word can be modified is by changing the endings depending on the case that they are in that's the reason why I call them the six types of Expressions as opposed to the six cases one of the reasons why cases are vital is because Russian is an expressive language meaning that any sentence can be said in any way which can help determine the subject from something else in my opinion the best way to learn and understand these Expressions is to listen to how they sound and be more fluent memor izing them will simply be way too much work so I advise against that but again you can learn however you want now I'll explain these cases by first introducing them formally and linguistically their definitions might help you understand the cases more because they have more connections to their formal origin however after giving the formal definition of each case I'll explain the cases on a personal level by redefining the meaning as the six types of expressions in Russian giving examples of questions and putting an emphasis simply on the wordss later in the video I'll give specific phrases with new grammar but you don't have to focus on that simply focus on the modified words themselves I'll also show the definitive translations of each case because they'll make much more sense when you visually see what each case is about so the six Russian cases in order are denominative genitive dative accusative instrumental and prepositional the nominative case simply identifies the subject of a sentence at the beginning of any sentence this case has the same meaning in English as in Russian the genitive case shows possession attribution and absence indicating the relationship between something of or from something else in other words it's a case that indicates the possession of something the dative case shows that something is given or addressed to something else and it's typically used for indirect objects the accusative Cas is used for the object of a sentence as opposed to the subject also it works with animate and inanimate objects more than any other case in English we tend to use the accusative with pronouns but in Russian all nouns can be used in the accusative the instrumental case shows which instrument is used to act basically making use with the help of what an action is completed with the prepositional case simply talks about some thing now I'm not going to give specific examples in each case but in the next videos I'll explain each case more specifically just to give you a full understanding of what each case does and when to use it I've decided to first show the formal definition of each case to give you a sense of what to expect when these cases are put into context learning them formally is one thing but applying them in a sentence is different which is why I'll give a more thorough explanation using my personal definitions I'll still keep the formal definitions next to my personal ones to make learning simpler and legitimate nonetheless here is my explanation of the six Russian cases the six Russian cases can be redefined as the six Russian Expressions because each expression generates a different meaning when put into context Russian modifies words in six different ways therefore accommodating the six Expressions at first this concept can be perceived with question words like what who and sometimes where that get modified when you formally Express them even though I already gave their formal definitions here is a more extended and personal explanation of what each expression does the first type of expression in Russian answers what or who the second type of expression answers of from what or of from whom it can also be used with the question word from where the third type of expression answers to what or to whom it can also be used with the question word to where the the fourth type of expression answers what or whom it is similar to the first one but don't get it confused just because it has the same word each expression is different on its own and has different meanings despite borrowing the same words the fifth type of expression answers with what or with whom the sixth type of expression answers about what or about whom these are the full definitions of what each expression answers in correlation with the formal definitions of the the cases now that I've shown what each expression does hopefully you can understand what each case is about but to make sure you fully understand the nature of these cases here is what they look like when translated correctly here you're seeing an image of deep L translate which is an accurate translator so therefore expect these words to be modified differently than they are in English at first we have what or who in denominative expression which is and a native Russian speaker always pronounces as with a sh sound additionally we have the word where in the nominative which is now here this is where you start to see the words really change form once a different expression is used in the genitive we have the same word but with a preposition of from what and of from whom there's also from where here you can see the same word in Russian but it's modified differently because of the six Russian cases in Russian the words are is is Anda a native speaker would say is is and at the end of these translations you'll see and hopefully understand why Russian modifies words let's keep going in the dative we have to what and to whom and to where and the meaning is the same in Russian but the words themselves get modified differently in Russian the words areu and Kuda in the accusative we have what and whom not to be confused with identical words previously modified even though they borrow the same words the case still generates a different meaning and sometimes you'll see the same modified words used in different sentences meaning that their syntax is simply borrowed from a different case in Russian the word are and Cavo in the instrumental we have with what and with whom and in Russian the words are Chim and skim in the prepositional we have about what and about whom and in Russian the words are o and okom notice the huge difference between English and Russian what whom and where stay the same across every translation inish English in Russian however the words themselves get modified in six different ways but in this case some words are borrowed and therefore repeated that's the big difference between grammar in Russian and grammar in any other language what who and where stay what who and where in English except maybe from who which changes to whom still the words don't get modified but in Russian they are all different because Russian is very complex and expressive so you get to say words however you want all of these words mean what whom and where in Russian but they are written in six different ways that's the toughest thing to learn about Russian these things are declen and they can be applied not only to question words but also to nouns pronouns adjectives and other words as well that's the most difficult concept that there is in Russian which makes it very complicated but still it's possible to understand how and why Russian does that finally allow me to present a few phrases just to show how each case modifies type of word depending on gender in quantity these Russian cases can modify one masculine word in six ways that would be different from a feminine word which is different from a neuter word considering that such words can be pluralized this amount is now doubled but again do not worry about memorizing each modification for such words I'll explain all of them in detail in the next videos furthermore in the phrases that I'll show only focus on the modified words themselves don't try to memorize them and understand what endings match what word it's almost impossible to keep track of these Concepts so therefore I'll show these phrases just so you can visually see how Russian modifies words again don't focus on any grammar words that you don't know or missing articles simply focus on the modified words and from there you can try to understand them in any way you want let's take a simple masculine word in the singular form like Dom which is a house and try to exploit this word in every expression that I showed the expression big house house in Russian is B this expression is nominative because by asking what we have an answer what's big a house is big so therefore it's denominative case you can also tell it's denominative because it's the only subject in the phrase and the fact that it's not modified in any way also the adjective Bal is modified to fit do in the nominative case here we have the expression I am from a big house which is is this expression is genitive because by asking from where or from what we have an answer from where are you I am from a big house because you just said from where you are you generated a different expression which is different from simply saying big house in this case Balo changes to Bala and do changes to Doma in the genitive because again it's a different expression just because you see one ending for a singular masculine word it does not mean that it's going to be the same across feminine and neuter words in the genitive especially when plural and it's the same with other Expressions That's The Power of these Expressions so don't try to memorize them as is simply look at how these words change I am going to a big house in Russian is this expression is dative because by asking to where or to what we have an answer to where are you going I am going to a big house Bala now changes to Balu and do changes to do once again it's a different expression from the previous ones the phrase I bought a big house in Russian is this expression is accusative because it borrows the same words however it has a different meaning by asking what did you buy as opposed to Simply what what did you buy I bought a big house which is a different expression in this case you have the same words taken from a previous expression so they're borrowed sometimes you can have repeating words but don't get it confused with the meanings which are different the expression I am with a big house is even though it's a weird sentence it just shows a different way to modify words this expression is instrumental because by asking with what we have an answer with what are you I am with a big house Bal now becomes Bim and do becomes do which is a different expression from the previous ones the expression I talk about a big house is this expression is prepositional because by asking about what we have an answer about what do you talk I talk about a big house Bim is now B and do is now do notice how in English big house stays big house in every sentence because English doesn't have the clench in Russian however B changes in a few ways that are different in every case this is what the six Russian cases do they change words in six different ways because each way generates a different type of expression hopefully you can understand this now let's see what happens when we pl every sentence this is what happens when we pluralize them becomes is now changes to and so on and so forth to make matters more useful here's a shorter and more explicit demonstration of what d looks like in each case the recording that you see comes from a called cooljugator which shows each modification singular and plural in each case for any noun in the future in case you don't know how to change a word or if you forgot this website can help you out I have its Link in the description under the video even though it's a lot of information to handle I highly advise not to memorize all of it because it's way too much to understand I'm just showing these phrases so you can visually see what Russian does in the next videos I'll explain each case individually using both context and basic sentences at last let me finish with a different word in the same phrase like schola which is school as you can see the modifications and endings for the word schola is different than Dom because schola is a singular feminine word in this case the adjective is borrowed more because of the use of a feminine word like schola for instance baloy is repeated four times across every case except the nominative and the accusative despite schola changing form but at the same time repeating itself in the dative and prepositional cases now let's see what happens when we pluralize them this is what happens and so on and so forth here is a more explicit demonstration of what Chola looks like in each case singular and plural at last let's finish this concept with a neuter word like OK which is window as you can see the modifications and endings for the word OK is different Thana because AK is a singular neuter word AK in this case the adjective Bal borrows words as with the word Dom except in the nominative in accusative where B becomes B now let's see what happens when we pluralize them this is what happens and so on and so forth here is a more explicit demonstration of what OK looks like in each case singular and plural in conclusion this is what the six Russian cases do they modify words depending on the expression and intonation so you have to watch out for what you say when you express something in Russian so in this video I would like to explain the nominative case in Russian as a reminder there are six cases in Russian and throughout these videos I will cover every case in detail and explain what each case does and what is it for the six cases in Russian are ways of modifying words in six different ways such as question words which I presented in the previous video Russian can have a word that can be modified in six different ways because the word can be expressed differently in six ways the way a word can be modified is by changing its ending depending on on the gender and in this case we have the nominative which is the easiest to understand in Russian now I will not be covering every type of word in these cases like adjectives and possessive pronouns because there are so many of them and they too get modified differently in every case instead we'll only be working with nouns so I'll give useful and extended phrases with every presented case so that you can visually understand how each case changes a noun topics like adjectives and pronouns will be for future videos but for now let's focus on the nominative case in Russian the nominative case is the most common and identifies the subject of a sentence every noun both in English and Russian is given in the nominative this case simply answers the question of what who and sometimes where if we take these questions and plug them into a translator it will give the right translation being in the nominative within the case itself to understand if a noun is in the nominative we simply have to ask these questions in any sentence if we answer the questions or by asking about what who or where is the subject then whatever the subject is in this case a noun is in the nominative now what makes the nominative very simple and you'll see with examples on the way is that it's the dictionary format for any noun that there is in Russian so there is no modification in the nominative because it is the first case in Russian the format of any word in the nominative is unchanged so words do do not get modified in this case even though I said that Russian modifies words in six different ways what I mean is that there are six ways to express a word with the first having no special changes in other words the first way to modify words in Russian requires no modification pattern so in this case any noun that you see in the nominative remains unchanged you can also understand this concept by visually looking at the question words which I gave previously these words are the dictionary forms of the following questions so it's no wonder that they don't change grammatically it's very easy to spot a sentence in the nominative because there is only one unmodified noun or subject and also because by asking the question what or who we have a simple answer so the nominative is the dictionary form for any noun and it's simply how a noun is expressed the way it should be with no modification whenever there's one and only one subject in a sentence that noun will be denominative and the only possible grammatical change that a noun can have is when it's pluralized to pluralize a noun in the nominative you only need to change its ending under the gender of the noun in English it's very simple because we add an S at the end of nouns aside from adding es s to nouns that have the following endings in Russian there are more ways to pluralize nouns and I already made a video talking about how to know the gender of a noun in that video every example and phrase was in denominative and if you want to better understand this concept you can watch that video before this one now I will refer occasionally to this video because there are things in it that you have to know but I will not lay out everything in one take instead I'll categorize each concept so that it's simpler to understand within the nominative case you have unmodified nouns which are the subjects of any sentence to pluralize a noun in the nominative we first have to know its grammatical gender and to know its gender we simply look at its ending here's a short recap if a noun ends in a consonant eat or it's masculine if a noun ends with the vowels or it's feminine if a noun ends with the vowels Ye Yo or o it's neuter if a noun ends with remaining letters that I did not mention it's also neutered but to a certain extent it's a foreign noun so it will not change in any case under any gender I will not be showing examples with these nouns because they're not needed as much as the other ones I'm presenting their pattern like that because the following endings that you see will each have a different ending when plural there will be exceptions in irregular nouns but I will only show just a few of them what's more significant is to focus on the primary rules for following noun endings in denominative case which is the dictionary format of words here is how each noun ending changes when plural if a masculine noun ends in a consonant add at the end if it ends in with replace it with e if it ends with a replace it with e if a feminine noun ends with a replace it with u however there is a very vital spelling rule that you have to know with the following ending because Russian is expressive many spellings of Russian words became supported by tradition and created different sounds when the word is pronounced but not when written the feminine ending with a is one of them which is known as the seven letter rule typically if a feminine a noun ends with a you replace it with u to make it plural however if the consonant before a is one of these letters and it ends with GA ka cha sha or sha you have to replace a with e instead it's an exceptional rule that you simply have to apply because again it's something that Russian preserved grammatically and it's done on purpose to make a better sound when the word is said if a feminine noun ends with Y replace it with e to make it plural if a feminine noun ends with the also replace it with e to make it plural if a neuter noun ends with Y or yo replace it with Y to make it plural if a neuter noun ends with o replace it with a these are the rules for pluralizing nouns in the nominative and therefore it's the only possible way to modify nouns using plurality now that explained how to identify the gender of Russian nouns and how to pluralize them let me show a few basic nominative sentences in Russian later there will be a few exceptions in grammar that you don't know yet but don't Focus too much on that here we have the phrases a table stands in tables stand in Russian the phrases are sto sto and sto stoat now in this case the verb changes under the plurality of the noun but don't concentrate on that sto is a masculine word ending in a consonant and when it's plural we add at the end we know it's nominative because by asking what or what stands we have an answer sto sto or sto stat that's how we know its nominative plus sto or stoi is the only subject visible it's unchanged singular or plural that's how nouns function in the nominative and the same concept can be applied to any noun and M are big Museum and big museums it's a masculine word that ends with and we pluralize it by replacing with e surely changes to but simply focus on the nouns M and M are the only subjects in the n intive because by asking what's big we have an answer or and is a guest came and the guest came it's a masculine noun that ends in the and we pluralize it by replacing it with E the verb also changes but again don't focus on that G and G are the only subjects in the nominative because by asking who came we have an answer or the same concept can be repeated with a masculine name like Adam which is Adam came who came Adam PR Adam came now we have feminine nouns and it's a feminine noun that ends in a and we pluralize it by replacing it with I also remember that the letters sh are always spelled with e here we have a feminine noun that has an exceptional ending and the ending in this noun is G so instead of replacing it with u replace it with e here we have a feminine noun that ends in y and we pluralize it by replacing y with e in the feminine case the noun doesn't always have to be a what it can also be a who like Emma prla Emma came similar to Adam came from the previous sentences the reason why mentioning this is because Mass masculine and feminine names will have different modified endings in other grammatical cases it's important to know the difference between names like Adam and Emma because one ends in a consonant therefore being masculine but the other is feminine because it ends in a V and are tall building and tall buildings it's a neuter noun that ends in y and we pluralize it by replacing it with y Y and are gun and guns it's a neuter noun that ends in Yo and we pluralize it by replacing it with Y and are face and faces it's a neuter noun that ends in o and we pluralize it by replacing it with a ordinarily this is the system for modifying nouns in the nominative case this is the concept that applies to most nouns in Russian and it's something that you have to get a feel for now there are many irregular nouns where following this pattern will not work but I choose to not emphasize these words because trying to remember them will be way too much I'm just putting the main concept of denominative in a pattern that anybody can follow nonetheless here are a few examples of exceptions in irregular nouns in the nominative doctor has a masculine ending but becomes do even though it looks like we need to put U glass becomes glaza and not glaz G becomes and not turns into with at the end is now with and yah at the end completely irregular from the ending it should have stool has the same idea St y changes to Y having an e at the end and the most irregular one is do which is do having a ending there are additional nouns however that are always plural or always singular like Mo V and maslo when put in the nominative these words will not be able to change form because they're only kept in one form it's the same thing in English like money which cannot be Mon and scissors which cannot be scissor anyhow it's just a few words to know in other grammatical cases in Russian I will not mention any more irregular nouns because there are simply too many of them what's more important is to understand what the nominative is for and how it works and again it's something that you have to get a feel for as with any other grammatical case so in this video I would like to explain the genitive case in Russian the genitive case is the second case that can express words differently than the first one if theom itive didn't modify any words the genitive case is the first where nouns will change according to the expression and the rules of the case throughout the video I will give a descriptive definition of what the genitive does what is it for and with examples in the end the genitive case shows possession attribution and absence indicating the relationship between something of or from something else what I mean by possession is that it identifies an object of a preposition such as as of and from an object can come after these prepositions which makes a different expression being in the genitive and indicating that the possessor always follows the object it possesses because it focuses on an object of a preposition thus showing Possession It ultimately answers the questions of of from what of from whom and sometimes from where this is what the genitive cases for identifying the object of a preposition such as of and from in the translator the questions of what whom and where are shown differently because it's a different type of expression if we want to know whether a word is in the genitive we have to ask these questions to see if they fit the context if they do the phrase is genitive in addition to showing possession that is objects of preposition the genitive case also has more functions like cardinal numbers description location and time at the end of the video I will present a few examples to show what these ideas mean for now I'll focus on the grammar of the genitive that you have to apply mainly with nouns just like the nominative the genitive can work with masculine feminine and neuter nouns but unlike the nominative there are ways of modifying nouns both in the singular and plural to understand how to modify nouns in the genitive we have to know the gender of the noun we're working with here's a short recap if a noun ends in a consonant or the it's Mas if a noun ends with the vowels a or it's feminine if a noun ends with the vowels yeah or o it's neuter this is a principle that should be known by now so I'll refer to it in the next videos about the cases nonetheless here's how nouns get modified in the genitive in the singular form if a masculine noun ends in a consonant add a at the end if it ends in repl replace it with yah if it ends in the add yah at the end if a feminine noun ends in a replace it with u if it ends in y replace it with e if it ends in the also replace it with e if a Neer noun ends in replace it with Y and if it ends with o replace it with a this is how you mod ify nouns in the singular form of the genitive case before showing examples of nouns in the genitive I would like to introduce their grammar when pluralized even though it's a lot of information that's almost impossible to remember I advise getting the basic idea of what nouns look like in the genitive just because there are many rules to know for plurality it doesn't mean that they're useful as a matter of fact most of the plural phrases that I'll show will not be that useful to remember and will not make that much sense if anything it give you the basis but overall it's something that you have to know but not something that you have to apply in the plural form of the genitive if a masculine noun ends in or the add at the end if it ends in or which are stressed letters add y at the end if it ends in any other consonant add of at the end the reason why Russian has these rules is to preserve the sound that nouns should have when being spelled considering that there are soft hard stressed and unstressed letters it's basically something that Russian took from its old times and still preserve to this day it's something that you have to know but not necessarily something that you will apply if a feminine noun ends in a simply drop it from the end if it ends in consonant y replace y withis if it ends in Val replace with if it ends in replace it with if a neuter noun ends in becomes y if it ends in becomes e if it ends in o simply drop it from the end this is the full grammar that you need to know for the genitive case in Russian this concept simply shows how to modify nouns in the genitive and naturally you don't need to Mize all of these just the vital ones like the singular declen the plural Ones Will hardly be in any use but still this is how you modify nouns now the question is when to use them as I said in the beginning the genitive shows possession attribution and absence identifying the object of a preposition such as of and from now something grammatical to know about possession in Russian is that it's used differently than in English what I mean is that sentences in English like the table's legs and Adam's dog are Rewritten in Russian to fit the questions of of what of whom and sometimes of where instead of expressing these phrases as in English Russian makes you rewrite them like the legs of the table and the dog of Adam which ultimately accommodates the questions of what or of whom the legs are of what of the table they attribute to the table the dog is of whom of Adam it is attributed to Adam if even though it's still possible to express this in English as is it feels unusual nonetheless this is how we have to rephrase sentences in Russian and you'll see phrases on the way additionally because the genitive works with absence I'll show examples of these ideas to present the full principle of what the genitive does it also works with cardinal numbers description location and time but I'll show examples of that at the very end here we have the phrases the leg from the table and the legs from the table in Russian the phrases are and stof at first glance you might be wondering why there are no articles in Russian but once again Russian doesn't have articles for now only focus on the noun of the preposition in this case sto and do the same with other examples on the way the Expressions Noka and no are both in the genitive because stole is the object of the preposition in the two phrases being possessed both in the singular and plural forms we know it's the genitive Because by asking the leg or legs are from what we have an answer in this case we're using a basic masculine noun that ends in a regular consonant if it's singular we add a at the end as we did if it's plural we add of which we did considering that STA and stof are the objects coming after the preposition therefore showing possession that's how we know it's genitive these expressions are grammatically different from those that I showed in the previous video sto sto and sto stoat are nominative and show only one subject a table stands and tables stand however Noka and no are genitive because they have objects of prepositions showing possession which are conceptually different Expressions than these two in English table and tables stay the same in any phrase but in Russian they get modified depending on the expression you would probably want to say Noka or but this would be incorrect because it's a different expression the correct way to say it is and that's how nouns function in the genitive and the same concept applies to any noun just with different genders quantities and endings the painting from a museum and paintings from museums in Russian are cartina is M and is m in this case we have a masculine noun M which ends in and therefore we change it to y when singular and because is a stressed letter Y replaces it when plural these phrases are genitive because m is the object of the prepositions being possessed when singular and plural we know it's genitive because we can ask from what or in this case from where the painting is from where the painting is from a museum the paintings are from where the paintings are from museums Cara UDA Cara is Musea it's not Cara is M it's Cara is Musea is No guest and no guests in Russian area and in this case we have the concept of absence so the endings that you've seen previously will identically apply in the genitive we have a masculine noun ghost that ends in the and because it does so we add y when it's singular and change it to yay when plural these expressions are genitive because ghost is associated with absence which is a function of the genitive by asking there is no what or there is no whom we have an answer there is no whom No guest or no guests it's not it's it's not it's here's one example of a masculine name so Baka ad is the dog of Adam or Adam's dog formally we have a masculine name ending in a consonant and in the genitive we put a at the end just like with any other masculine noun the names of people will always be singular so therefore the grammatical rules of changing endings in singular nouns work the same way as with names depending on the gender by asking soaka kovo the dog of whom we have an answer soaka ad the dog of Adam or Adam's dog it's not soaka Adam it's soaka this example just shows how the same rules apply to masculine nouns and names and it will be different with different endings names and cases now let's go to feminine nouns no car and no cars is and Ma Mash is a basic feminine noun with a regular ending a so we change it to when singular and drop it when plural it's not or it's and because it show is absence here we have a feminine noun with a consonant y ending and these Expressions also show absence and because has a consonant y ending we replace it with E when singular and with the when plural here we have a feminine noun with a vowel ya ending and because has a vow ya ending we replace it with E when singular and with when plural here we have a feminine noun that ends in the and Z no which is a star of KN and stars of knights the feminine noun not is the object of the preposition therefore showing possession and because no ends with the we replace it with E when singular and with yay when plural here's an example of a feminine name so Baka m is the dog of Emma similar to the dog of Adam from previous examples the difference here is that Emma is a feminine name that ends in a and it's always singular therefore the grammatical rules of changing endings in singular feminine nouns work the same way as with names here we have a neuter noun that ends in ye a fish of the sea and fish of the Seas and the neuter noun Mora is the object of the preposition showing possession and because it ends in ye we replace it with y when singular and with yay when plural here we have a neuter noun that ends in I no building and no buildings and we're back to the concept of absence so the noun is neuter because it ends in we replace it with ya in singular and with E when plural as opposed to yay if the ending is simply y here we have have a neuter noun that ends in o andit because the neuter noun L ends in o we replace it with a when singular and drop it when plural overall these are the main functions and grammatical rules of the genitive case in Russian it shows possession identifies the possessed object of a preposition and indicates absence these are the main ideas that I recommend to know and to get a feel for still the genitive also works with cardinal numbers description location and time and I will give just a few examples of how these Concepts can be applied cardinal numbers are numbers that denote a quantity such as 1 2 3 4 5 and so on in Russian these numbers are and so on the genitive case is used for the singular form of 2 3 and four for instance one table in Russian is Odin St two tables is not St as you were thinking instead it's taken directly from the noun ending for a singular masculine noun like STA and then the genitive utilizes the plural form of cardinal numbers starting from five onwards it's not Pat sta or Pat St It's Pat stof taken directly from the noun ending for a plural masculine noun this concept similarly applies to any other number above five obviously I'm not going to cover every number and every type of word because it's a small function of the genitive that I introduced plus you can learn it on your own Additionally the genitive case is used with quantities such as a few many and so on saying something like a few cars and many faces would be and as you can see we have two cases in the feminine and neuter where the endings are dropped moreover the genitive is used when describing something like Masa meaning car of red color with being a singular masculine noun that takes the ending a in the genitive also the genitive is used with location typically when the location is at someone's workplace like I am at a doctor's doctor takes the ending a for a singular masculine noun at last the genitive is used to express time which simultaneously takes the system of numbers like saying it's 1 2 3 4 or 5 o' Odin Chas CH there is no concept of starting a sentence in Russian with the word it's so we can just leave it at that finally since the genitive identifies the objects of prepositions it does function with other prepositions like for without and until covering for a table is with sto having the ending for a singular masculine noun I am without Emma is with as the ending for a singular feminine name go straight until the building would be with Y as the ending for overall this is the genitive case in Russian so in this video I would like to explain the dative case in Russian the dative case is the third case that can express words differently than the previous two the dative case has multiple functions like Direction emotional and physical States conjunction with verbs addressing something to someone or vice versa age and prepositions now I'm not going to explain all of these Concepts in the dative because some require more grammar which can be explained in future videos the most significant function of the dative is the directional function and it's the only function I'll cover in the video the reason why is that all of the other functions are based on the concept of Direction like in the questions to what to whom and to where to understand all of these ideas you first have to understand the concept of Direction and then you can learn the following ideas of the dative for instance emotional and physical States involve indirect object pronouns which is a concept for a future video like in the sentence I am cold which involves a different set of grammar addressing something in the dative indicates the noun to whom something is addressed like in the sentence I write to you with you being the indirect object the same concept works with age like I am 20 years old it also works with a few propositions involving something that's being addressed to something or someone all of these concepts are for future videos and they're all based on directional function to what to whom and to where which are the questions that the dative answers in the translator to what to whom and to where are shown differently because it's a different type of expression if we want to know whether a word is in the dative we have to ask these questions to see if they fit the context if they do the phras is dative in this video I'll only focus on the element of Direction which can visually be seen in a phrase like Adam gave flowers to Emma with Emma jointly being the indirect object that I explained previously not all examples in this video will be like that because they involve New Concepts but I'm just giving a general idea of the dative to understand how to modify nouns in the dative we have to know the gender of the noun we're working with this concept should be known by now because I covered it in the previous videos the dative case works with masculine feminine and neuter nouns both in the singular and plural however the dative is the first case to utilize the same endings as in the nominative what I mean by that is that nouns will have different endings when singular but only two ways when plural within plurality you simply have to to look at the last letter of the nominative singular form which is the dictionary form of nouns and from there you simply put the grammatical ending in the dative nonetheless here is how nouns get modified in the dative in the singular form if a masculine noun ends in a consonant add U if it ends in replace it with u if it ends in also replace it with u if a feminine noun ends in a replace replace it with if it ends in y also replace it with Y if it ends in replace it with e if it ends in the replace it with e if a neuter noun ends in ye replace it with u and if it ends in o replace it with u this is how you modify nouns in the singular form of the dative the plural form however is very simple because plurality in the dative utilizes the last letter of denominative singular form if a noun masculine or feminine ends in a consonant a or o put um in the end sometimes you'll have to replace o or an unstress consonant with um if a noun ends in any other letter replace it with yam this is how you modify nouns in the plural form of the dative and to make learning simple most of the phrases that you'll see will have very similar words so that you can understand the idea here we have the phrases go to the table and go to the tables using a command with a verb in Russian the phrases are and these expressions are dative because they show the direction of the command in the singular and plural we know it's dative because by asking to what we have an answer go to what go to the table or the tables it or you can even see the borrowed ending from the question to what put at the end of the noun in this case we have a basic masculine noun that ends in a regular consonant therefore we add U when it's singular and am when it's plural considering thatu andam are the recipients being addressed to that's how we know it's dative plus because Russian is expressive we don't even need the C part because we grammatically know that Stu means to the table and Stam means to the tables still the preposition C must be included within the context go to the museum and go to the museums in Russian are and we have a masculine noun M which ends Inya and therefore we change it to you when singular and because Iya is a stressed letter yam replaces it when plural it's not um because the sound of the word would be too bad so we simply put yam instead we know it's dative because we can ask go to what or in this case go to where go to the museum or museums Oram go to the guest and go to the guests are it and we have a masculine noun ghost which ends in the and therefore we change it to youu when singular and to when plural it basically shares the same endings as from the previous example we know it's dative because in this case we ask to whom to the guest or the guests or St here's one example of a masculine name go to Adam ISU this is a very basic phrase because we have a simple masculine name that only requires o at the end because the names of people are singular the grammar changing endings in singular nouns work the same way as with names depending on gender now let's work with feminine nouns go to the car and go to the cars are and Mas is a basic feminine noun ending in a so we change it to when singular and when plural here we have a feminine noun ending in and ends in so we change it to when singular and when plural here we have a feminine noun ending in e and ends in so we change it to E when singular and when plural here we have a feminine noun that ends in the and these sentences don't really make sense but again I'm just emphasizing the feminine noun within them is a feminine noun that ends in the so we change it to E when singular and to when plural at last here is an example that I gave at the beginning of the video which involves a feminine noun Adam gave flowers to Emma in this case we have a direct object of flowers and an indirect object of Emma even though I'm using advanced grammar in this phrase simply focus on the name Emma Emma changes to em because again the grammatical rules of changing endings in singular feminine nouns work the same way as with names the difference here is that Emma is a feminine name that ends in a so we change it to yeah because it's singular finally let's finish the dative with two expressions with neuter nouns here we have a neuter noun that ends Inu and so we change it to U when singular and when plural here we have a neuter noun ending in O andam ends in o so we change it to O when singular and to when plural overall this is how the dative case Works in Russian as I said in the beginning the dative also has additional functions but I decided to not cover them in this video because they require more attention which will be explained in future videos in this video I simply covered the primary and most important function of the dative the direction to something someone or somewhere once you've understood this concept understanding its based ideas will be much simpler so in this video I would like to explain the accusative case in Russian the accusative case is the fourth case that can express words differently than the previous three the accusative is mainly used for direct object nouns or pronouns we only use the accusative case in English with pronouns like saying me instead of I and him instead of HE me and him are direct object pronouns which I will not explain in this video because it's a different Russian topic but I will give a general idea of what the accusative is for the accusative is also used with the prepositions into and on When indicating motion towards something and it also describes the state of a subject and has circumstantial function I will not be highlighting the smaller Concepts in this video because it's something to keep for future videos plus they're all based on the idea of direct objects like in the questions what and whom to understand all of these ideas you first have to understand the concept of direct objects and then you can learn them the accusative also doesn't have new modifications because it's the first case that borrows endings from other cases specifically denominative and genitive generally it's not going to be too difficult to remember the grammar because again the endings are borrowed and therefore familiar however what's very vital about the accusative is the fact that direct objects in this case nouns are separated into two categories animate and inanimate animate objects or nouns are alive and can move by themselves like people and animals but not plants inanimate objects or nouns are non-living objects that cannot move the reason I'm saying this is because Russian creates two modification patterns for each type of object meaning that the grammar of animate objects is different from inanimate objects it's the only case that does that because it's the only one that works directly with objects the most important element to understand about the accusative is animate and inanimate objects because their grammar will be different still it's the only topic I'll cover and it will not be too difficult to remember its grammar because the endings of such nouns are simply borrowed from previous cases the accusative answers the questions what and whom which is different from asking of from what or of from whom in the translator what and whom look the same as they were in the genitive but the accusative doesn't work with the prepositions of and from just because they have identical grammar it doesn't mean that they're the same even though their grammar will be borrowed it makes for different meanings especially when plural if we want to know whether a word is in the accusative we have to ask these questions to see if they fit the context if they do the phrase is accusative to understand how to modify nouns in the accusative we have to know the gender of the noun we're working with whether it's masculine feminine or neuter in the singular form if a masculine noun is inanimate there is no change to the noun regardless of the ending and staying the same as in the nominative which is the dictionary form of nouns if a masculine noun is animate and ends in a consonant add a which in this case borrows the ending from the genitive and you'll see examples on the way if a masculine noun is animate and ends in replace it with Y which again borrows the ending from the genitive if a masculine noun is animate and ends in the also replace it with Y if a feminine noun ends in a replace it with u if it ends with with Y replace it with youu if it ends in the there is no change at all what's important about feminine nouns in the accusative is that it doesn't matter if a feminine noun is animate or inanimate the grammar is the same for all feminine nouns so there is no need to distinguish if a feminine noun is animate or inanimate with neuter nouns it's even simpler a neuter word by definition is something that's always objective therefore it's never alive because if it was it would not be an object categorically all neuter nouns in Russian are inanimate by default and they do not require any change regardless of their endings this is how you modify nouns in the singular form of the accusative the plural form however is very simple because it borrows the exact endings from denominative and genitive we only need to know if an object or noun is animate or inanimate in the plural form if a noun is inanimate it has the grammatical endings as in the nominative if a noun is animate it has the grammatical endings as in the genitive simply put if a noun is not alive it's in the nominative and if it is alive it's in the genitive this is how you modify nouns in the plural form of the accusative and to make learning simple most of the phrases that you'll see will have the same structure and an object that is directly shown in a phrase like subject verb object along with an indicator that shows if the object is animate or inanimate here we have the phrases I see a table and I see tables which are St and these phrases are accusative because they show a direct object noun we know it's accusative because we can ask I see what I see a table or tables y sto or St in this case we have an inanimate masculine noun stall which doesn't change and therefore we keep its form as in the nominative both in the singular and plural because we know that inanimate masculine nouns don't change form or rather keep a dictionary form the same concept can be shown with any ending like or ending in and or ending in the it doesn't matter that these masculine nouns have different endings because they're all inanimate a museum and a dictionary their grammar simply stays as in the nominative however if these objects become animate the grammar will change to that of the genitive here we have an animate masculine noun that ends in a consonant and these phrases are accusative because we can ask I see whom I see a brother or brothers or in this case we have an animate masculine noun BR which applies an a when singular and of when plural in this case however brat is an irregular noun so the ending is somewhat different nonetheless the grammar of the phrases is taken from the genitive because the object is anim a brother the same concept can be applied to a name like saying this phrase is accusative because by asking I see whom we have an answer Adam is an animate and living object so the genitive grammar takes over plus the names of people cannot be pluralized so the ending is simply a here we have an animate masculine n that ends in and ends in so we change it to when singular and when plural because Z is animate in living the genitive grammar takes over here we have an animate masculine noun that ends in the and Y ends in the so we change it to ya when singular and to when plural because ghost is animated in living the genitive grammar takes over now let's work with feminine objects which is easier because they all follow the same grammar regardless of whether they're animate or inanimate here we have an inanimate feminine noun that ends in a and ends in a so we change it to when singular but because it's inanimate it takes denominative form one plural which is here we have an inanimate feminine noun that ends in y y and ends in so we change it to youu when singular but because it's inanimate it takes the nominative form when plural which is e here we have an inanimate feminine noun that ends in the and ends in the so we don't change it when singular and because it's inanimate it takes the nominative form one plural which is e here we have an animate feminine name that ends in a emu Emma ends in a so we change it to U because the names of people can only be singular here we have an animate feminine noun that ends in y and and so we change it to U when singular but because it's animate it takes the genitive form when plural which is with e here we have an animate feminine noun that ends in and ends in the so we don't change it when singular but because it's an irregular verb we add an irregular ending still taken from the genitive here we have a neuter noun that ends in and ends in so we don't change it when singular and change it to when plural Z is a neuter noun so it's inanimate by default automatically taking the nominative form as with any neuter noun here we have a neuter noun that ends in o and ends in o so we don't change it when singular and change it to a when plural L is once again a neuter noun it's inanimate by default and it automatically takes the nominative form overall this is how the accusative case Works in Russian as I said in the beginning the accusative also has additional functions but I decided to not cover them because they require more attention which will be explained in future videos in this video I simply covered the primary function of the accusative animate and inanimate direct objects once you've understood this concept understanding its based ideas will be much simpler so in this video I would like to explain the instrumental case in Russian the instrumental case is the fifth case that modifies words differently than the previous four the instrumental case shows which instrument is used to act and makes use of the help of what an action is completed with extensively it chose which instrument is used to do something or with the help of how an action is completed it answers the questions with what or with whom which in Russian are Chim and Kim it is used when an action is performed with an instrument indicating with something or someone hence the questions with what or with whom since the instrumental works with instruments it's safe to say that the preposition with which in Russian is s is the most commonly used and it will be the only one that I emphasize in this video additionally it can be used with other prepositions like behind between over in front of and under but the most useful preposition is with the instrumental also has other functions like indicating the means by which something is done indicating an agent which is similar to an action performed and other smaller Concepts like reason measurement comparison time and trajectory of course I will not be covering these Concepts in this video because they're too advanced to learn for now to understand these ideas you first have to understand the primary concept of the instrumental in the translator with what and with whom are shown differently because it's a different type of expression if we want to know whether a word is in the instrumental we have to ask these questions to see if they fit the context if they do the phrase is in instrumental in English we can replicate this concept in sentences like I cut a cake with a knife and I went to the movies with Adam indicating with what and with whom obviously not all examples in this video will be like that because they involve new Concepts plus to make learning simple most of the phrases that you'll see will have the same structure with the preposition with so sentences will not really make sense but again I'm just giving a general idea of the instrumental to understand how to modify nouns in the instrumental we have to know the gender of the noun we're working with whether it's masculine feminine or neuter in the singular form if a masculine noun ends in a consonant add om if it ends in replace it with Y if it ends in the also replace it with Y if a feminine noun ends in a replace it with oi if it ends in yaah replace it with Y if it ends in the add U with neuter nouns there's only one rule add M regardless of the ending this is how you modify nouns in the singular form in the instrumental case however one important rule to keep in mind is the difference between stressed and unstressed endings for masculine and feminine nouns even though the grammar of the instrumental looks fine some exceptions correspond with spelling rules in Russian for instance just because a masculine noun ends in a consonant it doesn't mean that the ending will always be om sometimes it will be y if the noun ends in an unstressed or also the ending y can be y if the ending is a stressed or with feminine nouns the ending can be yay if the stem of the noun ends in or she and if it's stressed it ends in yo all of these exceptional endings are not something that you have to know considering that it may confuse you even more it's something exceptional that Russian does to comply with spelling rules so that words sound uniform when said it's something that I wanted to say but I didn't cover that because it's very uncommon for nouns to end like that as long as you know the main grammar of the instrumental then you're fine so you will not see any examples in this video that have exceptional endings the plural form in the instrumental is very simple because all we have to do is look at the last letter of the nominative singular form which is the dictionary form of nouns and from there we applied the grammatical ending in the instrumental if a noun masculine or feminine ends in a consonant a or o add Ami in the end sometimes you'll have to replace a or o with AMI if a noun ends in any other letter replace it with Yami this is how you modify nouns in the plural form in the instrumental here we have the phrases I go with the house and I go with the houses Y and even though the sentences logically don't make sense just focus on the nouns for now the phrases are instrumental because they show which instrument is used to do something we know it's instrumental because we can ask I go with what with the house or houses or in this case we have a masculine noun that ends in a consonant so we add om when it's singular and Ami when it's plural here we have a masculine noun that ends in and once again these phrases don't make sense but simply focus on the nouns these phrases are instrumental because we can ask I go with what I go with the museum or [Music] museums or ends in so we change it to when it's singular Andi when it's plural the question doesn't always have to be with what it can also be with whom like saying I go with the guest or guests and is a masculine noun that ends in the so we change it to y when singular and when plural the same concept can also be done with a name like which is the first logical sentence in the video Adam is a masculine name that ends in a consonant and because the names of people are always singular we add om now let's work with feminine nouns here we have a feminine noun that ends in a and ends in a so we replace it with oi when singular end with AMI when plural here we have a feminine noun that ends in y yah and ends in y so we replace it with Y when singular and with Yami when plural here we have a feminine noun that ends in the and ends in the so we add U when singular and Ami when plural here we have a feminine name because Emma is a feminine name that's always singular we replace the a with oi at last let's finish the instrumental with two expressions with neuter nouns here we have a neuter noun that ends in and ends in so we add M when singular as with any neuter noun and Yami when plural here we have a NE noun that ends in o and ends in o so we add M when singular and Ami when plural overall this is how the instrumental case Works in Russian so in this video I would like to explain the last case that there is in Russian which is the prepositional the prepositional case is the sixth case that modifies words differently than the previous five as the name suggests the prepositional case is only used when a noun is accompanied by a particular preposition while other Russian cases can work with and without prepositions the prepositional is only ever used with prepositions like na which is on or at V which is in and most importantly o which is about meaning that the case talks about something or someone this form of a case visually puts the questions of what and whom after the preposition about thus asking the questions about what and about whom still it shows that the case is only used when accompanied by particular prepositions like about in on or at sometimes these prepositions are used in other cases but they give them different meanings which is different from the case itself the prepositional also has other functions like working with verbs that are related to speech thought and emotional state as always I will not be covering these elements of the prepositional simply because they're too advanced for now to understand these ideas you first have to understand the primary concept of the prepositional in the translator about what and about whom are shown differently because it's a different type of expression if we want to know whether a word is in the prepositional we have to ask these questions to see if they fit the context hence they come after a preposition like about to make learning simple the phrases that you'll see in the video will be a combination of about what about whom and in what to make practice more legitimate and realistic considering that the prepositional works with prepositions to understand how to modify nouns in the prepositional we have to know the gender of the noun we're working with whether it's masculine feminine or neuter something useful to note about the prepositional is that it has one of the simplest grammatical endings because almost all of its endings are the same in the singular form of the prepositional if a masculine noun ends in a consonant add ye if it ends in replace it with if it ends in the also replace it with if a feminine noun ends in a replace it with Y if it ends in y replace it with if it ends in the replace it with e if a neuter noun ends in y there is no change and if it ends in o replace it with Y this is how you modify nouns in the singular form in the prepositional and as I said almost all endings are the same the plural form in the prepositional is also very simple because all we do is look at the last letter of the nominative singular form and then apply the grammatical ending in the prepositional if a noun masculine or feminine ends in a consonant a or o add a in the end sometimes you'll have to replace a or o with a if a noun ends in any other letter replace it with Y this is how you modify nouns in the plural form in the prepositional here we have the phrases I am in the house and I am in the houses and let's not forget that Russian doesn't have articles and doesn't use the verb to be in the present which is why you don't see these words in Russian also saying doesn't really make sense because it's not possible to be inside multiple houses but again simply focus on the grammar of the noun these phrases are prepositional because the noun follows a certain preposition like in we know it's prepositional because we can ask in what in the house or houses v v or V in this case we have a masculine noun that ends in a consonant so we add when it's singular and when it's plural considering that V and V are the nouns following the preposition in we don't even need the beginning of the phrases because we grammatically know that do means in the house and do means in the houses we can take these phrases and put them in the translator without having complete sentences and they will still be in the prepositional hence the prepositional phrases here we have a masculine noun that ends [Music] in and once again the second phrase doesn't really make sense but simply focus on the nouns these phrases are prepositional because we can ask in what in the museum or museums V CH V or V ends in so we change it when singular and when plural here we have an example that asks about whom rather than in what or about what and is a masculine noun that ends in so we change it when singular and when plural the same concept can also be done with a name like I talk about Tom y or Tom Tom is a masculine name that ends in a consonant and because the names of people are always singular we add yeah now let's work with feminine nouns here we have a feminine noun that ends in a y and Mas ends in a so we replace it with when singular and with when plural also just because you see the same ending for a feminine noun in one case it doesn't mean that it's going to be a different one just because the grammar borrows a letter from a different case it doesn't mean that it's the same one so watch out for these ideas here we have a feminine noun that ends in yah and ends in so we replace it with when singular and with when plural here we have a feminine noun that ends in the that utilizes the question about what or and ends in the so we change it to when singular and to when plural here we have a feminine name because Bella is a feminine name that's always singular we replace the with here we have a neuter noun that ends in and ends in so we don't change it when singular but change it to when plural here we have a neuter noun that ends in o y go and ends in o so we change it to when singular and to when plural overall this is how the last case the prepositional Works in Russian throughout these videos I've given a full description of the six cases in Russian and explained what each case does and what is it for along with the unique grammar that each case has even though it was a lot of information I highly advised to not memorize most of it because it's simply too much these videos were just meant to show and explain what are the six Russian cases or six types of expressions and how to use them correctly this was the main goal and in the next videos Russian fundamentals and principles will get simpler faster and more practical so in this video I would like to explain the structures of sentences and their order of words in Russian Russian has many sentence structures upon which we can express any sentence phrase or statement in any way in English this concept tends to be simple because the word order is fixed such as starting a sentence with a subject then a verb and then an object this word order is known as subject verb object or SVO while that's formal both in English and Russian Russian has many sentence formations that can change depending on the emphasis of the words the object can be moved to the beginning to emphasize it while the subject is in the middle and the verb is in the end the verb can also be in the beginning while the object is in the middle and the subject is in the end these formations can combine forever so they generate a different emphasis depending on where the words are placed Russian does that because it is expressive allowing the speaker to say any sentence in any way this concept can be understood using the six Russian cases or expressions for foreign Learners it may be very confusing as to why Russian does that but once the cases are understood the idea will be much simpler as someone fluent in Russian I highly advise to try to understand the six Russian cases before you approach the sentence structures because sentence structures and word orders are complicated they will be the final topics before I explain basic Russian phrases and fundamentals which will be in the next video for now it's important to understand that while a specific word order creates a different meaning it's the intonation and the emphasis that is placed on a specific word that makes the most difference in the determining the meaning of a sentence that's why in Russian it's about how you speak and not so much what you say so in Russian you have to pay more attention to how words are said but you still have the freedom to be expressive with your statements in my opinion it's better to invest in the cases and get familiar with the Russian cilic alphabet before trying to understand how sentence structures work in Russian as someone who's educating about Russian I can tell you from fluency that translation will not work most of the time due to the various formations and meanings and context so it's objectively better to try to understand sentences empathetically and Visually this video will not have a lot of examples in order not to create more confusion about the topic more or less the examples will be simple to understand involving both meaningful and visual comprehension of each phrase starting from the very basic SVO construction to show this idea let's focus on any two cases let's take the nominative and the accusative throughout these examples you'll see that the form of each word is always the same so listening wise there isn't anything complicated however while the meaning will be the same the choice of word order will change the emphasis style and context of the phrase that's why the emphasis is put on intonation which determines the meaning of a sentence as opposed to having a strict word order let's take a look at this simple structure which I will change throughout the video y v I see a table we can visually tell that the subject is yah the verb is Vu and the object is STO yah is the subject expressed in the nominative hence it's in the dictionary form and stole is in the accusative which is an inanimate direct object that doesn't change form because it's masculine then we have a conjugated verb Vu for the pronoun yah which is a concept for a future video still the sentence structure is SVO V St the meaning is essentially neutral because it's formal so there isn't anything special with this phrase now we can have the same phrase but with the object in the middle ya sto V which is visually I a table C in this phrase the cases still match the words because the form of each word is always the same yah is still in the nominative sto is still in the accusative and Vu is a conjugated verb in the present the meaning however is different because it emphasizes the type of object that the subject sees sto V the emphasis is put on sto because it's the object that the subject engages with this construction is s o which completely doesn't work in English but works in Russian this is one type of a sentence structure now we can be informal and put the object in the beginning sto v a table I see it's still the same phrase because again the cases match the words sto is in the accusative and yah is in the nominative however the meaning is different because it's a pensive statement that emphasizes that the subject sees the object stall y v a table I see the sentence structure is osv which when put in English looks like it was taken from Old English a table I see even though this meaning can somewhat work in English it's generally not considered formal in Russian it's a sentence with an informal tone and it's a type of construction that you will mainly see or hear within informal conversations next we can put the object in the beginning and the verb in the Middle St the sentence is still the same but visually it's a table c i which doesn't work in English at all sto is still in the accusative and yah is still in the nominative but the meaning is different because the emphasis is on the fact that it's the subject who sees the object so it's an expression that shows something factual this construction is ovs which isn't used that often in Russian even though it's possible to use it now we can put the conjugated verb in the beginning and the object in the middle which is the least common sentence structure Vis St this sentence is still the same but visually it's c a table I which cannot be expressed in English sto is still in the accusative and yah is still in the nominative but the meaning is different because this construction is declarative with a poetic undertone in other words it's a structure that you will see in old Russian poems and books in modern times this construction is almost never used but it's still possible to use it at last we can put the conjugated verb in the beginning and the subject in the middle sto c i a table which doesn't work in English stole is still in the accusative and yah is still in the nominative but the meaning is different because it's a reflective statement that emphasizes the subject's action for the object this construction is actually very common in Russian so you can expect to see it a lot overall these are the sentence structures and their word orders in Russian considering that basic sentences contain three words subject verb object these words have a total of six different combinations that they can be placed in however it doesn't mean that you're forced to remember and use each combination and understand what each combination does in fact half of the structures that I showed are not even used when reading or speaking so at the end of the day you can freely decide which combination you want to work with because regardless of how you express yourself you will still be understood now to ensure that this concept is still understandable I will demonstrate all of the following examples once again but this time with a different case subject verb and object specifically something feminine like on she goes to the car a native Russian speaker would pronounce Ona as Ana we can tell that the subject is Ana the verb is OT conjugated for the pronoun Ana and the object is Ana is is in the nominative but Mas is in the dative because it's a feminine noun that ends in a so we change it to yeah in this phrase we're using a different grammatical case which will not make a difference in the order of the words this sentence structure is SV the meaning is neutral because it's a formal phrase so there isn't anything special now the sentence is which is visually she to the car goes Ana is in the dominative and Ma is in the dative but the meaning is different because it emphasizes the type of object that the subject goes to the emphasis is put on because it's the object that the subject engages with this construction is s oov which doesn't work in English now the sent is which is visually to the car she goes is in the nominative and mash is in the dative because again the forms of the words do not change regardless of the order of the words this structure is osv which is somewhat possible in English very common in Russian but generally speaking it's informal now the sentence is which is to the car goes she Ana is in the nominative and mash is in the dative this structure is ovs which is not possible in English and is barely used in Russian now the sentence is which is goes to the car she this structure is Vos which is a poetic undertone again impossible in English and almost never used in Russian now the sentence is which is goes she to the car this structure is vso which is very common in Russian but impossible in English at last I'll replicate this concept with a neuter noun with a different case subject verb and object like the you are in the sea in this case we have a simple example that can only only have two possible combinations the first one has a neutral meaning because it has the SVO structure V you are in the sea let's not forget that Russian doesn't use the verb to be in the present and doesn't have articles which is why you don't see these words in Russian technically speaking because Russian doesn't have the verb in the present we can count it as an s o structure we can tell that t is in denominative but Mor is in the prepositional because this case is used after the preposition V Mor is a neuter noun that ends in so there is no change to it in the prepositional the second possible structure of the sentence is osv or simply OS in the C you are T is still in the nominative and V is still in the prepositional so this structure is somewhat possible in English very common in Russian but is in fact informal this is how sentence structures and the Order of words work in Russian in this video I've given a simple explanation of the types of structures and Order of the words that you can see when learning Russian even though I gave somewhat of a vague description of how this concept works there's a good reason behind that because it's the final topic that I decided to show before jumping into basic Russian words sentences and fundamentals this idea of combining words in a sentence could have also been done with adjectives and even question words but I chose not to include too many principles because it's too early and too complicated to learn for now obviously I'm not expecting anybody to form sentences the way I showed because it's a primary principle that Russian has it was more something to recognize and understand rather than something to use for now in the future you will of course use it as you wish but in my opinion it's better to understand how and why Russian has this fundamental than to be confused in the future this principle will make future Concepts simpler to comprehend because you will see it in many Russian texts and future videos in conclusion this was sentence structures and word orders in Russian and the next video will fully be dedicated to basic Russian fundamentals so in this video I would like to explain the basic principles and fundamentals of the Russian language before learning Russian as a whole everyone has to understand how and why a language acts the way it does and with Russian it's a bit complicated because it's very different than English still I made a video talking about things you should know before learning Russian along with the alphabet how to identify the gender of a noun in the six Russian cases before the basic principles of Russian there are Concepts that you have to know such as the alphabet and the six Russian cases I started with these ideas first because future Concepts like basic words and sentences will be simpler to understand before watching this video I would advise to look at the previous videos I made so that this video will be much simpler nonetheless throughout this video I'll be presenting useful words phrases and sentences to say daily if your goal is to speak or simply understand Russian here's what I would like to begin with question words prepositional words and adverbs personal pronouns days of the week months time words greetings and farewells and numbers other basic principles such as verbs and adjectives are for future videos for now let's focus on these fundamentals number one question words question words in Russian ask a stress question and are often put at the beginning of sentences but as I said in the previous video words in Russian sentences can be placed anywhere generally you will see question words at the beginning of phrases is what is who G is where KDA is natively pronounced as KAG and it's when kak is howu and Zim can both be used for why K is which CH is whose and SK is how much or how many however because Russian is highly expressive it allows for multiple variations of each question word mainly coming from the six Russian cases gender and noun quantity for instance and have different cases upon which you can express one question such as chimu andu indicating to what and to whom Chim and Kem meaning with what and with whom and so on even the question where can be Kuda meaning to where and it can also be UDA literally meaning from where I already covered these words in the previous videos alongside there's also the question why which has two variations and Zim poim literally translates as why but Zim means what for showing incredulity in disbelief in case you ask pimu and you need to reply with because the word for that would be a native Russian speaker would sayu means y andam means because with the word included additionally question words like kakoy and CH can change depending on the gender and quantity of a noun which means that it has to match the noun it relates to kak means masculine witch and we can tell it's masculine because it ends with e which is a letter you'll see at the end of masculine nouns kakaya is feminine witch because it ends in y and feminine nouns in Russian also end in ya K is neuter witch ending in ye so neuter nouns in Russian end in ye K means plural which and this one doesn't have a gender the same concept is done with ch ch is masculine who's ending in ch means feminine who ending in ya CH is neuter who ending in Yo and Chi is plural who with no gender however kak CH and even sko can have multiple declen because of the six Russian cases kako and skolo can be modified like stressed adjectives so they have to match not only in gender and quantity but also the grammatical case the question CH works with possessive pronouns and it also has to match the gender quantity and case all of these modifications are not something to worry about because they're very uncommon in context too complicated and can be explained in future videos it's something to know but not something to utilize considering that the most useful question words in Russian are the basic ones even so it's possible to formulate questions without using any of these question words by simply changing the intonation of a sentence for instance Yim means I eat but in a question form we can change the tone and ask Y which would mean do I eat that's the difference yay is a sentence Y is a question this can be done with any sentence and with any word order like B do meaning big house B do is a sentence B is a question and is also question this is why Russian is all about how you say and not what you say so in other words if you need to say question in Russian simply change your intonation next we have prepositional words and adverbs there are many prepositions in Russian but the most useful ones can be Fanboys and common adverbs like for and nor but or yet so if also from of with two in and at and on Four Is and is e nor is but is no or is yet is a conjunction and is also used as no so is if is yes also is T from and of are is and with is s to is C in and at is V and on is na these are the most common prepositions and adverbs in Russian however because Russian is expressive again some prepositions can change their meaning depending on the grammatical case in which they're utilized describing all of them will simply be too much so these are the best ones to know next we have personal pronouns in English we have I you he she it we you all or y'all and they English doesn't formally have y'all but I'm still including it because Russian has it in Russian the personal pronouns are Y and Ono which are written similarly a native Russian speaker would say on Ando then we have Mi V and Oni a native speaker would say an as you can see the pronouns in the third person have the same beginning so it's not that hard to remember them along with t Mi and V which all end in i the pronoun V has two meanings one for you all and second for the formal you meaning that when you're talking to a professional person you would use V to be polite also V is the only pronoun that's always capitalized when referring to professional people similar to the pronoun I is always capitalized in English then we have the days of the week and by surface analysis each word can be broken down to its origin breaks down to PO meaning after n meaning week and niik meaning a day after Sunday niik comes fromo meaning second after comes from meaning middle comes from meaning a fourth way after P comes from Pat which is five sub comes from Sabbath and comes from meaning resurrected Jesus was resurrected on Sunday which explains the origin of the word moreover the word for week is originating from Light which is not to do anything that's why Sunday is a resting day you don't do anything at last you don't have to capitalize the days of the week as you would in English next we have the months of the year Janu Mar April May Eun e AUST OCT and these are all masculine nouns and you don't have to capitalize them as in English next we have time words second Isa minute is hour is Chas day is J week is n which I covered month is m year is God yesterday is today is pronounced with a V because it's a pronunciation rule from old Russian that was preserved and lastly tomorrow which is zra next we have useful greetings and farewells good morning isut a native speaker would say utra good day is good evening is D notice how do modifies to fit the gender of utra which is a neuter noun also the adjective do doesn't necessarily mean good it formally translates as kind but in the context of greetings it means good then we have a popular greeting which is kaka kaka literally means how are things but because Russian doesn't use to be in the present it's how things how things is a phrase that makes no sense but as a greeting it means what's up this is why Russian phrases can express different meanings because it's highly flexible when you think about it logically even the phrase what's up doesn't make sense because it's asking what is up as in what is up there but as a greeting it's simply asking how is someone and what is happening there's also this greeting th which means how are you or without the verb how you then we have SPO which is thanks it's mainly pronounced as spba but it's derived from the words SP meaning save of God or God save you there's also thank you which can be indicating an informal thank you and SP V showing a formal thank you and V are both direct object pronouns used in the dative because they Express gratitude to someone in this case thanks to to you by replying we can say you are welcome which is expressively meaning of nothing so thank you and there is no need to thank me then we have goodbye which is do literally meaning till the meeting or till the next time we meet each other is a long word to say for those who learn Russian so instead we can simply say bye which is Paka then we have hello which is prevent and to be polite we can say or is probably the better option then we have welcome which is doat meaning good or well to come Doo signifies kindness but as a greeting it's welcome at last we have please which isala sorry which is is or Pro and as a bonus yes and no which are da and or finally we have numbers and I'm not going to show every number in Russian because understanding the basic structure of how numbers are written is good enough and as a side note the genitive case which I explained in in a previous video is used for the singular form of and and the plural form of Pat and Beyond whenever you're counting up using any noun the grammar of the noun has to match the singular form in the genitive case for numbers patch and Beyond the genitive utilizes the plural form also the word Odin is used as a literal Base number When you're counting down as inin ultimately one can translate as Ras When you're counting in a sequence as an R these are significant rules that you have to know but it's going to take time to get used to them the numbers after this set all share the same endings but their pronunciation is slightly different than how you see them so I will pronounce them as a native Russian speaker and there is no point listing numbers past because all you do is take and put any single number after and so on now we have bigger numbers and once again I'll pronounce them like a native Russian speaker and million the final principle is the positions of numbers and there is no point in learning numbers beyond that because they're not used that often these are the basic words phrases and fundamentals to know understand in Russian they all began here for the final time because Russian is expressive we should not forget that almost all of the words in phrases that I showed can be modified under the six Russian cases I showed just a few of them in order to not cause confusion and to give a small picture of what to expect when learning Russian just because you saw one form of a word in this video it doesn't mean that it's the only one that exists choose any word verb adjective and even question word in Russian and you'll find even more ifications of the word you chose it's because of the cases the cilic alphabet and the expressiveness and flexibility of Russian that makes so many different variations of any word that there is so in this video I would like to explain how to conjugate verbs in the present tense in Russian verb conjugation in Russian indicates a change to the form of a verb so that it fits the pronoun that you write the verb into in this video I'll just cover how verb conjugation works in the present tense in Russian there's only one sense of time in the present meaning that unlike in English where we have other forms of the present these do not exist in Russian still there are irregular verbs both in English and Russian but it's a concept for a future video for now I'm simply focusing on regular verbs before understanding how to conjugate verbs in Russian we have to know how to identify verbs in English we identify a verb because it starts with the preposition to to work to speak to walk to look and so on to identify a verb in Russian the ending of the verb also known as the infinitive will be T typically having a vowel before such as and it within the verbs that end in t there are two further distinctions verbs that end in at follow the first conjugation pattern while verbs that end in IT follow the second conjugation pattern ultimately making Russian have only two conjugation patterns almost all verbs in Russian end in t so identifying a verb is not that hard but it's the vowel before T that you have to know in order to conjugate the verb correctly sometimes you will see verbs having a different vowel before T that will still follow one of the already existing patterns because there are so many vowel endings for verbs it would be impossible to understand and cover every type of verb so in this video I'm simply giving the general idea of verb conjugation coming from the most common endings irregular verbs will be explained in the next videos first I would like to explain how verb conjugation Works in English so that it's comparable to Russian in English we have the pronouns I you he we can also say she or it but I'm putting he to leave some space considering that the conjugation is still the same for she and it then there's we y'all and they English formally doesn't have y'all but I'm still including it because Russian has it the way that verb conjugation Works in English is by keeping the same form as the infinitive but only adding an s in the he pronoun take the verb to work as an example the conjugation are I work you work he works we work y'all work and they work this is why English is very simple now let's take a look at this concept in Russian here we have the Russian pronouns that act as verb conjugation subject V and an we can include Ana and ano but I'm simply putting on to leave some considering that Ana and ano will have the same conjugation the first conjugation in Russian has to do with verbs that end in specifically with the ending at the way that the first conjugation Works in Russian is by dropping the last two letters of the infinitive normally it's t and then adding the corresponding ending that fits the pronoun unlike the two conjugations that there are in English Russian has six the conjugate simple verbs ending in at you drop the ending of the infinitive and then add the ending that corresponds to the pronoun for yah we put U for the we put yes for or we put yet for me we put y for V we put and for an we put let's use the verbot which means to work how would this verb be conjugated in the present tense in Russian we take the infinitive drop the last two letters then add the grammatical endings that correspond to the pronouns for yah we drop the ending and add you so we get y you I work the more you try this concept the faster you'll get it for T we get T you work for on or we get for we get for V we get for we get this is the first conjugation pattern for simple verbs in Russian that end in at and because each pronoun follows a different conjugation we can tell who the subject is without the pronouns themselves means I work rot means you workot means he she or it works and so on this concept cannot be in English because the grammar is the same for 80% of the pronouns therefore we need the pronoun to understand who the subject is as I said previously there could be different verbs with different vowel endings in t which may follow this pattern also there will not be too many examples in this video because by learning how to conjugate verbs in Russian you might need to build on more grammar in order to make phrases and sentences when you learn from the beginning you can try making statements on your own but I would advise to get a better feel on how to speak Russian if that's your goal the way that the second verb conjugation Works in Russian is by dropping the last two or three letters from the infinitive depending on the letters and then adding the corresponding ending that fits the pronoun the conjugate simple verbs ending in it you drop the ending from the infinitive and then add the corresponding ending for yah we put U or U depending on the consonants to preserve a uniform sound for we put is for on or an we put it for we put IM for V we put for an we put y or at again depending on the consonant however there's a very vital concept that you have to know about the second conjugation in Russian the second conjugation pattern is affected by spelling rules when it comes down to specific consonants and vowels the first person singular which is yah is affected by the rule of stress consonants when using the second conjugation sometimes the last letter of the stem in infinitive without it for the pronoun yah changes in order to keep a perfect sound when the word said this rule only applies to yah and it has a small pattern that you can follow if the last letter of the stem is it becomes if it's Z it becomes becomes becomes becomes and b v m p and f receive the letter L this rule only applies to Y so you have to watch out for this pattern let's use the verb goit which means to speak a native Russian speaker would say garit garit how would this verb be conjugated in the present tense in Russian we take the infinitive gavar drop the last letters and then add the grammatical endings that correspond to the pronouns for yah we drop the ending and add you so we get y for T we get tarish for on or an we get for me we get me for V we get V for we get once again there could be different verbs with different vowel endings in t which may follow this pattern this is the second conjugation pattern for simple verbs in Russian that end in it finally to make sure that this concept is fully understood I'll show two verbs each having a different vowel ending that still follows the two conjugation patterns here we have the verb Gat which means to go for a walk or simply walk unlike the common endings that I showed previously this verb has a vowel ending Y which is g g despite having a different vowel ending this verb has the same pattern as the first at ending is I walk is you walk is he walks is we walk is yall walk and is they walk still there could be different verbs with different vowel endings which may follow this pattern too next we have the verb which means to look or to watch a native speaker would say this verb has a vowel ending yet which follows the same pattern as the second E ending and let's not forget that this pattern is affected by the rule of stress consonant mainly in the Y and pronouns in this case we don't have any is I look is you look on is he looks me is we look V is y look and an is they look don't forget that there could be different verbs with different vowel endings which may follow this pattern to but for now this is all you have to know about verb conjugations in the present tense in the next videos I'll explain how other conjugations work and what to do with exceptions and irregular ones so in this video I would like to explain regular verb conjugation in the present tense in Russian as I said in the previous video most verbs in Russian have a t ending with the main conjugation patterns being verbs that end in at and it verbs that end in at have one pattern and verbs that end in it have a second pattern however there could be different verbs with different vowel endings which may follow one of these patterns so in this video I'll explain the irregular Concepts that some of these conjugations have with the second verb conjugation let let's not forget that the pattern is affected by spelling rules in the first person singular pronoun which is yah when using the second conjugation we have to pay attention to the stem of the infinitive which is the word itself before it because of the spelling rule for the pronoun yah will sometimes have to change or add a letter to keep a perfect sound when the conjugation is said here's a small pattern that we can follow and I will give examples to practically show how this concept works if the last letter of the step is it becomes if it's Z it likewise becomes s becomes sha s becomes sha becomes and b v m p and f receive the consonant L after this rule only applies to Y so you have to watch out for this pattern let's begin with the verb which means to walk a native speaker would say this verb has the E ending following the second conjugation pattern and also it stem which is ends in therefore we have to change the consonant to in the Y pronoun in this case we change to and also use the vowel in the Y pronoun to keep a perfect sound when the word is said let's not forget that there could be different verbs with different vowel endings which may follow this pattern as a reminder the second conjugation pattern in the present can use a different vowel in the Y and an pronouns and it's done on purpose to preserve a uniform sound here we have the verb vit which informally means to drive or to carry some something or someone by car a native speaker would say vit vit this verb has the each ending following the second conjugation pattern and also its stem ends in z which means that we have to change the consonant to in the pronoun in this case we change Z to and also use the vowel in the Y pronoun here we have the verb no which means to carry a native speaker would say n this verb ends in it following the second pattern and having the consonant S at the end of the stem meaning that we have to change S to sha in the Y pronoun in this case we change S to sha and also use the vowel in the Y pronoun here we have the verb which means to Revenge this verb ends in it following the second pattern and having the consonants s and at the end of the stem meaning that we have to change S and to sha in the Y pronoun here we have the verb PL which means to pay it ends in it and has the consonant T at the end of the stem meaning that we have to change in the Y pronoun y finally we made it to the category of stem verbs ending in b v m p and f which receive the consonant L after in the Y pronoun to keep things quick I'll just show one verb in each category that receives the consonant L after in the Y pronoun luit means to love and it receives L after in the Y pronoun while everything else stays the same Y and it also has the Val U instead of u means to weigh or to pressure and it gets L after V in the Y pronoun while everything else is the same y also having u in the end K means to feed and it gets L after m in the Y pronoun also having u in the end means to save and it gets L after p in the Y pronoun y also having u in the end at last we have a foreign verb s which means to serf and it gets L after F in the Y pronoun y suru also having youu in the end overall this is how the second conjugation works with all of the exceptions and spelling rules now there are various irregular verbs in Russian that don't exactly follow the rules that I just showed even though irregular verbs can still follow the grammatical endings of one of the existing patterns there may be some changes to the letters of the conjugations still it's possible to predict the endings once you know the stems of the verbs so even irregular verbs follow the first or second conjugation pattern take the verb as an example this verb means to go or travel by car and Visually it ends in at so it will follow the first conjugation pattern however due to the irregular ending of the stem which is this verb changes a consonant in the stem itself throughout all of the conjugations along with a vow notice that once you know this y it basically follows the first conjugation pattern except having an u in the Y and an pronouns this verb has the same pattern as the first conjugation but it simply changes a consonant and a vowel to keep a perfect sound while some verbs keep the grammatical form of the first conjugation pattern they may change the sound of a vowel to keep a perfect sound like the verb D meaning to give visually this verb will have the same pattern as the first conjugation but it will change the vowel y to when the stress falls on the ending this verb still has the same pattern as the first conjugation but it simply changes ye to y in the T and V pronouns and it's done on purpose to keep a perfect sound then we have this irregular verb meaning to run which has an interesting pattern you would think that it would follow the first conjugation pattern because it ends in at but it actually follows the second pattern because it follows the second pattern it changes a consonant in the Y and an pronouns to keep a perfect sound also it has the vowel u in the Y and an pronouns then we have this verb which means to want what's irregular about is that it follows the first conjugation pattern in the yah T and on pronouns while also changing a consonant and using the vow U at the end of the yah pronoun then it follows the second conjugation pattern in the Mi V and an pronouns then we have verbs that are completely irregular with no pattern to follow the best way to use these verbs is to remember them be means to drink and it actually follows the grammatical endings of the first conjugation pattern but it changes y to yo while putting the after to keep a perfect sound then we have this irregular verb which means to live takes the grammatical endings of the first conjugation pattern changes ye to Yo adds the consonant in the middle and uses the vowel in the and pronouns then we have the most irregular verb which is the verb yes has a double meaning with the first being to eat and with the second being to be as in the sentence there are many people in the context of irregular verbs means to eat the only recognizable element of is that it follows the second conjugation pattern in the me V and an pronouns everything else about this verb is completely Irregular at last one final concept must be shown about irregular verbs that similarly follow the same grammatical endings as one of the conjugation patterns because there are so many endings for verbs ending in t it's possible to tell what conjugation pattern such verbs will follow however there is a third common ending in Russian verbs aside from at and it which ends in t t is the third common ending in Russian verbs which still follows one the patterns typically the first one one interesting concept to know about this ending is that once you know the verbs stem You can predict the endings even if the verbs are irregular like the verbs and n and you're about to see why means to go and the verbs stem is ID which is kept in all conjugations of the first pattern but it changes the ye to Yo in 60% of the pronouns and has the vowel in the Y in any pronouns as I said previously once you know the verbs stem You can predict which grammatical endings will be placed means to carry and the verb's stem is which is kept in all conjugations of the first pattern but just like the verb it changes the to Yo in 60% of the pronouns and has The Vow in the and pronouns this is how you conjugate irregular verbs in the present tense in Russian before I end the video I would like to show one small fundamental in the formation of Russian verbs that you don't necessarily have to use but you have to know in Russian the infinitive form of verbs generally corresponds to the dictionary form Russian infinitives typically end in t and t which are General categories that split themselves into multiple subcategories ultimately making two conjugation patterns in the present tense additionally there could be irregular verbs that may have completely different endings and those verbs will still follow one of the existing patterns for instance you may find verbs that end in ch and despite having very different endings such verbs will still follow either the first or second conjugation pattern whenever you learn verb conjugation in Russian you need to familiarize yourself with these verb conjugations to facilitate the accurate formation of the infinitive nonetheless you should always know that Russian has only two conjugation patterns in the present but because there are many irregular verbs you may find irregular changes like additional letters and changes in consonants vowels and Stems while conjugating verbs keep this idea in the back of your mind whenever you conjugate verbs in the present tense in Russian so in this video I would like to explain normal descriptive adjectives in Russian descriptive adjectives describe nouns such as people things places and ideas like the words fast new beautiful big small tall red blue and so on in Russian there are many different forms of each adjective and what's really significant to know is that each adjective relates to the six r cases the three grammatical genders and plurality even though it sounds like a lot once you understand the six cases and three genders it simple enough to understand when trying to utilize adjectives in Russian you should always pay attention to the stem or the dictionary form of each adjective and then you can form the rest first you should know that the dictionary form of a Russian adjective is always in the nominative masculine form secondly you should know that there are three types of Russian adjectives normal short and comparative and superlative thirdly you should know that normal adjectives are separated into hard and soft endings meaning that you will see two grammatical patterns for each type of adjective short adjectives typically make a statement about something and nouns do not follow them comparative and superlative adjectives compare one thing to something else and I will explain these two concepts in the next videos for this video I'll only cover normal adjectives normal adjectives in Russian come before and now and their English equivalent is a statement like big table beautiful car or new window normal adjectives have to match in gender case and plurality meaning that there are multiple endings for each adjective as I said previously normal adjectives separate into hard and soft endings and before understanding how to modify adjectives we have to know how to identify an adjective first any type of adjective in Russian has the following endings in the word meaning that there are no exceptions o e e and N the endings O E and E are the endings that you'll find within hard adjectives and they have the first modification pattern to match the gender case and plurality adjectives that end in N have the second modification pattern likewise matching the gender case and plurality the good news is is that within any modification the pattern will always be the same so it doesn't matter what adjective you decide to use for instance the three hard endings for normal adjectives oi e and U will have the same pattern when modifying their case this means that you don't have to worry about different patterns for different endings in other words the three hard endings follow the same pattern so it doesn't matter what ending is used and the same concept even applies to normal adjectives with soft endings just in a different pattern because hard adjectives are very common the way that they're modified is by dropping off their endings that is oi e or U and then applying the ending that matches the gender case and plurality the same concept also applies to adjectives with soft endings in the nominative which is the dictionary form a masculine adjective ends in e a feminine ends in a a neuter ends in o and the plural ends in in the accusative which works with animate and inanimate objects a masculine ends in e and if it's animate it ends in go native Russian speakers will say OA a feminine will end in uu a neuter will end in o and the plural will end in or if it's anime in the genitive a masculine will end in OA a feminine will end in oi a neuter will end in OA and the plural will end in as you can see some endings are borrowed from different cases and therefore repeated in the dative a masculine ends in omu a feminine ends in oi a neuter ends in omu and the plural ends in IM in the instrumental the pattern is and in the prepositional the pattern is now that I've shown each modification it would be impossible to remember all of these endings because there are too many of them what I recommend doing is to focus on the most vital ones like denominative genitive and dative because they're used more than the other ones still this is the pattern that you'll follow either way so try to get a feel for it when such adjectives are used in context here are a few sample adjectives that I would like to use in order to show how they're used within sentences there will not be too many examples because it might get too confusing but I will give a general idea of how these adjectives are used properly here we have the adjectives Mal and no is Big Mal is small and no is new as you can see each adjective has a different ending yet they all follow the hard adjective category in normal adjectives to make learning simple and practical every sentence that you'll see will utilize three different nouns in the three genders under every case let's begin with b and let's work with the following nouns sto Masina and OK meaning table car and window using the nominative case the adjective B and the nouns sto Masina and OK will look like this B sto [Music] B and Masini and akna let's not forget that we also have to modify the nouns to fit the grammatical case and that sometimes we have to change a vow because it's an exceptional rule in Russian even though the ending in the plural should be an it changes to e because it's an exceptional spelling rule now let's do the same thing but with the adjective Mal Mal sto and despite using a different normal adjective that has a different ending the modification pattern from before still applies to this adjective with one exception in the plural having a spelling rule now let's try the adjective noi St and in this case the modification is still the same and matches perfectly with no exceptions now let's try the same words in the accusative which works with animate and inanimate objects and this is where you'll see the nouns changing to fit the grammatical case additionally this is where a few phrases will not make sense logically but again we're simply focusing on adjectives these are the sentences that I will use and because all of these sentences are in the accusative you can see the grammatical patterns of the animate and inanimate objects that sometimes change and sometimes don't the nouns and the adjectives also change because they're in the accusative one exception is that in the plural we use e instead of e because it's a spelling rule everything else basically follows the pattern for the accusative here are the same phrases but with the adjective malink you can try to read these sentences on your own here are the same phrases with the adjective noi I really hope that you can now understand the idea of modifying adjectives so that they fit the case gender and plurality because in English adjectives and nouns always stay in one form but in Russian there are six ways of modifying them once you get used to it the concept becomes much simpler nonetheless let's keep going and this is where I'll begin to give one example with one adjective so you can modify the other adjectives on your own here we have the adjective B in the genitive and this is the sentence that I will use and OK the endings match in the adjectives and nouns because all of these statements are in the genitive additionally some of the endings of the adjectives use e instead of e because it's a spelling rule now try to replicate these phrases but with the adjective Mal this is what it's going to look like and you can try to say these phrases on your own now try to replicate these phrases but with no V this is what it's going to look like here we have the adjective B in the dative and this is the sentence that I will use the endings match the adjectives and nouns because they're all in the dative with one exception using e instead of I now try to replicate these phrases with Mal this is what it's going to look like now try it with the adjective no this is what it's going to look like here we have the adjective B in the instrumental and this is the sentence that I will use y Andi the endings match because they're all in the instrumental but they have more exceptions using e instead of now try to replicate these phrases but with the adjective Mal this is what it's going to look like and there are also more exceptions in this one now try it with the adjective noi this is what it's going to look like finally we have the adjective in the prepositional and this is the sentence that I will [Music] use and the endings match because they're all in the prepositional with only one exception using e instead of now try it with the adjective Mal this is what it's going to look like now try it with the adjective no V this is what it's going to look like after showing you all of this information this is probably a lot to handle but this is how modifying adjec Ives Works in Russian they have to match in gender case and plurality depending on how they're used practically however you will not tend to use at least half of what I showed but still it was a good practicing lesson so that you can understand when and how to use these adjectives in context in case you get completely lost or simply forget when or how to use an adjective you can always use separate sites to remind you one very useful website is cooljugator which modifies adjectives that I showed in this video we can take the adjectives that I showed or practically any adjective and plug it in the website and it will give every possible declension and modification of that adjective if you would like to use it and try it for yourself I have its Link in the description of this video at last allow me to finish the concept of normal adjectives under the soft category normal adjectives in Russian that end in a soft ending that is n are not as common as the other adjectives but the good thing about them is that it's the only ending that they have when modifying adjectives that have soft endings you will also notice that the endings simply use the soft form of the first added vow like e which becomes E A which becomes y o which becomes yeah and U which becomes U other than these endings the hard and soft forms are basically the same in the nominative a masculine adjective ends in e a feminine ends in y a neuter ends in and a plural ends in in the accusative the pattern is or and or in the genitive the pattern is and in the dative the pattern is and in the instrumental the pattern is IM yay or sometimes Yu IM and in the prepositional the pattern is y y and as I said previously it's impossible to remember all of these endings so therefore try to focus on the vital ones like denominative genitive and dative nonetheless I'll still show all of these changes in context here we have the adjective C which means blue and because the adjectives with soft endings are not that common I'm using the color S as a very useful one I'll also use the same phrases as before this time with the adjective s instead here we have sin in denominative St and here we have in the accusative the endings perfectly match the adjectives and nouns because they're all in the accusative including animate and inanimate objects here we have S in the genitive Kiva AK and the endings perfectly match the adjectives and nouns because they're all inative here we have in the dative it and the endings perfectly match the adjectives and nouns because they're all in the dative here we have S in the instrumental andam the ending is perfectly match the adjectives and nouns because they're all in the instrumental finally we have cini in the prepositional and the endings once again perfectly match the adjectives and nouns because they're all in the prepositional this is how normal descriptive adjectives work in Russian they have to match in gender case and plurality but practically you will not use half of what I showed even though it was a good practicing lesson as always in case you get lost or forget how to use normal adjectives you can watch this video again or use cooljugator for help for now this is this is all you have to know so in this video I would like to explain short descriptive adjectives in Russian short descriptive adjectives are the second main type of Russian adjectives in the short form that make phrases about something English doesn't really have this form but it is equivalent to sentences like you are beautiful and he is busy where the adjectives describe the subject's current state coming after a noun or verb nouns Never follow short adjectives and their use is limited to simple sentences saying how something is was or will be and giving new information or conditions about the subject because of their limited use Russian short adjectives only appear in the nominative case meaning that they only have one pattern to follow by following one pattern short adjectives will match in plurality and gender as in the masculine feminine and neuter cases to make short adjectives in Russian you simply remove the last letters from the normal version of the adjectives and put the following endings masculine adjectives simply use the stem in the short form with no change feminine ones add a at the end of the adjective once the stem is removed neuter ones add o and if it's plural we add e or E depending on the sound as a spelling rule if a masculine adjective stem ends in two consonants we put the vowels o or Y in between to Make a Better Sound and that's all we have to know about the grammar of short adjectives still it's it's significant to know that not all adjectives in Russian can have a short form overall you don't need to worry about knowing which adjectives cannot be short because practically it's the short adjectives in context that matter one important idea to consider is that even though adjectives can be shortened you'll find that there are not many useful and even possible applications of a short adjective as I said previously short adjectives give new information or a condition about something which makes their use very limited not just in practice but also in speech more often than not short adjectives represent the general idea of a known concept that was used in old Russian literature sometimes a masculine short adjective may not be utilized meaning that there are no possible statements with the word even though it exists sometimes a feminine short adjective might not be applicable but a plural one is the rarest so don't expect a lot of examples in this video because short adjectives are not that common you probably will not use them but knowing their system is very informational here are a few examples here we have the adjective noi meaning new noi has a short version in every case but its phrases are very limited for instance as a native Russian speaker I cannot name a single sentence that can be used with NOA or noi because these are very old Russian words instead it's more useful to utilize no and no like in the sentences and meaning the following method is not new and this is not new these sentences are possible in Russian but hardly anybody says them usually you will see the normal version of noi in the masculine but the neuter stays as it is here we have the adjective meaning beautiful also has a short version and its phrases are a bit more useful he is beautiful she is beautiful and sounds beautiful unfortunately there is no possible application with the plural these phrases are possible and even logical in Russian but once again native Russians do not speak like this what you're more likely to see is on and an but in this case it's the normal version the neuter however is perfectly acceptable here we have the adjective which means alive or living and Jaa are the only possible and logical sentences that I can think of is your father alive and is your mother alive politely asking these questions is the best use of this adjective the neuter and plural are not Poss possible in this case as far as I know generally you will see the normal version of this adjective in practice here we have the adjective jar which means hot as in the sentence jarat a hot climate in this context jari is not used in the literal form but in the normal nominative masculine describing the climate in the short version it would be used in a neuter phrase like J is this it's hot here Russian doesn't have a notion of starting a sentence with it so we can leave it what's complicated about jar is that the neuter version is the only one possible while the masculine feminine and plural are not additionally in the masculine we have to add the vowel o in between to Make a Better Sound because the stem of J ends in two consonants here we have the adjective SM meaning funny in the normal nominative masculine like in the phrase on SM he is funny in the short form it can only be used in the neuter like SM this is funny the masculine feminine and plural are not possible with this adjective also we put the vowel o in the masculine in between to Make a Better Sound because the stem ends in two consonants here we have the adjective vaj meaning important which is the first where all cases are possible doent V and this document is important this car is important it's important to learn and these documents are important notice how in the following phrases I'm using a demonstrative pronoun to give a general idea of the known subject it's not just any document or any car it's this document and this car which is why the short adjectives are used in practice however you will see the normal versions and also we have to put the vowel y in the masculine in between to Make a Better Sound because the stem ends in two consonants here we have this adjective inter meaning interesting and this adjective can also be used in every case the you're quite interesting this theory is interesting this is interesting and these theories are interesting in practice you will see the normal versions and also we put the vow in the masculine in between to Make a Better Sound finally we have the adjectives B and Malin that I showed in the previous video the reason I've kept them to the end end is because they're more complex than any of the previous ones that I showed just like I said at the beginning some normal adjectives do not have a short form and baloy and malinki fall into this category they do not have short forms however it's still possible to make a different version of them using the adjectives viik meaning great as impr prominent and Mali which is a formal way of saying small these adjectives follow the same pattern as every other adjective that I showed in this video still I cannot think of a single use of any of these words because they're mainly used in old Russian literature overall this is how short descriptive adjectives work in Russian so in this video I would like to explain comparative and superlative adjectives in Russian comparative and superlative adjectives explain the differences or comparisons between nouns by comparing one noun to a different noun first there are comparative adjectives that are simply taken from normal adjectives and a few easy methods can be used to put them in context the first method of comparatives is a bit lazy but still it uses the words more less and then which in Russian are and Chim even though Chim is a question that the instrumental answers it means then in the context of comparatives nonetheless when comparing adjectives using this first method we put the words b or Min before any normal adjective to show the comparison so there are no exceptions the normal adjective also modifies its gender case and plurality depending on the noun here are a few examples and will be a more beautiful table and a less beautiful table in this case we're putting B and Min in the beginning the normal adjective cely stays in the masculine and then we put the noun in the end but it doesn't always have to be in the end we can say sentences like this table is more or less beautiful than that one or we have two full sentences along with the conjunction Chim meaning then placed after the adjective and following a comma this is one way to utilize comparatives in Russian in this case b and Min are placed before for the normal adjective the adjective matches the case gender and plurality and we put Chim with a comma after the adjective also the last word to is the masculine way of saying that one and it can change depending on gender case and plurality here's another example and Ma a more new car and a less new car in English we have to say a new newer car but because we're comparing it to Russian try to think of it as more new Bia and Min are placed in the beginning but the normal adjective changes the gender for the feminine noun mashina and it's something we cannot forget here are two useful phrases this car is more or less new or newer than that onea M or no once again we're using the conjunction Chim placed after the adjective and following a comma the comparison in the end ta is the feminine way of saying that one in the nominative here's another example and a more old or older building and a less old building Bia and Mania are placed in the beginning but the normal adjective changes the gender for the neuter noun here are two useful phrases this building is more or less old or older than that one orim we use the conjunction Chim by placing it after the adjective and following a comma the comparison in the end to is the neuter way of saying that one finally here is a plural example more important documents and less important documents B and man are placed in the beginning but the normal adjective becomes plural regardless of the noun gender here are two useful phrases these documents are more or less important than those or we're using the conjunction Chim by placing it after the adjective with a comma the comparison in the end T is the plural way of saying those all of the sentences that I just showed are acceptable but they're quite lazy and not used that often especially when speaking Russian the formal way of using comparatives is by literally changing the adjectives to not waste time with other words similar to how English puts the letters e r to simple adjectives like like smaller taller older newer and so on these comparatives in Russian are formed by dropping the endings of the normal adjectives and supplementing the letters y or simply y to the stems of the adjectives in the first pattern if the stem of the adjective ends in one of these consonants n l r p b m or V we drop the ending of the adjective and add the letters y to the stem in in the second pattern we dro the ending and simply put yeah but there could be a few spelling rules here are a few examples here we have the adjective AAS which means dangerous the stem of opas ends in N therefore we use the first pattern he is more dangerous than me in this case opas drops the ending and then adds the ending y it's also written in one form unlike in English where the adjective is tooo long and uses more beforehand also we're using Chim and putting yaah which acts like an object pronoun that is me however if we use less in this case by saying he is less dangerous than me then the sentence will utilize Min and have the masculine opas which will separate the phrase into two words when using less both in English and Russian the pattern is basically the same and it also applies to any other sentence that there is here we have the adjective me which means cute the stem of me ends in L so we use the first pattern he is cuter than her drops the ending and gets being written in one form just like in English it also uses CH and has on which is an object pronoun for her here we have meaning fast whose stem ends in a making us follow the first pattern I faster than him drops the ending and gets Y in one form just like in English CH is also used along with on which is the object pronoun for him here we have slab meaning weak and it stem ends in B following the first pattern me we are weaker than y'all slab drops the ending and gets Y in one form just like in English chem is also used with v which is the object pronoun for y here we have no meaning new and it stem ends in following the first pattern this phone is newer than that one noi drops the ending and gets Y in one form just like in English chem is also used and to is the masculine way of saying that one in denominative now here we have some phrases that follow the second pattern so the endings of the stems will not matter but there will be some spelling changes for better sounds when the words are said here we have the adjective B meaning big and because it ends in a consonant that is not present in the first pattern it will utilize the second pattern luckily B doesn't have a spelling change this table is bigger than that one B drops the ending gets the simple ending y has one form as in English and uses chem and to however not all adjectives that have simple stem endings will be like that because again there are changes in spellings to make better sounds kind of like in English where bigger uses a second B for spelling purposes in Russian instead of adding letters there will be changes to the letters themselves here we have meaning light as in weight and because it ends in C it will use the second pattern and have a spelling change this box is lighter than that one drops the ending and gets the simple ending y having one form as in English however the vowel yo changes to and C changes to CH in the comparative and it's all done for spelling purposes here we have which means cheap and even though it ends in it follows the second pattern along with an additional letter this phone is cheaper than that one drops the ending gets the simple ending y having one form as in English changes yo to Y and adds L after ve here we have Dy meaning expensive and it follows the second path pattern with a spelling change this phone is more expensive than that one toy drops the ending and gets yeah but unlike in English it only has one form and changes to finally we have ch meaning clean and it follows the second pattern with the spelling change St this table is cleaner than that one CH drops the ending gets has one form as in English but changes and to this is how the second pattern is used for comparatives in Russian moreover Russian also has irregular comparatives just like in English with the words better and worse which are the comparatives for good and bad in Russian the words arei and and their comparatives are and completely not following the original adjectives and I am better than him and he is worse than me the two phrases use the comparatives ofi and object pronouns like him and me besides these adjectives there arei and nki meaning tall and short and their comparatives are irregular in the spelling V and in the comparative replaces so and in the comparative replaces and he is taller than me and I'm shorter than him the two phrases also use object pronouns like him and me and practically there could be more Irregulars that you can find now even though I just said that there are two ways of expressing comparatives in Russian there's actually a third way across every example that I gave I always use the conjunction Chim to show the comparison between the nouns in spoken Russian it is possible to compare things without the conjunction meaning that we can omit it however by omitting it we'll have to modify every noun in comparison by putting it in the genitive case we can say phrases like I am faster than him he is worse than me this phone is more expensive than this phone and this box is lighter than this box even though the second method of comparatives will perfectly work the spoken method will look like this and in these sentences every comparative noun is in the genitive without the presence of the conjunction y and are both object pronouns in the genitive along with and the nouns and even demonstrative pronouns are modified and yes Russian does modify demonstrative pronouns in the six cases anyhow I personally do not wish to explain more on this concept because it can create more confusion than understanding and even then this concept is used more when speaking I would not recommend focusing on this and omitting the conjunction because you have to get a feel for Al adjectives first and then if you want you can try to use it in the genitive at last there are the superlatives in Russian which are quite literally the easiest of all adjectives superlatives indicate something as the most or least best or worst and so on in English we use most or least for long adjectives or add the letters EST to short adjectives in Russian there is no way of adding letters to make a superlative but it does have the word Sami meaning most which is placed before any normal adjective to show the comparison so there are no exceptions don't forget that the normal adjective also modifies its gender case and plurality the superlative Sami also has to change its gender case and plurality now in Russian there is no literal way of using the word least because a superlative statement will use an opposing noun and give an opposite meaning still do not worry about that what's more useful to know is that Russian does have words like naolia and NAIA which are formal most and least however these superlatives are not really used much so what you're more likely to see is Sami and to put this word in context let's use the sentences that I showed at the beginning of the video etot stole Sami this table is the most beautiful in this case Sam and the normal adjective are in the masculine and just like in English the phrase Sam is played in into two words most beautiful the same process can be done with any adjective as long as the gender case and plurality match but the phrase can sometimes have one word in English like in the sentence masay NOA this car is the newest Sami and noi now change to Samaya and NOA to match the gender of mas because it's a feminine noun unlike in English Samaya NOA has two words as opposed to the newest it is possible to say most new but we say newest this building is the oldest Sami and change to S and to match the gender of which is neuter unlike in English s has two words as opposed to the oldest it is possible to say most old but we say oldest these documents are the most important Sam and V change to Sam and V to match the plurality regardless of the nouns gender in this case the sentence has two words like in English most important and the same process can be done with any adjective and with no exceptions in conclusion this is how comparative and superlative adjec Ives work in Russian so in this video I would like to explain possessive pronouns in Russian possessive pronouns in Russian indicate to whom something belongs and in English they're expressed as my your his her its our and their there's also the informal Ys which is not really used but I'm still including it because Russian has it one of the most important things to realize about possessive pronouns is that they change based on gender case and plurality the six Russian cases affect each pron known individually meaning that each word under every case will have its own pattern to follow throughout the video I'll give many examples and explain how each modification can be used in context so many words need to be known and understood first I'll show the basic principle by presenting the dictionary form of the pronouns then presenting them in each case and then presenting them in every gender first we have the masculine gender under the singular nominative case and the following pronouns will look like this MO is my is your Y is his Y is her Nash is our Vash is Ys and is there now before moving on to the rest of the cases there are a few important things you should know first the pronouns and are not affected by the six Russian cases therefore they will not get modified under any case or any gender even if they're plural in spoken Russian however can sometimes be modified but forly it is not used that much so we don't have to worry about that second the pronoun Y is written with a G but it's pronounced with a V because it's an old spelling rule and also it can act like the pronoun it third because the pronouns Nash and Vash are the only ones that will change I'll continue to relate to them using this chart that will change and get bigger as every case is presented even though they're order is slightly off doing it this way will be simpler and faster so now let's continue with the masculine singular in every other case this is how the pronouns will look under every case in the masculine singular in the genitive the masculine singular pronouns are and there is no point in covering yo and because again they do not change at all in the dative the masculine singular pronoun prouns are andash in the accusative if an object is inanimate the masculine singular pronouns borrow the pattern from the nominative and if an object is animate the pronouns borrow the pattern from the genitive in the instrumental the masculine singular pronouns are and Vash in the prepositional the masculine singular pronouns are May andash now that the masculine is over we can go to the feminine singular this is how the pronouns will look like under every case in the feminine singular in the nominative the feminine singular pronouns are Moya Nasha and vasha in the genitive the feminine singular pronouns are n and V in the dative instrumental and prepositional the feminine singular pronouns are literally all borrowed from the genitive in the accusative regardless if an object is animate or inanimate the feminine singular pronouns will be the same muuu nashu and Vu now that the feminine is over we can go to the neuter singular this is how the pronouns will look like under every case in the neuter singular in the nominative the neuter singular pronouns are moo n and Vash in the genitive dative instrumental and prepositional the pronouns literally copy the same pattern as in the masculine singular the only difference is in the accusative regardless if an object is animate or inanimate the pattern is the same as in the nominative neuter singular finally we can go to the plural which affects all of these pronouns regardless of gender this is how the pronouns will look like under every case in the plural which relates to any gender in the nominative the pronouns are andash in the genitive the pronouns are and in the dative the pronouns are nashim and Vash in the accusative if an object is inanimate the pronouns borrow the pattern from the nominative and if an object is animate the pronouns borrow the pattern from the genitive in the instrumental the pronouns arei nimi and vashi in the prepositional the pronouns borrow the pattern from the genitive conclusively this is how possessive pronouns look like in Russian now at first glance it looks like a lot of words that need to be remembered but actually the pattern across every pronoun is very simple when we look at every pronoun each case has the same prefix just with different endings for instance the plural genitive literally has the same prefix as the masculine genitive just with the ending and the same idea applies to basically any other pronoun as a matter of fact 60% of the pronouns if not more are simply borrowed from other cases so it's really not that hard to remember however knowing when to use these pronouns can be difficult which is why I'm going to present examples of each pronoun under every case let's start with the masculine singular in the nominative which is the dictionary form of nouns and go through every case and in this case we use the nominative singular masculine and the noun Dom house these phrases are simple and so this is how every sentence will be so it's not that hard to understand when to use possessive pronouns still starting from the next case I will no longer use and because they're the same so using them every time is principally pointless here we have the masculine singular in the genitive relating to possession on is do and Y is notice how the noun do also changes and it has to change to match the genitive the same also applies to any noun in any other case all of these phrases are in the genitive and the pattern for the possessive pronouns is basically the same following the same endings here we have the masculine singular in the dative relating to Direction also has to change to fit the case which is the dative here we have two nouns one animate and one inanimate to show how these pronouns work in the accusative because the accusative works with animate and inanimate objects Vash brat is an animate object meaning brother therefore it has to change under the accusative if the object is animate like do the pattern will be the same as in the nominative here we have the masculine singular in the instrumental relating to the use with an instrument on and brat also has to change to fit the case which is the instrumental here we have the masculine singular in the prepositional relating to prepositions and also changes to fit the case which is the prepositional now let's move on to the feminine here we have the feminine singular in the nominative the dictionary form of nouns Moya Nasha Mas and vasha masch in this case the possessive pronouns change the endings to fit the feminine noun masch in the nominative now because the feminine possessive pronouns are mainly borrowed from one another the following phrases will all have the same possessive pronouns however don't get them confused just because they're in a different case here we have the feminine singular in the genitive showing possession sh andash Mas also changes but this time it fits the genitive here we have the feminine singular in the dative showing Direction and Mach also changes but this time it fits the dative here we have the feminine singular in the instrumental relating to the use with an instrument and Ma also changes but this time it's the instrumental here we have the feminine singular in the prepositional relating to prepositions Machina also changes but this time it's the prepositional here we have the accusative but in this case it doesn't matter if an object is animate or inanimate so we can just use Ma again and V Mas also changes but this time it's the accusative now let's move on to the neuter here we have the neuter singular in the nominative and in this case there is no change to the nouns but the possessive pronouns change to fit the neuter here we have the neuter singular in the genitive and lud Vash also changes to fit the genitive but in this case the possessive pronouns are the same as in the masculine actually they're all the same except for the accusative so let's have some examples here we have the neuter singular in the dative on and also changes here we have the ne singular in the instrumental and Z also changes to fit the instrumental here we have the neuter singular in the preposition and also changes to fit the prepositional here we have the accusative but in this case it doesn't matter if an object is animate or inanimate so we can just because is inanimate it doesn't change under the accusative finally let's move on to plurality and it doesn't matter what gender is used as long as the noun is plural here we have the plural in the nominative and Vash Mas also changes to fit the plurality in the nominative here we have the plural in the genitive and Mas also changes to fit the plurality in the genitive here we have the plural in in the dative and Mas also changes to fit the plurality in the dative here we have two nouns one animate and one inanimate in the accusative because in this case the pattern is different for both being borrowed from the plural nominative and genitive is an animate object meaning dog and it changes to fit the accusative along with the possessive pronoun using an inanimate object the possessive pronoun will be different and is an inanimate object meaning car and it changes to fit the accusative along with the possessive pronoun here we have the plural in the instrumental andak also changes to fit the plurality in the instrumental finally we have the plural in the prepositional and also changes to fit the plurality in the prepositional even though some sentences were sort of nonsensical it was still possible to understand how possessive pronouns work in Russian and this is how they work so in this video I would like to explain demonstrative pronouns in Russian demonstrative pronouns in Russian are commonly used when pointing to something or indicating what you're talking about in English this concept is very simple because we only have two demonstrative pronouns this and that and they only change when plural these and those this or these indicate something close by and that or those indicate something not so close in Russian there are likewise two demonstrative pronouns etot and to and they are presented in the masculine singular nominative just like with possessive pronouns them demonstratives are also affected by the six Russian cases gender and plurality but their pattern is not that hard to remember first I'll explain the pronoun etot which is this and give examples and then I'll go on to tot which is that here we have the modification pattern for etot which is this in the nominative the pattern is etot masculine this ETA feminine this etto neuter this and ET plural these the plural can apply to any gender the underlined letter e indicates that the emphasis is put on that letter and the same meaning goes to every other case in the accusative the pattern is etot inanimate masculine and etova animate masculine feminine etto neuter ET inanimate plural and animate plural neuter and feminine objects are not affected in the accusative whereas the masculine and plural are in the genitive the pattern is etova masculine etto feminine ETA neuter and plural in the dative the pattern ISU masculine etto feminine etu neuter and Tim plural in the instrumental the pattern is eim masculine etto feminine aim neuter and Tim plural in the prepositional the pattern is masculine ET feminine neuter and plural as you can see the cases are not too difficult to remember because some cases borrow the same words from one another anyhow this is how the demonstrative pronoun this works in Russian so let's have some simple sentences here we have ET in the nominative under every gender while also being plural and let's not forget that the plural can apply to any gender so in this case I'm using the noun Mas again also none of the nouns change because the nominative is the dictionary form of nouns here we have etot in the accusative under every gender and plurality don't forget that the accusative works with animate and inanimate objects so in this case some of the nouns change to fit the accusative here we have etot in the genitive under every gender and plurality and the genitive relates to possession and the nouns also have to change to fit the genitive here we have etot in the dative under every gender in plurality and the dative relates to Direction the nouns also have to change to fit the dative here we have etot in the instrumental under every gender and plurality and the instrumental works with an instrument y and the third sentence completely makes no sense but again we're focusing on demonstrative pronouns in this case the nouns change to fit the instrumental finally we have etot in the prepositional under every gender and plurality in the prepositional works with prepositions and the nouns also change to fit the prepositional I really hope that this concept makes sense and is not too difficult to understand the hard part is knowing when to use it so now let's see what the demonstrative pronoun that will look like in Russian in the nominative the pattern is to masculine that t feminine that to neuter that and T plural those don't forget that the plural can apply to any gender so the same meaning goes to every other case in the accusative the pattern is to inanimate masculine and too animate masculine to feminine to neuter T inanimate plural and animate plural just like the pronoun to also is not affected in the neuter and feminine in the genitive the pattern is to masculine toy feminine too neuter and T plural in the dative the pattern is tomu masculine toy feminine tomu neuter and Tim plural in the instrumental the pattern is Tim masculine toy feminine Tim neuter and timy plural in the prepositional the pattern is Tom masculine toy feminine Tom neuter and T plural as you can see the cases for to are also not too difficult to remember because just like etot the cases likewise borrow the same words from one another similarly when putting the two patterns next to each other it's possible to find many similarities if anything the pattern for to is basically the same as for etot without the letter e and having a few minor differences in the plural and instrumental so that's one way to remember their cases nonetheless this is how the demonstrative pronoun that works in Russian and to keep things simple let's use the same sentences as I did with the pronoun etot but this time with the pronoun tot here we have to in the nominative under every gender and plurality to and in this case the nouns do not change here we have to in the accusative under every gender and plurality and in this case some nouns change to fit the accusative here we have to in the genitive under every gender and plurality L and in this case the nouns change to fit the genitive here we have thought in the dative under every gender and plurality the nouns also have to change to fit the dative here we have taught in the instrumental under every gender and plurality saaki the third sentence makes no sense but again we're focusing on demonstrative pronouns in this case the nouns change to fit the instrumental finally we have to in the prepositional under every gender and plurality and the nouns also change to fit the prepositional in conclusion this is how demonstrated pronouns work in Russian so in this video I would like to explain personal object pronouns in Russian object pronouns in any language replace normal nouns so that you don't have to repeat nouns in the same sentence in English there are the normal personal pronouns which are I you he she it we in for formal y'all and they then there are the object pronouns that replace the nouns with an object me you him her it us informal y'all and them now in English object pronouns are separated into many categories but the biggest ones are direct and indirect object pronouns a direct object pronoun is a person or a thing that directly receives the action or effect of the verb like in the sentences he takes the gift she drives the car and they see the house the nouns can be replaced with direct object pronouns which will be he takes it she drives it and they see it other sentences can be I see you you see me we see them and she sees us all of these words are direct object pronouns indirect object pronouns are words that receive the direct object and they can answer the questions to what and to whom which is a very vital detail that I'll explain later they can be used used in sentences like he gives it to me we speak to him and I come to you to me to him and you are small phrases and they are indirect object pronouns that answer the question to whom indirect object pronouns in English also have other functions and answer more questions but it will cause more confusion if I show more so for now I will not talk about them now I showed this idea in English because Russian object pronouns will give you a different perspective on how to utilize them them and in what cases they can be shown even going as far as having the same principle in English by the end of this video you'd be surprised that object pronouns both in English and Russian are quite similar but more importantly Russian object pronouns get modified in the six Russian cases generally they're not too difficult to remember because the more you understand object pronouns the better the concept will be first to fully understand object pronouns in Russian for this lesson a reminder of the cases is needed and in this case I'll elaborate a bit more on the questions of the cases the nominative answers what and who the accusative answers what and whom and it works with animate and inanimate objects the dative answers to what and to whom the genitive answers of from what and of from whom the instrumental answers with what and with whom and the prepositional answers in on about what and in on about whom for this lesson focus on the accusative and dative because they'll make sense once we get to the English comparison of object pronouns when compared to English the accusative and dative are the cases that correlate to direct and indirect object pronouns as they are in English before showing what object pronouns look like in Russian it is important that we first cover the cases and understand the basic idea of object pronouns in Russian notice how in English I'm always saying direct and indirect because that's the system in English but in in Russian I never say direct or indirect and there's a big reason why in English object pronouns are much more categorized and specific like direct and indirect which makes sense because English in itself is very specific in Russian it's very crucial to know that you don't necessarily have the concept of direct or indirect object pronouns the reason why is because there are cases that answer the questions for which the pronouns are responsible here's a different way to think about it English has Direct object pronouns like they see it him her us and so on all of these pronouns are direct because they receive the action of the verb the explanation that I just gave is the simplest way to look at direct object pronouns in English however there's another way to identify these words and that is by asking what and whom by asking these questions and getting specific answers it's possible to conclude that whatever fits the answers must be a direct object pronoun for instance by asking they see whom we have an answer they see it him her or us it him her and us are direct object pronouns because they answer the questions what and whom now that I've just said that answering what and whom can help identify direct object pronouns here comes a different question which Russian case answers the questions what and whom it is the accusative case Russian has the accusative case which answers what and whom because English direct object pronouns can work by asking what and whom it's safe to say that the accusative case is responsible for direct object pronouns in Russian having the same questions when you think about it Russian doesn't necessarily have the directness of pronouns Russian simply has a grammatical case that will already answer the questions what and whom which is why the case automatically identifies an object pronoun as direct the accusative in Russian answers what and whom which immediately signifies that it works with direct object pronouns when compared to English because direct object pronouns in English also answer what and whom it also goes to show that the accusative works with animate and inanimate objects which in itself corresponds to object pronouns long story short Russian doesn't necessarily have direct object pronouns it has object pronouns that answer what and whom using a case but when compared to English it's possible to redefine them as direct object pronouns in the accusative now let me explain indirect object pronouns English has indirect object pronouns that formally receive direct objects and they can also answer the questions to what and to whom essentially English requires that indirect objects work with direct objects because without them there is no sense of directness or indirectness typically you'll find indirect objects in a sentence like he gives it to Emma with it being direct and to Emma being indirect to Emma can be replaced with to her or simply her he gives it to her or he gives her it in this case the indirect object pronoun answers to whom he gives it to whom he gives it to her or he gives her it now that I've just said that answering to what and to whom can help identify indirect object pronouns which Russian case answers the questions to what and to whom it is the dative case Russian has the dative case which answers to what and to whom because English indirect object pronouns can work by asking to what and to whom the dative case is responsible for indirect object pronouns in Russian just like directness Russian doesn't necessarily have indirectness of pronouns Russian has a case that will already answer the questions to what and to whom which is why the case automatically identifies an object pronoun as indirect the dative in Russian answers to what and to whom which immediately signifies that it works with indirect object pronouns when compared to English long story short Russian doesn't necessarily have indirect object pronouns it has object pronouns that answer to what and to whom using a case but when compared to English we can redefine them as indirect object pronouns in the dative this is why it's important to understand the meaning of cases before jumping into object pronouns that's why I explained this concept in the beginning so that later object pronouns are easier to understand the accusative works with animate and inanimate objects so it's safe to say that it works with direct object pronouns because it answers one and whom the same questions that English answers the dative works with Direction and this is very important because the direction will always ask to what and to whom these are the questions that the dative answers which in English correspond with indirect object pronouns to what and to whom I really hope that you can see a pattern here which is what I meant when I said that object pronouns both in English and Russian have the same principle with that being said we can finally look at what object pronouns look like in Russian considering that we know their use this is what object pronouns in Russian look like in the six cases in the nominative the pronouns are yah I the U on he Ona she me we V Y and they there's also the pronoun on which means it and even though we don't see it on the chart it has the same pattern as the pronoun on so we don't have to worry about it in the accusative the pronouns are me you ye him her Nas us v y and them in this case the pronouns and have the same grammar as with possessive pronouns but do not confuse them now starting from the dative onward because the six Russian cases ask questions with different prepositions such as of from what and of from whom each object pronoun will be defined with the preposition that's related to the case in the dative the pronouns are literally meaning to me literally meaning to you Yu to him y to her Nam to us vam to y'all and IM to them in the genitive the pattern is borrowed from the accusative which is something that you commonly see in object pronouns in Russian still do not confuse them just because it's a different case in the genitive M would mean of or from me Tiba would be of or from you and so on in the instrumental the pronouns are with me tooy with you IM with him yay with her Nami with us vami with y'all and with them in the prepositional the pronouns are in on about me in on about you him her Nas us v y and them before showing examples in every case there are a few things to know about these object pronouns first the nominative is highlighted because these pronouns are the main personal pronouns in English they're written in the dictionary form which is the nominative second the accusative and dative are marked because they go back on what I said about direct and indirect object pronouns when compared to English the accusative answers why and whom which works with direct object pronouns and the dative answers to what and to whom working with indirect object pronouns that's the reason why they're marked third object pronouns in Russian are not that hard to remember because some cases tend to borrow the same words grammatically fourth and this is a spelling rule the pronouns on Ona and Oni receive the consonant n if there's any type of preposition before it and this rule applies in the dative genitive instrumental and prepositional from him from her from them to him to her to them Sim with him with her Andi with them now because the prepositional obviously works with prepositions the consonant n is automatically placed in those pronouns which which is why you immediately see it in the prepositional but not in the genitive dative OR instrumental still watch out for this rule the last thing to know about object pronouns and this is something for the next video is that due to some cases Russian uses these object pronouns in correlation to complex sentence structures it's something known as impersonal speech and possessive constructions Russian commonly uses impersonal speech to express feelings or the state of something which happens when a person or thing is affected in the data because some of the functions of the dative are emotional and physical States conjunction with verbs addressing age and some prepositions for instance the dative has the pronoun which literally means to me and in Russian we can say and some Educators would say that this means I like and I'm cold but visually it connects more to to me it's pleasing and to me it's cold this speech is impersonal which puts verbs in the reflexive form because they're expressed without an object in the sentence this is simply a grammatical feature of Russian because the dative is used so there may or may not be an object the same thing could be said about a possessive construction using the genitive for instance in English we use the verb to have to show that we possess something like I have a dog Russian completely doesn't have the verb to have so it relies on a possessive construction using an object pronoun from the genitive like some would say that this phrase means I have a dog but constructively it's more like by me there is a dog the same thing can be done with a phrase like it doesn't necessarily mean he's not here as much as of him none is here Russian does that because there's a reason in culture for using existential Clauses to indicate possession all of this is something that I'll explain in the next video which is why it's important to understand object pronouns first so that future Concepts will be understood much better now let's finally jump into some examples here we have object pronouns in the nominative and because the nominative is the dictionary form these examples are the easiest y i t you on he Ona she M we V y'all and on they here we have object pronouns in the accusative and when compared to English they answer one and whom and work with objects so in this case all object pronouns are direct also considering that the accusative works with animate and inanimate objects personal object pronouns are all animate by default because persons or people are all animate which is why there is no separation of inanimate objects the following phrases are also very easy to understand Adam and Adam here we have object pronouns in the dative ad Adam and Adam IM when compared to English the data of answers to what and to whom so in this case all object pronouns are indirect now because Russian doesn't necessarily have directness or indirectness of object pronouns you don't need the other case to rely on the first one here's what mean in English we can say he sees me and he gives me me in the first phrase is direct because by asking whom we have an answer he sees whom he sees me me in the second phrase is indirect because by asking to whom we have an answer he gives to whom he gives to me or me typically it's not formal to say he gives me we usually complete the sentence by accompanying something direct like he gives it it to me me is now to me as opposed to he gives me it it just so happens that English can rewrite the sentence but conversationally we can leave it out and me will still be indirect now we can take this concept and finish all of these sentences in Russian by simply adding a direct object pronoun like it which in Russian is simply ET Adam Adam gives me it Adam Adam gives you itam and so on the object pronouns and me both in Russian and English are still indirect because they both answer the questions to what and to whom and the same applies to the rest of the pronouns in Russian it's automatically shown using a case that answers the question and in English it's the rule for indirect object pronouns you can just see that Russian does the same thing but in cases what makes English different than Russian is that the grammar for direct and indirect object pronouns is literally the same in Russian it's different which is why it's easy to distinguish directness from indirectness one because the grammar is different and two Russian has cases like the accusative and dative which answer specific questions automatically letting us know what specific pronouns will fall into what case speaking of specific pronouns we can confirm that the dative is in fact the dative by applying a preposition just like in English he gives me it can be Rewritten as he gives it to me but in Russian we don't need the preposition because we automatically know that the dative already answers to what and to whom however we can provide simpler sentences that will have a preposition so that way we can guarantee that it's the dative and avoid complications on the way Adam Adam Adam Adam and Adam in the first phrase changes to co and it's a simple spelling rule don't worry too much about that in these sentences we're using the same dat of grammar but this time we have a preposition so we know it's the dative without any complication the only change is that we're adding the consonant to and IM because it's a spelling rule don't forget that the same idea applies to the genitive and instrumental and starting from now the rest of the examples will have prepositions and minor changes in the on Ona and Oni pronouns here we have object pronouns in the genitive with the same accusative grammar still there's a big difference because the genitive answers of from what and of from whom as opposed to Simply what and whom in this case we're using a preposition with the genitive and the consonant n is added to because there's a preposition before as a side note comes from the verb which in itself comes from the verb meaning to walk or to go means to walk or go and means to walk or go away that's the meaning behind that here we have object pronouns in the instrumental again using a preposition and having minor changes in the and pronouns andam the consonant n is added to IM Y and because there's a preposition before in the first sentence changes to so and it's a simple spelling rule finally we have object pronouns in the prepositional the prepositional obviously works with prepositions so automatically the consonant n will be placed in the on on and pronouns Adam goit on us Adam goit of us and Adam in the first sentence o changes to OBO and it's a simple spelling rule in conclusion this is the primary usage and understanding of object pronouns in Russian in the next video I'll show more sophisticated sentences of object pronouns that are required for such Concepts the next video will explain possessive constructions in impersonal speech that's why it's important to show them now so that future Concepts will be understood much better additionally more explanations of the Russian cases will be shown to elaborate more on object pronouns and how they function in each Russian case so in this video I would like to explain impersonal and special constructions with object pronouns in the genitive case in Russian before immediately explaining the subject matter it is important that I first remind what I covered in the previous video in the previous video I covered object pronouns in Russian that can be used in the six Russian cases even though there was a lot of information there is still a lot more to know because in this video I'll explain the remaining fundamentals of object pronouns and how they relate to the genitive it was very significant to show object pronouns and cover only the main functions of each Russian case before explaining every single aspect of object pronouns in the six cases in my first videos about Russian I explained the grammatical ideas of each Russian case like when and how to use it however the smaller concepts of each case are something that I did not cover and I did it on purpose because to fully understand them you first need to understand object pronouns in Russian aside from direct and indirect object pronouns which I already explained in this video I'll explain the genitive case more specifically to show how object pronouns must be used in it these are the main Concepts that I showed in my first video about the genitive but I never fully explained them now I can finally explain them because these Concepts utilize object pronouns as a reminder the genitive answers the questions of from what and of from whom and its main functions are absence attribution and possession which are basically the same thing a very vital topic that I said in the previous video was possessive constructions a possessive Construction in Russian is an idea that relates to possession which is a way of saying to have because the genitive works with possession it is no wonder why possessive constructions are related to the genitive anyhow you should always know that Russian doesn't construct to have like in English Russian doesn't have the verb to have like in English but it does doesn't mean that the construction doesn't exist to show that someone possesses something in Russian we have to use the words o meaning by and yes meaning there is or simply is there is no exact way to translate this concept into English but generally it's simpler to understand using basic sentences in this case a pronoun following the word u is used in the genitive and the word yes follows the pronoun here are some examples Anda don't forget that the consonant n is placed in the on on and on pronouns when there's a preposition before now generally there isn't a big difference between the grammar in English and Russian in English have stays have in every pronoun except in he and she Additionally the construction u in Russian can work with any noun in any case without any changes the noun can be masculine feminine neuter or plural and the construction will not change because it's impersonal however just by looking at the phrases in Russian it doesn't make sense that these are the translations because in English we have the personal subjects the verb and then an object in Russian we we have the construction U an object pronoun in the genitive another construction Y and then an object so in other words the way of expressing possession is visually and meaningfully not the same as in English the true meaning behind possessive constructions is that they don't necessarily mean to have in Russian more or less they all mean by me you him her us y'all and them there is a dog this is a more logical explanation than simply saying I have you have and so on that that's the true meaning behind possessive constructions in Russian now of course nobody speaks like that in English so it has to be translated in a far more conversational manner I have a dog by me there is a dog this is the first and main function of the genitive which is very important to understand and the same concept can be expressed with literally any noun or pronoun the second function of the genitive is the concept of absence or denial which can be connected to the concept of possession however what's important to know about denial in the genitive is that it's only used to modify nouns and pronouns that are directly absent showing that someone doesn't have something or indicating what or who is missing using the genitive endings for instance the sentence I have a dog is written in a way where the subject soaka is unmodified because there is a form of possession however if I say I do not have a dog then the sentence expresses absence and denies that I have a dog which uses the singular form of a feminine noun in the genitive in this case we're using the possessive construction by me which shows that there is no dog the noun soaka is in the genitive and shows that the dog is the absent object the same concept can be made with any noun and any quantity like and is a masculine noun and because it's absent it's in the genitive masculine singular OK is a neuter noun and because it's absent it's in the genitive neuter singular the nouns in the plural all take form in the Gena of plural under the correct genders because this lesson mainly focuses on object pronouns we can replace the nouns with pronouns and say and I don't have him or it I don't have her and I don't have them the object pronouns can refer to people places things or ideas because they all replace nouns with pronouns still the true meaning would be by me none is of him it her or them of course nobody speaks like this so it has to be translated into I don't have him it her or them furthermore the Russian word net means no but it can also mean there is not these meanings are very similar because they indicate that there isn't anything at all showing absence when it's used with something or someone a very good example of that can be Nas thiss this ands this these sentences don't necessarily mean I am not here you are not here he's not here their true meaning is something like of me none is here of you none is here of him none is here and so on anyhow this is how possessive constructions and the concept of absence work in the genitive and if I had to choose I would say that possessive constructions like um are by far the most useful essentially these are not the only uses of the genitive in my first video about the genitive I included other functions of the genitive like description time quantitative determiners cardinal numbers location and special prepositions because the emphasis of this video is on object pronouns in the genitive I will not cover all of these Concepts because it's impossible to use object pronouns with some of them and also because I already explained them description time and quantitative determiners are Concepts that I touched upon so there is no point in covering them again however now we can look at card numbers location and special prepositions more specifically cardinal numbers are numbers that denote a quantity such as one 2 3 4 5 and so on in Russian these numbers are three and so on the genitive case is used for the singular form of and chia and the plural form for Pat onward the reason why cardinal numbers are vital inative is because they are connected to possession and absence it is possible to use denial with possession and cardinal numbers with denial and possession but first a small reminder of the numbers is needed let's use the following masculine feminine neuter and plural nouns Odin staka andok in this case the written numbers also change to fit the gender of the nouns now let's write them in in this case the nouns all take the singular genitive form under the correct genders the only difference is that in the feminine noun soaka changes to and it's a simple spelling rule now let's write them in Pat onward Pat stof P soak and Pat OK in this case the nouns all take the plural genitive form under the correct genders and OK has a minor spelling change now that I've shown how cardinal numbers work in Russian we can put them in the possessive construction and their forms will be the same we're using the possessive construction along with the corresponding numbers of the noun sto now we can do the same thing but with a feminine noun like soak the corresponding numbers perfectly match the feminine noun soaka in the genitive now let's do the same thing but with a neuter noun P okon the corresponding numbers perfectly match the neuter noun OK in the genitive now we can take all of these phrases and apply them to the concept of denial and the nouns are put in the singular genitive under the correct genders and in the plural they look like this and the nouns are put in the plural genitive under the correct genders this is how cardinal numbers work in the genitive now let's move on to location location is possibly the easiest Concept in the generative because it typically works when the location is at someone's workplace and it also uses the possessive construction U I am at doctors y I'm at the University I am at the school and I am at the hospital the following nouns are all in the genitive singular under the correct genders but the nouns can also be object pronouns like Adam don't forget about the consonant n in this case we're using object pronouns to express the location but the true meaning is something like by me there is Adam by you there is Adam and so on finally we have special prepositions in the genitive like for without by until near at and apart from and I'm not going to cover all of them but still you should always understand that these pronouns are special in the genitive because they always correlate to possession or absence for instance the preposition for which is is used in the genitive because the act of expressing possession is present in the preposition itself and don't forget about the consonant n just like with possession the same thing can be done with a preposition like without which is Biz this preposition expresses a form of absence which is why it is used in the genitive Adam Adam Adamas Adamas and Adam B don't forget about the consonant n this is how special prepositions work in the genitive they all correlate to possession or absence conclusively this is how impersonal constructions work with object pronouns in the genitive case in Russian you should always remember that the genitive answers the questions of from what and of from whom Cho but in special constructions these questions can expand these questions can always be checked in any sentence which is why it's possible to ask them across every example that I gave for instance we can ask soaka by whom is there a dog or formally who has a dog by me there is a dog or formally I have a dog the same thing can be done with Adam biso by asking these questions and getting the right answers that's how it's fully possible to understand the genitive as a whole both within personal constructions and object pronouns so in this video I would like to explain in personal and special constructions with object pronouns in the dative case in Russian in my first videos about Russian I explained the grammatical ideas of the dative but the smaller concepts of the dative are something that I did not cover because to fully understand them you first need to understand object pronouns in Russian I already made a video talking about object pronouns in Russian so aside from directness or indirectness in this video I'll explain the dative case more specifically to show how object pronouns must be used in it these are the main Concepts that I showed in my first video about the dative but I never fully explained them now I can finally explain them because these Concepts utilize object pronouns as a reminder the dative answers to what and to whom and its main function is Direction expressing something to someone Direction in the dative always means to something or to someone which ultimately makes the questions to what and to whom this means that object pronouns in the D will always have the preposition to before them and in case you forgot here are the object pronouns in the dative in Russian doesn't simply mean me it means to me TI doesn't simply mean you it means to you and so on the reason why I'm providing this explanation is because to fully understand the dative we always have to ask to what and to whom the dative is a special case in Russian because by asking to what and to whom we simplify the learning process so that it's simpler to understand unlike the genitive from the previous video in the dative I will ask the questions in every example that I give anyhow aside from Direction the dative also has the following uses emotional and physical States conjunctive verbs addressing age and special prepositions let's begin with emotional and physical States emotional and physical States indicate the state of a subject which expresses feelings these states always correlate to what and to whom because they always point to a direction and they always work with object pronouns in the dative here are some examples I am cold I am hot I am bored and I am sad again let's not forget that the reason why these adjectives are used in the dative is because they already show a form of Direction and you're about to see why as a side note I'll obviously not list every adjective in the dative but you get the idea at first glance there isn't a big difference between the grammar in English and Russian in English we use a personal pronoun the corresponding verb and then the adjective in Russian we use an object pronoun and then an adjective just by looking at the phrases in Russian it doesn't make sense that these are the translations because the construction is different so the way of expressing States is visually and meaningfully not the same as in English the true meaning behind emotional and physical States is that they don't necessarily use personal pronouns in Russian instead what they really mean is to me it's C it's hot it's boring and it's sad this is a more logical explanation than simply saying I am cold of course nobody speaks like this so we need a better translation like I am cold we can further prove that these states are in the dative by asking to whom is it called to me it's called if suppose we ask what is called then we're asking what's called in general like a cold object even then it will be denominative but in this lesson we're focusing on the dative anyhow this is how emotional and physical States work with object pronouns in the dative still these adjectives are not the only way to show a state in the dative we can use reflexive verbs to show how we feel even though it's a topic for a few video using one useful verb will not hurt anybody and just from one verb we can make many sentences for instance Russian has the verb which means to like it's a reflexive verb because it ends in and also because you apply to yourself still this is a very important verb that can be used in the dative and it only has two conjugations singular and plural and we can say the following phrases and IM once again just by looking at the phrases in Russian it doesn't make sense that these are the translations because the construction is different the true meaning behind this verb is that it doesn't necessarily use personal pronouns in Russian instead what it really means is to me to you to him her us y'all and them it's likable this is a more logical explanation than simply saying I I like of course nobody speaks like this so we need a better translation like I like we can further extend the verb by using a singular noun like and so on it doesn't mean I like Las Vegas as much as to me Las Vegas is likable and we can check to see if it's the dative by asking kumu lasas to whom is Las Vegas likable to me Las Vegas is likable because Russian is expressive we can rephrase the sentence so it's similar to English Las lasas is likable to whom Las Vegas is likable to me now to express this verb in the plural it will look like this and so on in this case changes to so it's a onlet change as always we ask to whom are dogs likable to me dogs are likable if you want you can rephrase the sentence to match the order of the words as in English still is not the only verb that's used with emotional and physical States there's also this verb which means means to need the verb no is very useful to know in the dative because it gives an emotional desire expressing a need what's tricky about nno is that it changes under gender and plurality yet it still uses object pronouns and maintains the regular dative grammar and questions here's an example in the masculine I need a table changes to Nan to fit the masculine noun sto this phrase doesn't really mean I need a table as much as to me a table is needed a table is needed to whom a table is needed to me it's also possible to rephrase it but nobody speaks like this that's why we need a better translation like I need a table here is an example in the feminine I need a car no changes to to fit the feminine n Mas it doesn't really mean I need a car as much as to me a car is needed a car is needed to whom a car is needed to me here is an example in the Neuer I need a window stays to fit the ne noun OK it doesn't really mean I need a window as much as to me a window is needed a window is needed to whom a window is needed to me here's a plural example I need documents changes to fit the plurality regardless of the nouns gender it doesn't really mean I need documents as much as to me documents are need documents are needed to whom documents are needed to me this is how States fully work with object pronouns in the dative essentially emotional and physical states are not the only function of the dative there are conjunctive verbs addressing age and special prepositions let's continue with conjunctive verbs conjunctive verbs in Russian are verbs that already connected the dative by showing direction to something or someone again by asking to what and to whom of course I will not list every verb that there is but common ones are to go to to call to and D to give to all of these verbs are special because they all connect to some form of Direction with the simplest one being the most common examples can be and these are examples that I gave in the previous videos still presenting them now is more valuable because we can now ask and so on here's the verb and so on the verb is associated with Direction because we can ask Adam calls to whom Adam calls to me here is the verb and so on I already gave these examples but presenting them now is better because we can ask Adam gives to whom Adam gives to me this is how object pronouns work with conjunctive verbs in the dative in Russian furthermore the dative has two more functions under which object pronouns can be used and these are addresses and age now before fully explaining them this is where I would like to show a specific category of the dative under which every other concept Falls and it's called a subjective function with impersonal construction this category has emotional and physical States and conjunctive verbs under impersonal construction by using object pronouns to describe subjects for instance saying Adam calls me signifies an impersonal construction because we're using a conjunctive verb to call along with a dative object pronoun also me is is the object to whom something is addressed which is where you get this function Adam calls to whom Adam calls me Adam a different example can be he needs help in this case we have a verb in an emotional state and also we're using the feminine nna to fit the feminine noun pomos it doesn't really mean he needs help as much as to him help is needed if you want you can rephrase the words so it's similar to englishu help is needed to whom help is needed to him in addition Yu is the object to whom something is addressed this is how addressing works in the dative with object pronouns here we have the concept of H and it can be tricky because the word years can change under cardinal numbers for instance if I say he is 2 3 or 4 years old the phrase will be it doesn't really mean he is 2 years old as much as to him it's 2 years we can also ask to whom is it two years to him it's two years that's the first concept of age and it can be used with any other object pronoun however when using numbers above five the word god changes to and it's done on purpose because of cardinal numbers above five which in this case changes the word completely let's use my age as an example it doesn't really mean I am 20 years old as much as to me it's 20 years we can also ask to whom is it 20 years to me it's 20 years that's how age works in the dative with object pronouns finally the last use of the dative with object pronouns is special prepositions that already correlate to Direction aside from the preposition c meaning to the dative uses other prepositions that connect to Direction even when putting them in English of course I will not list every preposition but you get the idea two common ones are blod meaning thanks to and soas according to and here are some [Music] examples I won thanks to him this sentence correctly translates to English at the same time we can ask y I won thanks to whom I won thanks to him here is another example so glass according to me you lost this sentence also correctly translates to English we can also ask according to whom did you lose according to me you lost this is how special prepositions work in the dative with object pronouns in conclusion this is how impersonal constructions work in the dative in Russian always remember that in the dative every concept connects to Direction Just in different forms every concept that I showed throughout the video can somehow be linked to direction direction relates to the dative using verbs emotional and physical States relate to direction using adjectives and object pronouns conjunctive verbs relate to direction using verbs that already have a directional connotation age relates to direction using an impersonal construction and special prepositions are special in the dative because they relate to some form of Direction so in this video I would like to explain the remaining special constructions with object pronouns that are left in the accusative instrumental and prepositional cases in my two previous videos I explained the remaining functions of the genitive and dative and how object pronouns must be used in some cases in this video I'll finish the remaining special constructions with object pronouns in the accusative instrumental and prepositional here it's going to be more difficult to connect object pronouns with the remain remaining cases so instead I'll elaborate more on the uses of the cases that I did not cover in my first videos about Russian even though I mention them I'll try my best to connect object pronouns wherever I can to any case that I can let's begin with the accusative the main use of the accusative is animate and inanimate objects that are all direct while its minor functions are the outside states of subjects and circumstantial functioning direct animate and inanimate objects are something I covered many times so this time I'll give a new approach to object pronouns in the accusative despite being used many times we can have sentences that we did not have previously like ones that have gender and quantity these sentences are in the accusative and the nouns within them are also in the accusative the masculine and neuter don't change gramat Ally but the feminine and plural have to change also the verb kit changes to poat to give a different literal meaning still each noun has a different gender but we can replace them with object pronouns like and now the meaning is it's important to buy it or them which can be Y and and if it's plural the object pronoun is the second function of the the accusative is an outside state of a subject an outside state of a subject is a state that has outside forces that do not have any involvement in the subject and it can be in a sentence like I am nauseated just by looking at the phrase it doesn't make sense that this is the translation because the construction is different as a native Russian speaker the closest connection that I can make to English is something like me it's nauseating even so it's better to rephrase it so it perfectly connects with with English it's nauseating me it doesn't really mean I am nauseated as much as it's nauseating me the same thing could be done with different object pronouns like he is nauseated to it's nauseating him she is nauseated it's nauseating her of course nobody speaks like this so we need a better translation an outside state of a subject is actually a very difficult concept to understand so generally I do not recommend focusing on it the last function of the accusative is a circumstantial function with a preposition circumstantial functioning indicates the circumstances of spatial Direction time and other details generally it's not used that much but a useful phrase can be We Gather into a circle is the subject is a conjugated reflexive verb for the pronoun me and is is the accusative masculine object that doesn't change using an object pronoun we'll have We Gather into it me so because is a masculine noun its object pronoun will be and because we have a preposition before it we cannot forget about the consonant n this is also a very difficult concept to understand so I do not recommend focusing on it if anything the best way to use the accusative is direct object pronouns so that's about it let's continue with the instrumental the main use of the instrumental is when an action is done using an instrument and the best preposition to use is with which is s however the instrumental can be tedious because it has more functions than any other case and you should always know that all functions in the instrumental somehow relate to an action being performed with an instrument and you're about to see how the first function is the preposition s which is performed with an instrument Adam walks with me you him her us your all on them adami and snei even though I already gave these examples it's now better to show them again the second function of the instrumental is the means by which something is done an example of that can be I love to paint with beautiful colors which explains the means by which something is done this sentence doesn't necessarily use the preposition with as much as the word using I love to paint using beautiful colors in Russian you don't need the word using because we already know that the sentence expresses an action performed with an instrument at the same time we can replace it with an object pronoun I love to paint using them here we have an agent an agent shows when something is made by someone or using someone again relating to an action being performed with an instrument planam the plan was done by Adam or using Adam this example shows an agent and we can replace it with an object pronoun the plan was done by him or using him here we have a reason a reason is mainly used with special verbs that already connect to some form of an action being performed with an instrument personally I cannot think of too many of them but a useful one isit meaning to be sick with I am sick with the flu we can replace it with an object pronoun which would [Music] be I am sick with it in this case we don't need the preposition with in Russian because we know that it's instrumental here we have a measurement a measurement describes an action as a quantity which means that nouns in this case will always be plural letters come in in packs water gets delivered in liters it's impossible to connect object pronouns here and even then it's a concept that is not used that often so I do not recommend focusing on it here we have a comparison a comparison is often used figuratively like an idiom similes and new phrases but not conversationally he flew out of there like a bullet this function is very difficult to understand and there are not many possible applications with it so I don't recommend focusing on it here we have time time is actually a function in the genitive that uses cardinal numbers but in this case we have time in the instrumental so do not confuse them time in the instrumental is used with singular nouns depicting a single moment in time along with plural nouns that describe a repeating action in time in the morning they set off late at night they left this function is also very difficult to understand and there are not many possible applications with it so I don't recommend focusing on it here we have a trajectory this function is used when describing the trajectory of someone's journey and it can be used with verbs that already have an instrumental function like to drive or ride and to go or walk I need to go by foot I need to ride by car in these examples we're using the dative construction and then completing it with an instrumental one here we have the last function of the instrumental which is special prepositions special prepositions in the instrumental are ones that already relate to an action being performed with an instrument like behind between over or above in front of and under these prepositions are special because they already have an instrumental function plus they go very well with object pronouns here we have the preposition behind meaning zaah which has an instrumental function Nami vami e Adam is behind me you him her us y'all and them because we're using a preposition don't forget about the consonant n in the on on and on pronouns here we have the instrumental preposition between meaning Adam is between me and you Adam Adam is between him and them Adam M Adam is between us and yall don't forget about the consonant n here we have the instrumental preposition over or above meaning nadam Adam is above me and you Adam in Adam is above him and them adami iami Adam is above us in y all don't forget about the continent n and also this is where some examples will be nonsensical but again this video is on the remaining uses of the cases and special constructions with object pronouns here we have the instrumental preposition under meaning Adam is under me and you Adam put Nim inimi Adam is under him and them Adam Nami iami Adam is under us and yall don't forget about the consonant n here we have the instrumental phrase in front of meaning Boy Adam is in front of me and you Adam ped n in Adam is in front of him and them Adam P Nami iami Adam is in front of us and Y all don't forget about the consonant n finally let's finish with the prepositional the main use of the prepositional is prepositions and verbs that relate to speech thought and emot tional State however the prepositional works with prepositions when an object is accompanied by special prepositions like na on V in and O about which is the most common one the reason the prepositional uses these prepositions is to reserve locations in which the respective action or state is fully contained that's why some prepositions connect to different questions in different cases but others remain in one case anyhow rather than show individual examples of each preposition examples can be made using special prepositions by directly putting them into verbs related to speech thought and emotional state in other words the following examples will be combined with special verbs and prepositions so that way it's better to understand how to use them here we have special verbs related to speech personally I cannot think of that many verbs that are related to Speech but a useful one can be goit o speak about Adam speaks about me you him her us y'all and them I already gave this example but it's better to show it again because now you know that the verb go O is a verb that is related to speech also the consonant n is automatically placed in the on on and on pronouns because there's already a preposition here we have special verbs related to thought like like think about and forget about a good example of that can be I think about you him and her you forgot about us and Them the consonant n is automatically placed here we have special verbs related to emotional state personally I cannot think of that many verbs that relate to emotional state but a useful one can be to worry about this is a reflexive verb ending in and it's a concept for a future video but still using it will not hurt anybody Adam worries about me you him her Y and them at last let's finish the prepositional with the remaining prepositions here we have the preposition V which is in and in this case we're using nouns of all genders and quantity Adam is in the house Adam Adam is in the car Adam Adam is in the building Adam is in the houses the last sentence doesn't make sense but again we're focusing on prepositions we can replace every noun with an object pronoun considering the genders like Adam Adam Adam and Adam the consonant n is automatically placed here we have the preposition n which is an and all of these examples somewhat do not make sense Adam is on the house adami Adam is on the car Adam Adam is on the building Adam NZ Adam is on the houses Adam we can replace every noun with an object pronoun considering the genders like Adam N and AD this is how prepositions and special verbs work with object pronouns in the prepositional in conclusion this is how the six Russian cases work with object pronouns in every special and impersonal construction throughout these videos I completely dedicated my time to explaining the remaining functions of the six cases how object pronouns work with them and what special constructions each case has this accomplishment was the completion of every construction function and exception that is needed to understand the six Russian cases like what to know about them when to use them and how to use them the next topics on Russian will be much simpler because starting now there is no need to continue explaining the six cases which took a very long time to teach the six Russian cases are by far the hardest thing about Russian and because I finished covering them along with imp personal constructions and object pronouns everything onward will be faster and simpler to understand so in this video I would like to explain perfective and imperfective aspects of verbs in Russian because aspects are related to the tenses it is important that we first cover the tenses Russian has only three tenses of time the past present and future unlike English which has continuous and perfect tenses in Russian aspects are used to indicate if an action was completed successfully or is still ongoing a day can be used in the past and future tenses when speaking in the present tense the aspects are not needed because it is not possible to speak about the completion of an action in the present moment basically aspects in Russian indicate whether an action was or will be completed or is still ongoing but tenses indicate when an action happened so do not confuse them because aspects indicate if an action is fully completed or is still ongoing it is very important that I first showed this concept in English so that later it's simpler in Russian aspects have a lot more to them because they illustrate the difference between times especially when you compare them to English still their use is way more defined in Russian to fully understand the two aspects you first need to know the grammar of past and future verbs because visually it would make much more sense however the grammar of past and future verbs in Russian is a bigger topic that needs more explanation for the next videos but still I'll present some examples in this video just to give some sense of the aspects aspects of verbs can be used in the past in the future and the aspects are are the perfective and imperfective the perfective refers to actions that were or will be completed successfully and there's a big emphasis on the word successfully when an action was or will be completed successfully it implies that the action cannot be undone and cannot change therefore indicating Simplicity and the fact that the action was perfective without any internal changes for now try to think of the perfective as the past or future simple as in English the imperfective indicates an action that one or will be incomplete ongoing habitual not finished Progressive or continuous and the last word is something to keep in mind because I'll use it a lot throughout the video the imperfective ultimately describes an action but the outcomes of the action do not matter now before moving on there's a quick explanation that I would like to redefine which is something that I said in my first video about Russian and it's something very relevant for this video once I did say that English has no equivalent to the imperfective and that Russian doesn't have continuous or perfect tenses while some of that is true it's not necessarily that English has no equivalent to the imperfective because this video focuses on the aspects of verbs it would not be fair to not compare it to English I did say that the perfective is equal to the past or future simple but the imperfective can be equivalent to multiple aspects of the past or future in English Russian has the aspects of the continuous or Progressive which is the equivalence of the imperfective however Russian has no tense for it when I said that Russian doesn't have continuous or perfect tenses it means that the grammar like Ing and to have to had in English does not exist in Russian rather it has aspects but not tenses English has tenses like the past Progressive past perfect future perfect and so on but Russian only has aspects of the tenses perfective and imperfective in the past and future I just wanted to quickly correct myself on that because it will be relevant in the aspects and here is what I mean suppose we have this verbot meaning to work and we want to put it in the past tense how many different variations of it are possible in Russian only one in the past y we're using the pronoun yah and I did say that the grammar of past and future verbs is for the next video but using some grammar here will not hurt anybody now how many continuous past variations of it are possible in English I was working I have worked I had worked I have been working and I had been working in English there are four to five ways to express a verb in the continuous past this is what I meant when I said that English has continuous perfect and Progressive tenses Russian doesn't have any of that in the past tense whereas English has many but it doesn't mean that Russian cannot be compared to that the continuous perfect and Progressive tenses in English all share one common concept that can be linked with Russian they're all ongoing actions the imperfective in Russian is also ongoing expressing an action that is still happening in time therefore it's safe to say that the imperfective aspect in Russian is equivalent to the ongoing tenses in English y doesn't mean I worked it can mean any of these tenses not because they simply happened it's because they're still happening that's the connection between tenses and aspects in English and Russian and when comparing them the closest tense to Russian is probably the past Progressive yabal means I was working as opposed to I worked this is how the imperfective works in Russian and how it also can be compared to English now the perfective aspect in Russian indicates an action that was or will be fully completed and the easiest way to form it is to put a prefix before the infinitive of the verb typically it's po to make a different meaning in fact there are many ways to identify perfected verbs and it's something I'll explain in a few minutes still we can take rot put Po in the beginning and we'll have po touch this verb still means to work but it can only be used in the past and future because we're working in the past we want to keep it in the past and it will be yal as I said the perfective is equal to the past or future simple in English and considering that I already showed the continuous variations of this verb in the past in English it's safe to say that y simply means I worked it means I worked in the perfective not because it's still happening it's because it fully happened and it's fully completed this is what I meant when I said that actions in the perspective cannot be undone without any internal changes indicating Simplicity and the closest English Concepts that connected that are the past and future simpol that's the connection between tenses and aspects in English and Russian and this is how the imperfective and perfective work in the past tense now let's see what the verb will look like in the future how many different variations of it are possible in Russia only one in the future and it would be now how many continuous future variations of it are possible in English I'm going to work I will be working and I will have worked in English there are three ways to express a verb in the future and the following variations are all continuous and ongoing the imperfective in Russian is also continuous and ongoing therefore y can mean any of these variations because they're still happening and the closest tense to Russian is probably the future Progressive y means I will be working as opposed to I will work this is how the imperfective works in the future now let's see the perfective the perfective in the future will have the same prefix and infinitive as in the past but the conjugation for the future will be different still means to work and in the future it will be y the conjugation is basically the same as in the present just with the prefix po considering that I already showed the continuous variations of this verb in the future in English it's safe to say that y simply means I will work because the action will fully be completed this is how the imperfective and perfective work in the future tense and the same idea applies to any verb that there is in Russian but to fully understand verbs we need to cover the past and future grammar this concept is for the next videos nonetheless the simplest way to understand the perfective and imperfective in Russian is to remember that a verb with a prefix is perfective and is equal to the past or future simple in English if a verb has no prefix it's imperfective which is equal to any continuous past or future tense in English again I will not go into the grammar of the past and future but these are some useful verbs to know for this verb has the prefix pro this one has the prefix V yes of course many other verbs have other prefixes so I will not cover all of them furthermore there are more ways to tell the difference between perfective and imperfective verbs one way is a letter change inside the verb like and another way can be an infix that's added or omitted from a verb the last way can be irregular exceptions like and it's important to note that whenever you the form of the perfective whether it's a prefix a letter change an infix or an exception always remember that that verb can only be used in the past and future and not in the present that's why it's better to learn both perfective and imperfective aspects of verbs often you will not see that many perfective verbs so therefore you'll have to use the imperfective which is very good because in case you don't know which aspect to use using the imperfective will always be simpler and more understandable in English we tend to use the Contin ongoing aspects way more than the simple ones which is why English aspects like progressives and perfects have more emphasis and thus are used more in conclusion it's very simple to remember these definitions because the perfective and imperfective only affect the past and the future and also there are more ways to remember them for instance the perpective is used for single events in time where the event was or will be fully and successfully completed unless it's in the negative using the negative with perfective verbs indicates that the person failed to do the action and it's a concept for a future video instead using the imperfective in the negative will mean that the action did not happen Additionally the imperfective can be used in the present tense because the action is still ongoing by definition like Y and in the perfective it's not possible to put a verb in the present because there is no notion of an action that was or will be completed in the present moment actions that are repeated and unspecified number of times are also imperfective Expressions when you specify a length of time also use the imperfective verbs that Express the state of something rather than an action also use the imperfective expressing something that didn't happen needs to be expressed in the imperfective and if there is no result of the action or it wasn't successfully completed the imperfective is also used so in this video I would like to explain how to conjugate verbs in the past tense in Russian the past tense in Russian talks about events that already happened and Russian doesn't have any continuous or Progressive past tenses like English instead Russian has the perfective which implies that the action was completed successfully and the imperfective which indicates that the action is still ongoing and continuous in time I already explained this concept in the previous video and it will be very useful for this one additionally this is where I'll show many types of verbs that have different endings which is something I showed when I talked about verb conjugation in the present tense these endings are significant for verb conjugation in the past because forming verbs in the past in Russian will combine all verb endings both in the perfective and imperfective which are needed for the past essentially it is one of the easiest conjugations in Russian so it will not be difficult to remember it in Russian the past tense is formed differently than the present tense in the present tense there are two patterns with six different conjugations for the six pronouns but in the past there's only one pattern that focuses on the gender and quantity of the subject to do this we use the grammatical gender of the subject which can be a pronoun noun or any object if the subject is a real person you would select the masculine or feminine gender if the subject is plural you would select the plural form by conjugating you simply drop the ending of the verb keep the stem and add one of the following endings in the singular masculine subjects like y the masculine ending is L in the singular feminine subjects which could be y on na the feminine ending is La Y in t can be feminine if the speaker is a woman in the plural subjects the ending is simply Lee regardless of gender this means that me V and an all share the same ending Russian also has the neuter pronoun on no which can refer to neuter nouns in case you have to use this one the ending is LA and it's very rare applying only in the Ono pronoun so that's about it that's how you conjugate verbs in the past and this concept applies to any verb ending that there is it doesn't matter if a verb ends in at it y yet the con ation will always be the same but there are differences between the perfective and imperfective and I will explain that too let's practice on the verbot to work ending in at in the past will look like this this conjugation applies only if the subject is masculine this conjugation applies to feminine subjects in the neuter the conjugation isotal in the plural the conjugations are me and this is how verb conjugation works in the past tense it's very simple and the pattern applies to any verb ending that there is however all of these phrases are imperfective because they show an ongoing and continuous action yal means I was working as opposed to I work in the perfective the pattern would utilize the same verb but with the prefix now means I worked because the action was successfully done and the same applies to the rest of the pronouns here we have Gat and pulat they both mean to take a walk and they end in yat in the imperfective the conjugations are yagul I was taking a walk masculine Yaga I was taking a walk feminine and we were taking a walk in the perfective the conjugations are the same but with the prefix po and the meaning is took a walk as opposed to was or were taking a walk here we have S and they both mean to sit and they end in yet in the imperfective the conjugations are I was sitting masculine yes I was sitting feminine and we were sting in the perfective the conjugations are the same but with the prefix po and the meaning is sat here we have garit andavar they both mean to speak and they end in it in the imperfective it's yil I was speaking masculine y I was speaking feminine and we were speaking in the perfective it's the same but with the prefix po and the meaning is spoke here we have and they both mean to return but the perfective version ends inut in the imperfective it's y I was returning masculine y I was returning feminine and we were returning in the perpective we have a different version of this verb but the endings are still the same and the meaning is returned here we have K and OT they both mean to prick and they end in o in the imperfective it's Yak I was praking masculine yaka I was pricking feminine and M we were pricking in the perpective it's the same but with the prefix U and the meaning is pricked here we have meat and pit they both mean to watch and they end in eat in the perspective it's y I was washing masculine yam I was washing feminine and we were washing in the perfective it's the same but with the prefix F and the meaning is washed finally we made it to one of the last endings that verbs have which is T there are not that many verbs that end in t but in terms of the past tense verbs that end in t are mainly irregular like the imperfective it and his perfective version po they both mean to go and they end in t in the imperfective the conjugation is y I was going masculine y I was going feminine and me we were going in the perfective it's the same but with the prefix po and the meaning is went there are also and P meaning to carry and what's irregular about these verbs is that instead of having an L in the masculine changes to Yos onos That's The Irregular conjugation for masculine singular subjects while everything else is normal in the imperfective it means was or were carrying but in the perfective we only add the prefix F and the meaning is carried besides these verbs there are also and meaning to lie down in the imperfective there is no irregular conjugation and the meaning is was or were lying down in the perfective we have a different version which is ending in what's irregular about Le is that it replaces CH with G and has L as the masculine singular conjugation and the meaning is lied down there are also M and SM which means to be able to they both end in and what's irregular about them is that g replaces CH in every single conjugation in the imperfective it means was or were able to and in the perfective the conjugations are the the same with the prefix s meaning could there could be more irregular imperfective and perfective verbs in the past tense but it's not that important to know all of them so that's about it at last there is the very important verb bit which means to be this verb is never used in the present but is used in the past and future because we're focusing on the past we have to understand that beat can be used to indicate existence identity location and can even function as an infinitive it corresponds to the English was or were and it ends in it so its conjugations in the past will be normal y I was masculine y I was feminine and me Billy we were B is actually considered stative and it may have perfective prefixes but it cannot be perfective on its own these conjugations are all imperfective because they would indicate a stative and active action all the time a prefix perfective of bit can be something like poit but it no longer means to be it now means to stay here or there and its meaning can change often explaining more on this concept will cause more confusion so I'll stop here in conclusion this is how verb conjugation works in the past tense in Russian it's quite simple and not too difficult so in this video I would like to explain how to conjugate verbs in the future tense in Russian the future tense in Russian talks about events that will happen in the future and it doesn't have any continuous or Progressive future tenses however Russian does have the perfective and imperfective which work a bit differently in the future than the other tenses unlike the past and present the perfective and imperfective function in a simple and compound way known as the future simple and future compound in Russian essentially Russian has one tense of the future but the perfective is the simple form while the imperfective is the compound form the future simple form is made using perfective verbs with the help of verb endings that are taken from the present tense depending on the verb's ending in the future simple you're expected to see verbs that borrow the same conjugate from the present tense just with a perfective aspect they could have a prefix a letter change an infix or simply be an exception but overall they borrow the same verb endings and conjugations from the present again depending on the verb's ending the future compound form is made using imperfective verbs and it's compound because this aspect uses two words a conjugated form of the verb beat in the future and an infinitive in the imperfective aspect similarly the future compound form in Russian is identical to the future Progressive in English and you're about to see how as I said in the previous video the verb beat is a state of verb meaning that it's always active and continuous the imperfective aspect in Russian is also always active and continuous therefore it is possible to use it in the future and only in the imperfective aspect which is the future compound consisting of two words the perfective which is the future simple cannot use beat the conjugations of beat in the future compound which is the imperfective are very similar to the first conjugation pattern for verbs in the present tense in the future compound they will look like this every conjugation is basically the same as the first conjugation pattern in the present except Y and an which use U instead of U however the meaning of these words is not I will you will he will the meaning is I will be doing you will be doing and so on the reason why is because we're working in the imperfective future compound it is compound because it is similar to the Future Progressive in English and also it uses two words first it's a subject of any kind a conjugated form of beach that fits the subject and an infinitive in the imperfective aspect that's how the future compound Works in Russian now let's see the future simple the grammar for the future simple is actually simpler than the future compound all we do is take a perfective form of a verb and conjugate it to fit the subject but more importantly the conjugations in the future simple basically borrow the same verb endings from the present tense depending on the verb's ending the verb itself however can have a prefix a letter change an infix or be an exception in the future simple but the verb endings and conjugations will be the same as in the present to make practice more legitimate I'll be showing examples using verbs from the previous video along with exceptions and Irregulars so let's get into it let's practice on the verbs andot these verbs mean to work and they end in at in the future compound the imperfective aspect will be used using a subject a conjugated form of bit and an infinitive in the future compound the conjugations will look like this we have the subjects conjugations of bit that fit the subjects and then an infinitive because it's the imperfective future compound the meaning of these phrases is I will be working you will be working and so on this is how verb conjugation works in the future compound in Russian it's similar to the Future Progressive because of the imperfective indicating an action that is continuous ongoing and stative which is why the verb be is used now let's see the future simple because the perfective is used beat will not be used in the future simple beat is always stative and continuous in any tense so the perfective which indicates a completed action in the future cannot use the verb beat instead perfective verbs may have prefixes infixes letter changes or simply be exceptions and these verbs will have the same conjugations as in the present is a verb in the perfective and in the future simple it will look like this and in the perfective future simple indicates an action that will be finished successfully so the meanings are I will work you will work and so on additionally because ends in at its endings are borrowed from the first conjugation pattern of verbs in the present just with the prefix F this pattern will obviously change depending on the verb's ending but still the perfective will always utilize verb endings and conjugations from the present the only difference is that a perfective verb can have a prefix an infix a letter change or be an exception in the future while also borrowing the same endings as in the present depending on the verb's ending this is how verb conjugation works in the perfective future simple so let's have some more examples here we have Gat and pulat they mean to take a walk and they end in yat in the imperfect future compound we have subjects conjugations of be that fit the subject and an infinitive of gulet I will be taking a walk you will be taking a walk and so on in the perfect future simple we have po which is conjugated by taking the same endings from the first conjugation pattern from the present only with the prefix I will take a walk you will take a walkon and so on here we have S and and POS they mean to set and they end in yet in the perfect future compound we have subjects the verb beit and an infinitive of I will be sitting you will be sitting and so on in the perfect future simple we have which is conjugated using the second conjugation pattern from the present only with the prefix po I will sit the you will sit and so on let's not forget that there are spelling rules for stems of verbs in the Y pronoun that have to be made for a better sound is a verb that's affected by that so we have to change the to in the Y pronoun these spellings will change depending on the verb's ending which is why it's important to know present verb conjugation along with spelling rules because they are necessary in the future simple here we have gavar e and pavar they mean to speak and they end in it in the imperfect future compound the conjugations are I will be speaking you will be speaking and so on in the perfect a future simple we have pavar which is conjugated by taking the endings from the second conjugation pattern from the present luckily pavar is not affected by any spelling rule I will speak you will speak and so on here we have V and they mean to return and while the imperfective has a common ending the perfective verb ends in ut so it will utilize an irregular conjugation in the imperfect future compound we have I will be returning you will be returning and so on now even though it's possible to say these phrases they're really not formal or conversational both in English and Russian so it doesn't make sense to use this verb in the future compound instead the perfective future simple is a better way where this verb can be used but the conjugations are different I will return you will return and so on we have irregular spellings where the vowel y changes to yo when the stress falls off the stem's ending also we're using U instead of U and the Y and an pronouns but still all of these conjugations are based on the first conjugation pattern from the present so there is a connection here we have cot and OT they mean to prick and they end in o even though it's not a common ending they do follow the first conjugation pattern from the present in the imperfect a future compound we have yuot I will be pricking t you will be pricking and so on in the perfect future simple we have OT which is conjugated by taking the endings from the first conjugation pattern from the present luckily OT is not affected by any spelling rules I will prick you will prick and so on here we have meat and pit they mean to wash and they end in eat itat is also not a common ending but it does follow the regular first conjugation pattern from the present in the imperfect future compound we have y I will be washing you will be washing and so on in the perfective future simple we have pamit which is conjugated by taking the endings from the first conjugation pattern from the present but we have to add the vowel o so that the words sound better y p I will wash t you will wash and so on finally we made it to one of the last endings that verbs have which is T there are not that many verbs that end in t but most verbs are irregular and have spelling rules like it t and by T meaning to go even though these verbs typically follow the first conjugation pattern from the present they can have changes in spelling in the imperfect a future compound we have Yu I will be going t budish you will be going and so on in the perfective future simple we have the same conjugations as in the present but with the prefix po while using Y instead of in most pronouns and U instead of U in the and an pronouns I will go you will go and so on there are also n and p they both mean to carry and they end in t in the imperfective future compound we have I will be carrying you will be carrying and so on in the perfective future simple we have B which has many irregular aspects even though it uses the first conjugation pattern from the present it has U instead of U and the ya and an pronouns Y is replaced with yo and we have the prefix po I will carry you will carry and so on besides these verbs there could be more like and they mean to lie down but the perfective version ends in yet it is a very rare ending causing many irregular changes but it does follow the first conjugation pattern from the present in the imperfect future compound we have I will be lying down you will be lying down and so on in the perfective future simple we have L which has many irregular aspects even though it uses the first conjugation pattern from the present it has U instead of U in the Y and an pronouns replaces in the Y and an pronouns y replaces Y and replaces in the rest of the pronouns all of this is done to make better sounds when the words are said so L is very irregular in the future I will lie down you will lie down and so on other verbs can be much and SM they mean to be able to or can and they end in o a rare ending that follows the first conjugation pattern from the present in the imperfect a future compound there's actually no way to put much in the future because it is logically not possible to say I will can instead it is only used in the perfective aspect but it does have many irregular changes following the first conjugation pattern from the present it has U instead of U in the Y and an pronouns G replaces in the and pronouns replaces in the rest of the pronouns and there is the prefix all of this is done to make better sounds so SM is very much irregular in the future y I will be able to the you will be able to and so on there could be more regular perfective verbs in the future simple but it's not that important to know all of them considering that they're all built on conjugations in the present in conclusion this is how verb conjugation works in the future tense in Russian there is the imperfect future compound which uses conjugations of bit and regular imperfective infinitives the only tough part is knowing how to conjugate breach so that's about it also there is the perfective future simple which uses verbs in the perfective aspect and takes conjugations from the present the tough part about the effective is knowing how to identify a perfective verb and knowing what spelling rules come with what verb ending considering again that they all come from the present tense it's important to not forget them and watch out for them but anyway in case you don't know which future tense to use using the imperfective will always be simpler faster to remember and more understandable so in this video I would like to explain how to conjugate verbs in the conditional tense in Russian the conditional tense in Russian talks about events that would happen or would be if some conditions are met and Russian doesn't have any conditional perfect tenses like in English in fact the conditional in Russian isn't really considered to be a tense but rather it's a grammatical mood that expresses a possible or hypothetical event unlike the past present and future the conditional in Russian happens when specific conditions are met usually with words like yes which means if and can be translated to the word would in English what makes the conditional very different from any other tense is that it is constructed using a very simple pattern that only requires the conjugation of the verb beat coming before an already conjugated verb from the past tense the conditional is very easy to remember because all we need is a conjugation of beat and a conjugated verb from the Past coming from the imperfective or perfective this construction corresponds to how the conditional is formed in English which uses verbs and past participles in sentences like if you had come to work you would have known the conditional in Russian forms phrases like this because it's very easy to tell the difference between events that simply happened and events that would happen first we need a simple conjugation of the verb beit which would act as the word would in English the simplest and most of the time only conjugation that B has in the conditional is B this word translates to the word would and it's formally placed before conjugated imperfective and perfective verbs that come from the past tense sometimes B can be shortened to B this mainly happens when the word b is placed after a word that ends in a vow and is used within informal and typical conversations but in a formal standpoint the word b will be used second after placing the word b before any imperfective or perfective conjugated verb the meaning will change if the action is ongoing and continuous or if it's done successfully because Russian can change the order of the words in any way it would be better to Simply put the word b after personal pronouns and before imperfective or perfective conjugated past verbs as a reminder because we're working with verbs in the past it's important to understand the difference between the imperfect and perfective aspects in the past and conditional let's begin with the verbs andot in the imperfective past would be this meaning applies only if the subject is masculine this meaning applies to feminine subjects in the plural we have and the meaning of these phrases is was or were working because we have an imperfective form indicating ongoing and continuous actions in the perfective however we have the same words but with the prefix po and so on now the meaning is worked because the action is perfective and was done successfully this is what the past tense looks like by itself and we can take these conjugations and apply the word word before them and from there we have the conditional in Russian this conjugation applies only if the subject is masculine this conjugation applies to feminine subjects in the plural the conjugations are and the of these phrases is not I would work you would work because of the imperfective the meaning is I would be working you would be working and so on in the perfective we have the same words but with the prefix po however the meaning now is would work because the perfective indicates an action that would be done successfully this is how the conditional tense Works in Russian it's very simple and it's hard to even call it verb conjugation because we don't necessarily conjugate verbs but simply add the word b and sometimes in special cases in the conditional also it's not really a tense but a mood that has the same pattern as verbs from the past so let's have some more sentences with verbs that have different endings here we have Gul and pulat they both mean to take a walk and they end in yet in the imperfective the conjugations are I would be taking a walk masculine you would be taking a walk feminine and we would be taking a walk in the perfective the conjugations are the same but with the prefix po and the meaning is would take a walk here we have and they both mean to set and they end in yet in the imperfective the conjugations are I would be sitting masculine you would be sitting feminine and we would be sitting in the perfective the conjugations are the same but with the prefix po and the meaning is would sit here we have garit andavar they both mean to speak and they end in it in the imperfective it's I would be speaking masculine you would be speaking feminine and we would be speaking in the persective it's the same but with the prefix po and the meaning is would speak here we have V sh and V they both mean to return but the perfective version ends in ut in the imperfective it doesn't make sense to say would be returning so in this case the perfective aspect is more useful we have a different version that ends in ut but the endings are still the same I would return masculine you would return feminine and we would return here we have me and pamit they both mean to wash and they end in eat in the imperfective it's yab I would be washing masculine Tia you would be washing feminine and M we would be washing in the perfective it's the same but with the prefix for and the meaning is wood wash here we have the imperfective it and the perfective P they both mean to go they end in the unusual tea but their conjugations are irregular in the imperfective the conjugations are y I would be going masculine you would be going feminine and we would be going in the perfective it's the same but with the prefix po and the meaning is would go here we have and P they both mean to carry and they also end in t however they are irregular in masculine subjects but in the conditional we only add the word b I would be carrying masculine you would be carrying feminine and we would be carrying in the perfective we only add the prefix po and the meaning is now wood carry here we have and L meaning to lie down in the imperfective there is no irregular conjugation and the meaning is would be lying down in the perfective we have a different version which is ending in yet which is very irregular but in the conditional we only add B I would lie down masculine you would lie down feminine and we would lie down here we have much and SM which means to be able to or can they both end in Och and they're both irregular in the imperfective it means would be able to and in the perfective the conjugations are the same with the prefix s meaning could in addition I did say that bu can be shortened to Simply bu which happens when the word bu is placed after a word that ends in a vowel and is used within informal and typical conversations this can be shown in phrases like that would be funny and that would be good this is how Works in context but there is no point in providing a lot of sentences so that's that out of all the conjugations that I showed the conditional in Russian is very useful when it's put in if sentences this concept is for a future video but showing just a few examples examples will not hurt anybody you'll often see that the conditional in Russian works with the word yes meaning if this generally expresses a hypothetical situation where circumstances would be different and you'll see that the conditional in Russian forms phrases like this so it's very similar to how the conditional is formed in English which uses verbs and past participles means if I had known the sentence has the same construction because we're using the imperfect version of the verb to know ZN don't don't forget that the imperfective in Russian isn't just equivalent to the progressive in English in some cases it's possible to use any of these tenses from English to correspond to Russian in this case it doesn't make sense to say was knowing so instead we say had known which is the past perfect if I had known if I had known I would say something skazal comes from the perfecta verb skazat so here we're using the perfective aspect if I had known I would go here's more of a complex if sentence if I would have had time it's a complex sentence because we're using the generative construction indicating possession but now we're translating to would have had as opposed to would this is a complex sentence but this is how the conditional is fully used in Russian if I would have had time I would go there it's important to note that the presence of yes doesn't automatically make the conditional mood but now we're getting into the Russian subjunctive which also works with complex if sentences emotional desire and the conditional mood with the wordi all of these concepts are for a future video so that's about it in conclusion this is how verb conjugation works in the conditional tense in Russian it's based on the imperfective and perfective past along with the word be which translates to W so in this video I would like to explain reflexive verbs in Russian reflexive verbs in Russian indicate the concept of the self whenever something or someone performs an action on themselves even though it's a very generic description there could be more than one definition of reflexive verbs because of how ambiguous Russian is we can have the verb wash which applies physically like washing a car and then we can have wash up which means to clean continuously there's also bathe and take a bath stand and stand up prepare and get ready give up and give in and many more this is a visual way of explaining reflexive verbs especially when you put them in English still reflexive verbs will always have the meaning of applying to oneself so there is a connection between Russian and English when this happens in English we use the word self or omit the object but in Russian there's a different construction Russian reflexive verbs are formed the same way as regular infinitives but they will always end in such as Kat and Kat and the conjugations of verbs will change depending on the ending Russian reflexive verbs are also categorized into simple reciprocal intrinsi to be and impersonal speeches and in this video I will cover every single concept Russian also has reflexive pronouns like and but I will explain those in the next video let's begin with simple reflexive verbs and their conjugations the infinitives of Russian reflexive verbs will always end in like the verbs that I showed previously Kat and kataa Kat means to bathe something or someone whereas kataa means to take a bath or bathe oneself either way there's more than one meaning the way that you would conjugate katam and practically any reflexive verb is by first conjugating the verb in the normal way and then adding s if the conjugation ends in a vowel and sa if the conjugation ends in a consonant for now I'll show this concept in the present tense and then in the past and future under which reflexive verbs also work but with other verbs I'll only show the present first in the present we take and conjugate it in the normal way the meaning of these phrases is I bathe you bathe and so on to make it reflexive we add s if the conjugation ends in a vow and if the conjugation ends in a consonant the meaning now is I take a bath or bathe myself you take a bath or you bathe yourself and so on this is how reflexive verb conjugation works in the present tense in Russian so we only added s in the Y and V pronouns while the rest got the ending now let's replicate this concept in the past first we have in the imperfective past we take the verb and conjugate it in the normal way or the meaning of these phrases is was or were bathing because of the imperfective to make it reflexive we add s if the conjugation ends in a vowel and S if the conjugation ends in a Conant the meaning now is was or were taking a bath or was or were bathing oneself because of the imperfective again now to put this verb in the perfective we take its perfective version which begins with the prefix Is Isa in the perfective past the conjugations are the same but with the prefix is and the meaning is took a bath or bathe oneself because of the perfective this is how reflexive verb conjugation works in the past tense in Russian we added Sam in the masculine subjects and s in the feminine and plural now let's see the future the imperfect future is actually compound which doesn't require any conjugations of kataa all we do is conjugate the verb beat in the future compound and then we put the infinitive of and so on the meaning of these phrases is we'll be taking a bath or we'll be bathing oneself because of the imperfective in the perfective which is the future simple we have to use the perfective version Isa the conjugations in the perfective future simple are borrowed from the present only in this case with the prefix is we added in the Y and pronouns while the rest got the ending the meaning of these phrases is will take a bath or will bathe oneself because of the perfective and if you really want to be Advanced you can put all of these phrases in the conditional which only requires the word be and conjugations from the past other than that this is how reflexive verbs work in Russian in every tense let's not forget that Russian reflexive verbs are categorized into simple reciprocal intransitive to be and impersonal speeches which I will cover reflexive pronouns are for the next video but starting from now every verb will only be shown in the present so let's continue with simple reflexives here we have Adat which means to dress up or dress oneself in the present its conjugations will look like this the simple version of this verb is which means to dress but the reflexive is meaning to dress up or dress oneself here we have which means to wash up or wash oneself the ending of this verb is eat and it's very uncommon so it's conj ation are slightly irregular having the vowel o which makes the conjugation sound better the simple version of this verb is me which means to wash but the reflexive is MIT meaning to wash up or wash oneself here we have which means to get ready or prepare oneself in the present its conjugations will look like this don't forget that stems ending in v receive the consonant l in the Y pronoun the simple version of this verb is G which means to prepare and sometimes to cook but in this context it means to prepare its reflective version is g v which means to get ready or prepare oneself so there is a literal connection besides these verbs there could be many more but their conjugations are very simple to remember so that's how simple reflexives work in Russian let's continue with reciprocal reflexives reciprocal reflexives indicate a reciprocated action between two or more subjects because there has to be a response so two or more subjects are needed in English we express this concept using plural subjects and the words each other in Russian does have this construction but not in the reflexive form for instance we can have the reflexive verb which means to meet each other and we can say me meaning we meet each other however we can express this phrase so that it connects to English more like we meet each other in this case we're using the simple version so the verb is no longer reflexive but we still have the reciprocated idea of each other me or either way there is reciprocity so in case you forget one form you can always use the other the same thing can be done with the reflexive verb which means to hug each other me means we hug each other but we can also say we hug each other in case you forget one form you can always use the other obviously I will not show every reciprocal reflexive but you get the idea let's continue with intrinsi of reflexives intrinsi of reflexive verbs have no object and only a subject but more importantly what makes intrinsi of reflexives different from simple reflexives is that they're definitive by Nature simple reflexive verbs can be sectioned into two separate verbs like aat and Adat which have two different meanings intrinsi of reflexives cannot be separated into two verbs because they're focused on sentence structure and used cases more than anything else some popular ones are to hope to laugh and to smile these verbs cannot break into two separate verbs because again they're intransitive and apply only to oneself here we have here we have some conjugations are different by having the vow yo because the verb never had a prior conjugation here we have for as I said in transitive reflexives focus on sentence structure and use the cases and this can be shown in a sentence like meaning she is smiling at me which has an indirect object pronoun in the dative sometimes a preposition can be used like in the sentence he's laughing at us using the preposition n along with the object pronoun Nami in the instrumental ultimately this concept can lead to simple reflexives being used with intrinsi of manner where simple reflexives are used as intrinsi when regular verbs are used intrinsi ofely the reflexive form is used like in the verbs open up Z close up and NAA start up these verbs can be used without an object like in the following sentences the door opens up itself the window closes up itself the film starts up itself notice how the thing that opens closes or starts becomes the subject so there are not any objects if you were to make an object it would look like this I open the door you close the window he starts the film in these cases we have SIMPLE verbs with objects but in the reflexive and intrinsi of manner the objects become the subjects and the verbs become reflexive let's continue with the concept of to be the concept of to be in reflexive verbs indicates the idea of being engaged in an activity or expressing the state of something most reflexive verbs that used to be tend to be intrinsi and most of them use the instrumental case some popular verbs are to be interested by to be used and to be mistaken some examples can be I am interested by literature this sentence is in the instrumental because we're using the preposition by which is common in the instrumental and also we have the instrumental grammar for femin announce because in is intransitive it had no prior conjugation so some conjugations are slightly different another example can be you are using the computer again this phrase is instrumental because we're using an already instrumental intransitive reflexive verb and also we have the instrumental grammar for masculine nouns another example can be he is mistaken by the code this phrase is also instrumental because we have the preposition by along with the instrumental grammar this is how the concept of to be works with reflexive verbs it's quite similar to English because English has the verb to be but obviously there isas no point in covering every to be reflexive so that's that let's finish with reflexive verbs in impersonal speech Russian commonly uses impersonal speech to express feelings or the state of something impersonal speech is used when someone expresses their emotions and feelings which ultimately connects to the dative case because of Direction in comparison English has phrases like I feel I feel like I like and I would like in Russian some verbs are naturally impersonal While others are used to sofen the meaning one very good verb that I already showed in my previous videos was which means to like I did mention that it's a reflexive verb because it applies to oneself and now it's good to have a better explanation because this verb is also in transitive as I said in my previous videos doesn't necessarily mean to like as much as to on self it's likable which is why it's considered to be intrinsi in the [Music] dative all of these conjugations have the ending so we can tell that it's reflexive however is very commonly used in impersonal speech to express a feeling like in the following phrases Las vas and Las vas these phrases don't really mean I like Las vas you like Las Vegas as much as to me to you Las Vegas is likable that's why is intrinsi being used in a personal speech obviously there are many more but knowing all of them is redundant and as a tip it's better to hear these verbs in a personal speech as opposed to explaining them literally overall this is how reflexive verbs fully work in Russian and in the next video I'll explain reflexive pronouns like and so in this video I would like to explain reflexive and possessive reflexive pronouns in Russian let's begin with the personal reflexive pronoun s this pronoun means self as in myself yourself himself and it's used when the pronoun is the same person or thing as the subject this pronoun is affected by the six Russian cases but has no gender or plurality and its modifications are mainly borrowed and similar so it's very simple to remember this pronoun in the nominative there is no modification and therefore no pronoun in the accusative and genitive stays in the dative and prepositional changes to and in the instrumental it's Sab this reflects a pronoun doesn't have that many applications so its examples are very simple and minimal like in the following sentences I see myself you put things next to yourself he bought himself a car we are happy with ourselves they are confident in themselves as I said s has no gender or plurality therefore it can be used for any pronoun and subject the only tough part is knowing in what case SBA applies so any pronoun can apply to any subject unlike English which has specific pronouns and plurality if anything this pronoun is more difficult in English than in Russian let's continue with possessive reflexive pronouns possessive reflexive pronouns in Russian are a bit more tricky because they're all affected by the six cases have gender and plurality and are used differently in Russian than in English regular possessives in Russian are a bit simpler like more and I already made a video talking about possessive pronouns in Russian what makes possessive reflexive pronouns different is that they talk about One's Own by replacing normal possessive pronouns when they refer to any subject in English we can say his dog and Adam sees his dog in the first phrase his is a possessive pronoun because it answers whose dog his dog in the second sentence his is more ambiguous because it can be used as a possessive pronoun or as a possessive determiner as a possessive pronoun his can refer to a different masculine subject like maybe Adam sees John's dog which can be said as Adam sees his dog using the normal possessive pronoun would indicate that the dog belongs to someone else as a possessive determiner his determines that the dog is in fact Adam's dog therefore Adam sees his own dog in these cases English is more open because his has two meanings either a possessive pronoun someone else's dog or a determiner Adam's own dog and the determiner is the possessive reflexive that Russian has if you were to put these phrases in Russian you would want to say yaka and Adam vit y sabaku this construction still works but yo would indicate a different masculine subject as a reflexive it's incorrect because Z would be a simple possessive just because English has the same word it doesn't mean that Russian has the same word because to indicate that Adam sees his own dog we have to use the possessive reflexive pronoun in this case it will have to change based on the six cases gender and plurality that's whyo is a very tricky possessive reflexive pronoun to understand so the best way to understand it is to think of it as a possessive determiner that indicates one's own like my own your own his own or any pronouns own under the six cases gender and plurality soy will look like this and I will give examples in every case in denominative the pattern is masculine one's own feminine one's own neuter oneone and plural ones Zone the plural can apply to any gender the underlined letters indicate that the emphasis is put on that letter and the same goes for every other case in the accusative the pattern is inanimate masculine and animate masculine feminine neuter inanimate plural and animate plural neuter and feminine objects are not affected in the accusative whereas the masculine and plural are in the genitive the pattern is masculine feminine neuter and plural in the dative the pattern is masculine feminine neuter and plural in the instrumental the pattern isim masculine feminine neuter andimi plural in the prepositional the pattern is masculine feminine neuter and plural as you can see the cases are not too difficult to remember because some cases borrow the the same words for one another remember these pronouns can apply to any pronoun which is why one's own is the correct definition to give to these pronouns unlike normal possessives possessive reflexive pronouns have a lot more to them so they're not that specific what they mean is one's own or practically anyone's own which is why they're more similar to determiners than to pronouns still always remember that possessive reflexives can apply to any pronoun and any subject the only tough part is to work with the cases gender nouns and plurality here we have SW in the nominative under every gender while also being plural and let's not forget that the plural can apply to any gender so in this case I'm using the noun Masa again also none of the nouns change because the nominative is the dictionary form of nouns and again there are no definitive pronouns in these phrases because refers to one's own so any pronoun or subject would work in this case here we Havey in the accusative under every gender and plurality don't forget that the accusative works with animate and inanimate objects so in this case some of the nouns change to fit the accusative also the animate noun du has an irregular conjugation in the plural which ends in z and it does that on purpose to Make a Better Sound for an animate noun in this context I used every personal pronoun to show how so fully works and as you can see it doesn't matter what pronoun we use because every sentence has the same word only modified under the accusative here we have in the genitive under every gender and plurality and the genitive relates to possession attribution and absence and is the nouns also have to change to fit the genitive but in this case I'm using more advanced concepts like Vel and vle which are conjugated verbs from the perfective past in this context they make more sense and we can tell they're perfective because of the prefixes at the beginning of the verbs here we have in the dative under every gender and plurality and the dative relates to Direction and The nouns also have to change to fit the dative and in this context I'm using the present tense which is a bit simpler here we have SW in the instrumental under every gender and plurality and the instrumental works with an instrument let's not forget that the instrumental has other functions like the preposition SP and Za which makes sense in this context also the preposition s changes to so in the first two sentences and it's a minor spelling rule in this case the nouns also change to fit the instrumental which utilizes more advanced grammar finally we have SW in the prepositional under every gender and plurality and the prepositional works with prepositions the nouns also change to fit the prepositional in conclusion this is how reflexive and possessive reflexive pronouns work in Russian so in this video I would like to explain verbs of motion in Russian verbs of motion in Russian are verbs that take you somewhere and relate to movement verbs like and are verbs of motion but in Russian they have different meanings and behave differently they also have a lot of grammar like conjugations past and future tenses imperfective and perfective aspects and most importantly pref fixes it may take time to get used to them but they're fairly simple as a reminder in Russian most verbs have two forms the imperfective and perfective the imperfective is a continuous action and the perfective is an action done successfully the perfective can only be used in the past and future and not in the present however verbs of motion are an exception in the present while perfective and imperfective verbs are used only in the past and future verbs of motion can be used in all tenses because they have two forms of motion in the imperfective unidirectional and multi-directional the perfective has only one version these forms indicate whether the verb's motion is made in one direction or multiple directions and because they have this difference they generate different meanings based on motion and Direction what makes verbs of motion unique is that they're all based on one type of motion but make for different directions most verbs of motion are similar in spelling but have minor spelling changes but it doesn't mean that they make for a different aspect in my first video about Russian I said that Russian has the meaning of the progressive but it has no tense for it while that's true verbs of motion are an exception to this rule as a native speaker the best comparison to English that I can give to verbs of motion is that multi-directional verbs are equivalent to a simple tense while the unidirectional are progressive multi-directional verbs of motion are used when you have multiple directions to go to they're mainly indefinite and express activities that are generally done try to think of it as a simple tense in English you need to directional verbs of motion talk about one specific Direction and destination they're concrete and definite being used at the moment of speech try to think of it as a progressive tense in English also adding prefixes to the unidirectional verbs will put them in the perfective aspect which is very important to know with verbs like and it and I'll explain that later this is in fact the best comparison that I can give to English so it's not too difficult to understand some simple verbs of motion can be bigot B to run to fly to swim and poite P to crawl the verbs on the left are multidirectional and their counter versions on the right are unidirectional as I said these verbs of motion are all imperfective which means that they can be used in every tense the multi-directional expresses a simple meaning and the unidirectional shows something Progressive here we have big and B in the present which means to run and to make things a bit quicker I'll show their conjugations in the following chart the conjugations of the imperfective indefinite are the conjugations are regular but the meaning of is to run in multiple directions as a general activity therefore the meaning of the conjugations is I run in in general you run in general and so on as I said think of the multidirectional as a simple tense on the counterpart we have B which is also imperfective but definite and concrete and its conjugations in the present have a few exceptions y the meaning of in this case is to run to a specific spefic destination at the moment therefore the meaning of the conjugations is I am running right now you are running right now and so on as I said try to think of the unidirectional as a progressive in the perfective aspect we have the unidirectional B with the prefix po po in the present there aren't any conjugations but there are in the past and future however there is no point in covering the past and future because they're all based on previous simple grammar that I showed considering that there are fewer ug ation along with repeating ones with a prefix anyhow this is the difference between multi-directional and unidirectional verbs of motion and to make matters fast I'm going to quickly explain the remaining verbs and then I'll explain prefix verbs of motion here we have and which means to fly in the simple imperfective we have the conjugations are regular and the indefinite meaning is I fly in general you fly in general and so on in the Progressive imperfective we have does have an irregular conjugation in the pronoun but the concrete meanings are I am flying right now you are flying right now and here we have plav and which means to swim in the simple imperfective we have the conjugations are regular and the indefinite meaning is I swim in general you swim in general and so on in the Progressive imperfective we have [Music] these conjugations have more irregular changes but still the definite meanings are I am swimming right now you are swimming right now and so on here we have poite and P which means to crawl and it's the first verb of motion whose unidirectional version ends in t so it does have irregular changes in the simple imperfective we have the conjugations are regular and the indefinite meaning is I crawl in general you crawl in general and so on in the Progressive imperfective we have these conjugations have more irregular changes but still the definite meanings are I am crawling right now you are crawling right now and so on there are other verbs of motion and if you would like to check all of them I have a link in the description of this video to a useful site that has these conjugations generally this is how multi-directional and unidirectional verbs of motion work in Russian now I would like to explain prefix verbs of motion prefix verbs of motion are verbs that have a different meaning in Direction which receive a prefix in the beginning prefix verbs of motion are the most important topic because they're all based on the same action in English we can have a simple verb like to walk and we can add some adverbs like walk in walk out walk by walk down and now these verbs will have different meanings but the movement is still present in these verbs we can have the same concept in Russian but instead of using adverbs we have prefixes that have different meanings such as V in V out Z inside OB around away P across pod close pre arrive and pro through there could be more prefixes but these are the most useful ones to know these prefixes can be placed at the beginning of verbs of motion and the meanings will change but the same motion will be left the best way to understand this concept is to remember each prefix on its own because any prefix can be added to any verb of motion which will make a different verb but will still keep the same meaningful Motion in the verb the prefixes are mainly effective when added to unidirectional verbs of motion it is possible to put them on multi-directional verbs but the meanings will then be lost and from there the meanings of prefix verbs of motion will come back to being perfective and imperfective and I'll explain that in a few seconds to visually show how this concept works I'll show the verbs and ET which are used exceptionally in Russian conversations and are very useful to know I did mention them before four which makes the perfect time to explain them again means to walk and it means to go the two are verbs of motion but because they're comprehensive their meanings can sometimes switch still prefixes are the most important thing to consider with these verbs and it can also be used in all tenses which makes them imperfective but here we have to pay close attention to the directions that each verb has when verbs of motion get a prefix they will indicate a new definite Direction this means that they cannot be multi-directional so they lose this concept instead the meanings of prefix verbs of motion will go back to being imperfective and perfective because of this concept if we add any prefix to it will stay imperfective because it was imperfective to begin with but adding any prefix to ET will automatically make it perfective only in the past and future allow me to say again that prefix verbs of motion are all based on the same action which visually will show the meanings that these verbs can have again any prefix can be added to any verb of motion which will make a different verb but will still keep the same Motion in the verb let's use the prefix Z which acts as the adverb inside we can have the verb of motion which means to walk and add the prefix Z which will make the verb Z this verb no longer means to walk so because it has the prefix inside it now means to walk inside or a better translation to enter notice how in English we typically put an adverb to make a different meaning but in Russian this concept is done using a prefix sometimes English changes the word to have a better translation but the motion is still left in the verb to walk Z to walk inside or to enter in Russian the word is still in the verb but sometimes English needs a formal translation like to enter even when we say to enter it still has the same meaning because it's based on the the same action the action of entering always requires motion so it's a verb of motion by default in Russian khit is kept with a prefix but in English we still have the same meaning of to walk because to enter still requires the motion of walking or going this is the idea behind verbs of motion which makes them very interesting this is why these are crucial topics in verbs of motion knowing their system will make every Russian verb look very simple and the only tough part is knowing the new meaning that a prefix would give to a verb of motion the prefix Z can also be added to but with the verb a spelling change will happen Z and the meaning now is to go inside or to enter that's why I said previously that the meanings of and it can sometimes switch because the act of entering always requires motion which can be done by walking or going with the verb it is not the only prefix that will cause a spelling change in fact almost all of them will cause a spelling change in ET and it's done on purpose to make better sounds when the words are said here you can visually see how prefix verbs of motion fully work and and are the best verbs to give considering that prefixes can apply to any verb of motion to walk to go to walk in to go in to walk out V to go out to walk inside or enter now here we have a different word for a better translation to go inside or enter to walk around to go around to walk away to go away to walk across to go across to walk or come close this one also has a different word for a better translation P to go or come close to arrive by walking PR to arrive by going to walk through put to go through these are the most basic representations that prefix verbs of motion have once again these prefixes can be added to any verb of motion which will make a different verb but will still keep the same Motion in the verb now of course I will not show every prefix under every verb of motion but the most important thing to consider with these verbs is that as soon as a prefix is added prefix verbs of motion will go back to being imperfective and perfective like in the verbs bigot and B which I showed in the beginning of the video bot to run in general bat to run at the moment to run in to run in vat to run out viat to run out zabat to run inside or start running this one also has has a different translation to run inside or start running to run around to run around to run away to run away to run across to run across to run close or run up this one also has a different translation to run close or run up typically means close but in the case of the verb run it can also mean to run up so it makes for a better translation and the motion is still kept PR beut to arrive by running to arrive by running Pro to run through Pro to run through the same process can be done with any prefix and any verb of motion so overall this is how prefix verbs of motion work in Russian so in this video I would like to explain how negation Works in Russian negation in Russian is a grammatical Construction that negates the meaning of a sentence by converting affirmative phrases to negative and in Russian there are many ways to do so first it's important to understand the types of negation in Russian such as simple strong complete and double negations additionally all grammatical aspects can be applied to every negation such as verbs nouns pronouns numbers adjectives and adverbs and I will give examples in every concept however when it comes down to let's say double negation we'll have many negative pronouns like nothing nowhere no one nobody's and so on that will be affected in the six Russian cases even though it's a lot of information in this video I choose to not explain these highly advanced concepts because they're not as useful as the simple Concepts that I'm going to cover plus a lot of memorization is needed for them so do not expect to see these ideas in this video in case you're interested in the very Advanced negations I have a link in the description to a separate side that explains it anyhow let's begin with simple negation the first negation in Russian is simple negation which makes the opposite of a word it is based on the negative word n which in Russian is no but the word itself changes under the fitting negation which is similar to English where no changes to not in simple negation the word will be and is the most used negative word in Russian which works with every grammatical concept by using it we'll always place it before verbs nouns pronouns numbers adjectives and adverbs but let's not forget that Russian is expressive allowing any word to be placed anywhere where to make learning simple I'll always put before the common concept let's begin with verbs in Russian verbs are negated by placing directly before them which will change affirmative sentences into negative ones here are some examples I'm using more advanced concepts such as the past and future to fully show the idea of negation notice that there is no change to the verbs themselves we only add the to create a negation here we have nouns and adjectives and there are two ways to use no with them and when using this word indicates the absence of something and denies its existence and let's not forget that with absence nouns and adjectives will automatically be defied in the genitive which will use the genitive grammar here are some examples with n again when using n with nouns and adjectives they use the genitive in the negative sentences still it's possible to use with nouns and adjectives like in the following sentences here we have pronouns and with pronouns we simply put before them with pronouns there could be many types of them like personal object possessive demonstrative and reflexive possessive pronouns which are used in the following sentences here we have numbers and verbs and their negation is the same as with the previous Concepts this is how simple negation Works in Russian let's continue with strong negation strong negation in Russian is mainly used for a negative emphasis that denies both options and the word we have to use is indicates a strong negation and in comparison to English we can think of it as the word nor but sometimes the meaning can change back to no or not still in Russian this is where we get to see a glimpse of double negatives and how negative words can repeat themselves like in the following phrases n in the first sentence the nouns are in the accusative because they act as direct object pronouns being modified in the accusative when the sentence is negative we have three negations n once and ni twice in English we only have two negatives but in Russian there are three because there's a negative emphasis on each object which is what ni indicates in the second sentence we have instrumental pronouns that also have KN twice and let's not forget that pronouns coming after a preposition receive the consonant n after furthermore the strong negation is also used in phrases like not once and no matter like at this point we're getting very Advanced with strong negation and openly there is no point in learning more advanced concepts with strong negation so I'm going to stop here let's continue with complete negation complete negation also known as negation of the whole sentence is used as a negative reply that will completely negate a sentence and actually it's the easiest and most logical one to remember in use in complete negation the word is commonly used but when replying can also be used video I use the mix of every concept to fully show how complete negation works like the perfective past and a reflexive verb in the last phrases if you want to be very simple and quite lazy with complete negation you can omit all the replies and just say but it will be too impractical so that's how complete negation Works in Russian let's continue with double negatives and negation double negation in Russian is created when the simple negation is combined with the strong negation KN in Russian negations combine and stay negative instead of canceling each other out like in English consider the following phrase I do not see anything in English we only have one negative word because English doesn't allow double negatives Russian however has double negatives as I showed previously so the sentence will be in this case we're using the simple negative along with the negative pronoun which is nothing but it's modified in the genitive because we have denial and absence so it's more equivalent to saying I do not see nothing but again English doesn't allow double negatives at the beginning of the video I mentioned that double negation has many pronouns that will be affected in the six Russian cases because of this Advanced concept I choose to not explain every single modification of every single negative pronoun because there's a ton of information that needs to be remembered and honestly it might cause more confusion than understanding so I will not dive into the cases with double negation instead I'll explain every double negative pronoun on its own and how it can be used simply and practically with Russian double negation I did say that the simple negation is combined with the strong negation however it's important to understand that doesn't stay on its own because emphasizes a strong negation it will be applied to question words like and there could be a few more question words but these are the most practical ones to know in double negation is placed at the beginning of these words thus combining them into one word and making a pronoun which is what I meant when I said that NE emphasizes a strong negation because it negates question words for instance means where and with it's meaning nowhere and the same principle applies to the rest of the words this is double negation in Russian which is ultimately used with the simple negation by putting these pronouns after thus getting double negation which involves using both negations in the same sentence grammatically speaking the pronouns belong in the cases which means that they will be modified under every case but like I said I choose to not explain their modifications because it's simply too much as a side note when learning double negatives you might encounter sibling words that have onlet differences and are similar to negative pronouns the stress will change the pronunciation of the word along with the meaning which will lose the negation to become a new word it's something I wanted to mention but I will not explain it because it doesn't relate to double negation even though spelling wise it's similar so watch out just in case anyhow here are some simple and practical examples with double negation Nik nobody arrived or came in this case we have the nominative nobody or no one which is the simplest it could be still do not forget that the case can change meanings and thus change the word like in the phrase n there's nobody at home in this case we have Nik which is nobody in the genitor because of absence and denial also we have the negation instead of and the noun do uses the genitive grammar Dom nothing bothers him we have the nominative nothing with but it can change in the genitive like there is nothing left because of absence we have the Gen I did not find him or it anywhere we have the object pronoun and the pronoun which is nowhere in English we say anywhere but in Russian we say nowhere you will not go anywhere we have and the pronoun which indicates Direction meaning to nowhere I was never in Las Vegas we have andik which translates to never while also putting the noun Las Vegas in the prepositional grammar I by no means cannot find my own book we have nikak which has multiple definitions like by no means at all or completely also we have and the reflexive possessive pronoun in accusative I do not have any idea we have the generative in this case with the negative pronoun which modifies the noun he did not arrive or come from anywhere we have and we also have which means from nowhere conclusively this is how double negation Works in Russian and don't forget that some pronouns that I showed can be affected in the six Russian case now before ending the video I want to quickly say that there are more types of negation in Russian like negation in questions the negative imperative and negative commands even though there's more information to know I choose to not cover these Concepts because they're simple enough to understand they're all built on the negations that I already explained but if you wish to learn more I have a link in the description to a separate site that can explain them more typically you will not tend to use every negation that I showed but it is important to understand the overall system if if anything there are typical negative phrases that can be used in everyday conversations that have more functions for instance it's possible to use Simple negation by saying no longer yet and nearly in the following phrases also there is the informal nope which in Russian is but again these are supplemental concepts of negation in Russian so overall this is how negation fully Works in Russian so in this video I would like to explain you commands in Russian UK commands in Russian also known as the imperative mood uses the pronouns T and V you and you all by giving a command in English this concept is very simple because the form of the command is the same as the infinitive in Russian there's a bit of grammar to know because it is different than English but it's not a difficult concept to understand considering that there are only two forms of commands T and V saying the pronouns is absolutely not needed because we'll automatically know that the command will always be in the second person the command forms will also stay the same even when negative and reflexive but when reflexive only a few letters will be added and I will explain that later at first it's important to know that most verbs that take a command form are imperfective because that is their dictionary form it is possible to form commands with perfective verbs but they're different in the first person and I'll explain that at the end of the video considering the number of verb endings in Russian like at y it yet and so on it may look like a lot but in terms of commands their forms are very simple let's begin with the T command T commands in Russian have two endings which follow different verb endings with verbs ending in at and yet we take an infinitive drop the ending and add the letter EA with any other verb ending like it and yet we add the letter e instead let's have some examples and are all infinitives that end in at with the last one ending in y to put them in the T command we drop their endings and put work read listen D think G take a walk in the negative the forms stay exactly the same so that's the first ending for two commands for the second ending we put the letter e if a verb ends in it yet or any other ending that's not at and yet let's have some examples Gab all of these are infinitives that end in it or yet and to put them in the T command we drop their endings and put e gavar speak walk buy look C sit in the negative the form stay exactly the same so that's the second ending for take commands generally this is the grammar for take commands but there are exceptions that I'll explain later now what happens when a verb is reflexive when a verb is reflexive we go back to the rule that holds every reflexive concept we add s if a conjugation ends in a vowel and sa if a conjugation ends in a consonant and this rule applies to any reflexive concept including commands considering that we have the endings eaya and E we add s to the commands that end in eaya and C to the commands that end in e let's have some examples all of these are reflexive infinitives and to put them in the take command we add to the commands that end in and to the commands that end in e take a bath or bathe yourself dress up or dress yourself open up smile laugh in the negative the form stay exactly the same so that's how reflexives work in the T command let's continue with the V command its formation is simpler than the t command to form the V command we take the T command form and add the letters t regardless of the verb's ending and that's it all of these are infinitives and to put them in the v command we first put them in the T command and then we add in the negatives the forms stay exactly the same now what happens when a verb is reflexive in the v command just like the rule says we add s if a conjugation ends in a vow and if a conjugation ends in a consonant in the case of V commands the ending T always ends in which is a vow therefore we automatically put the ending in the negative the forms stay exactly the same so that's how VI commands work in Russian as a side note V can be used as you all but also acts as a polite and formal way to speak to people who are professionals suppose you learn Russian and you speak with these professional people using these commands would be very useful now let's move on to exceptions in Russian some commands have irregular spelling changes but the good thing is that they stay the same even when negative and reflexive the best way to understand them is to just remember them and another good thing is that some exceptions end in the so there is a pattern to follow with some of them set Zab Zab other exceptions can be fully irregular there could be more exceptions but these are the most common ones to know and if you want to you can try and put them in the negative and reflexive forms if some verbs allow you to do so finally at the beginning of the video I said that it's possible to form commands with perfective verbs and while that's true I think it's a concept that is simple enough to understand and if anything it has the same function as in English the commands that I'm talking about are we commands that begin with lets like in the following commands this command is practically the easiest both in English and Russian so specific explanations are not needed here in Russian to form a we command we have to rely on the verb davat and the verb from the perfective future which is what I meant when I said that commands can be made with perfective verbs in the case of we commands perfected verbs are needed but the action of lets will always be done in the future all we have to do is modify D into d and add a perfective verb in the MU pronoun in the future the is grammatically the same as the V command for the verb but in the context of we commands it acts as the word let d d is used when talking to many people informally but it has to be done in the first person me in the plural let's work let's speak let's eat let's read let's go this is what I meant when I said that it's simple enough to understand because it has the same function as in English with any perfective verb this is why I chose to Simply show this command rather than make a separate video about it so this is how we commands work in Russian as a bonus and this is how commands work in Russian also known as the imperative mood so in this video I would like to explain participles as adjectives in Russian participles as adjectives are verbs that form an active or or a passive tense as adjectives and in Russian there are four types of participles present active past active present passive and past passive passive participles are actually a very old literal concept that is really not used at all but it is possible to find it in old Russian literature I will not be covering it because it's mainly obsolete in modern Russian but the active participles are something very important to know past active participles are used less than present active participles so you don't see a lot of them but still it's possible to form them and I will cover them in this video in general participles as adjectives in Russian are something that you'll see in formal Russian rather than in Russian conversations but it is important to know by definition a participle that acts as an adjective has a quality of verbs and adjectives that can be affected in the six Russian cases another way to think about it is that a participle is a verbal adjective that is derived from verbs and adjective endings which is why participles are affected in the six Russian cases however there is no point in covering their grammatical endings because they all share the same endings as normal adjectives I already made a video about normal adjectives in Russian and I would recommend going back and rewatching it so that active participles will be more understandable as I said participles as adjectives combine the qualities of verbs and adjectives and describe the qualities of objects they possess characteristics of verbs and adjectives that depend on a verbal action and when modifying them they use the same endings as normal adjectives and in Russian there are present and past active participles let's begin with present active participles present active participles are only derived from imperfect verbs which are actions that are currently taking place which the subject is doing at the moment try to think of it in English as the one who is doing or the thing that is doing to form present active participles we take the an conjugation of the present tense verb drop the consonant and add the endings she masculine sh feminine neuter and Sh plural once again these participles are affected by gender quantity and cases but the good thing is that they share the same grammar as normal adjectives the only difference is that we have the consonant sha and the vowels after sha are all adjective endings in case you have not realized in case you need to say a sentence in any Russian case remember that adjective endings are the same as participle endings only with the letter sha before to make a parti iple or a verbal adjective out of the verb to read we take chat put it in the pronoun drop the consonant and add masculine feminine neuter and plural here we have the verb to listen and its modifications will be the same as the previous verb masculine feminine neuter and plural here we have the verb to lie down masculine feminine NE and plural here we have the verb the study is masculine is feminine is neuter and is plural let's not forget that the gender in the plural does not matter and therefore we can use any subject let's have some examples with the verbs that I showed and the following examples are sentences that you'll see in formal Russian including commas that separate the phrases also I've included the case that each sentence is in just so you can see how formal Russian becomes a man reading a book a woman listening to music a ring lying down on the table isik students learning the Russian language now what happens when a verb is reflexive when a verb is reflexive we go back to the reflexive rule we add s if a conjugation ends in a vowel and if a conjugation ends in a consonant however participle endings are an exception to this rule with present active participles as adjectives reflexives will always end in no matter the case like in the following sentences a man returning himself from work a woman smiling at the camera the people laughing at everything here you can really see how formal and literal Russian becomes but there are exceptions to some verbs in the active present some irregular participles have irregular suffixes which are mainly based on their irregular conjugations in the present tense like in the following examples to dance becomes which becomes t musal a woman dancing under the music to sleep spat becomes spat which becomes SP the Sleeping Beauty in the castle to tolerate or to endure becomes which unusually becomes rating Corner still you should know that there could be a lot more exceptions but it's not necessary to know all of them so that's how present active participles work in Russian let's continue with past active participles and as I said at the beginning past active participles are used a lot less but it's still possible to form them past active participles show an action that the subject was doing and their formation is easier than the present active participles to form them we take the past tense verb stem and add the endings and depending on gender quantity and cases similarly the grammar for past active participles is almost the same as for present active participles but the difference is that instead of using sha we're using the Sha and the vowels that come after are the same adjective endings in all tenses a subtle difference is that past active participles can work with perfective and imperfective verbs whereas present active participles only work with imperfective verbs to make a participle out of the verb chat to read we take chat put it in the singular past drop the consonant L and add masculine feminine neuter and plural here we have the verb to listen masculine feminine neuter and plural here we have the verb to lie down masculine feminine neuter and plural here we have the verb is to study is masculine is feminine is neuter and is plural don't forget that the gender in the plural does not matter so we can use any subject let's have some examples with the verbs that I showed which constructively are the same as the previous examples in the present along with the grammatical cases this time they're in the past musina a man who was reading a book a woman who was listening to music a ring that was lying down on a table students who were learning the Russian language now what happens when a verb is reflexive with past active participles as adjectives reflexives will always end in no matter the case like in the following sentences a man who was returning himself from work a woman who was smiling at the camera a movie that starting up from the beginning you can really see how formal Russian becomes but there are exceptions to verbs in the active past some irregular participles have irregular suffixes which are mainly based on their irregular conjugations in the past tense like in the following examples to carry becomes which becomes a boy who was carrying a box to be killed for becomes bip which becomes p musi a man who was killed in an accident some exceptions tend to have only the consonant cha in their conjugations which is mainly used in the perfective past as opposed to the imperfective to help P becomes P which becomes p p a person who helped someone to die um becomes um which becomes um CH V A person who died in an accident with past active participles there are actually a lot more exceptions than in the present but it's not necessary to know all of them so overall this is how past active participles work in Russian so in this video I would like to explain the Russian subjunctive the Russian subjunctive is a grammatical mood that designates an action that someone would do or that something would happen if specific circumstances are met it is based on subjectivity with verbs that are put in the conditional mood and the Russian subjunctive heavily relies on the conditional because it is a mood and not a tense the Russian subjunctive has many different uses that may refer to real or unreal actions that take place in the past present or future the most important usages of the Russian subjunctive are complex if sentences in the conditional mood emotional desire such as expressing a wish desire request or command the conditional mood with the wordi also known as subordinate clauses and suggestions and advice in my previous Russian videos I already mentioned these Concepts which all rely on the conditional mood and I already made a video about the conditional in Russian I would highly recommend going back and rewatching it so that the subjunctive feels much simpler because again it uses the conditional mood moreover the Russian subjunctive designates an action that someone would do or that something would happen if specific circumstances are met the conditional mood expresses the same thing which is why they're connected especially using words like yes which means if and B which which means would what makes the subjunctive and conditional very different is that they're both moods and not tenses and their complex constructions correspond to how they're formed in English which uses verbs and past participles as I said in my conditional video we need the word be which is a conjugation of beat meaning would which is placed before conjugated imperfective or perfective verbs that come from the past tense sometimes be can be shortened to B which only happens when the word b is placed after a word that ends in a hard vow let's have a short reminder here we have the verbs rabot andot meaning to work rabot in the imperfective conditional would be this conjugation applies only if the subject is masculine this conjugation applies to feminine subjects in the plural the conjugations are because of the imperfective the meaning of the phrases is I would be working you would be working and so on in the perfective we have the same words but with the prefix po and the meaning now is would work because the perfective indicates an action that would be done successfully this is how the conditional mood Works in Russian in addition to the subjunctive the conditional in Russian is also very useful when it's put in if sentences that Express a hypothetical situation where circumstances would be different it's also very very similar to how the conditional is formed in English which uses verbs and past participles along with complex if sentences emotional desire the conditional mood with the word stobby and advice in my conditional video I mentioned all of these Concepts and I said that they are for a future video and now that this video has come out we can finally cover them in the Russian subjunctive to form the Russian subjunctive mood we add the word b to the relevant imperfective or perfective past tense verbs formally B will always come before the conjugated verbs but because Russian is expressive any word can be placed in any order to make learning simple I'll always put B before the verb so that it's more similar to English let's also not forget that b changes to B if the word before it ends in a hard vow this system is the same as in the conditional mood which I showed a minute ago let's begin with complex if sentences in the conditional mood the subjunctive mood with the word yesly which means if denotes present or future actions that could be possible if some conditions are met to form complex if sentences we use the construction B where the subjunctive mood uses B in both Clauses of the sentence because the subjunctive is the last grammatical Concept in Russian I'm going to use every Russian concept together that I've shown so far in every example so expect these sentences to be complex if I had money I would buy myself a new caram if I had studied enough I would pass the exam if you would have liked football we could have played together if I were not sick I would go if she had asked I would speak with her if you would have dressed up you would not have been cold in some sentences the grammar changed in English and it had to be done on purpose to generate a better meaning because of the imperfective and perfective aspects some sentences also use the short B when placed after a word that ended in a hard vow so that's how complex if sentences work in Russian let's continue with emotional desire emotional desire in the Russian subjunctive uses common verbs to express a wish desire request or command because of subjectivity one person's desire could be different than someone else's wish which is why it's called the subjunctive emotional desire describes possible actions that would happen using verbs that give polite requests mainly in the past tense like to one to wish and to watch or to look along with the word in the conditional I would like to buy this car because I like it I would ask for more videos to watch I would watch the new film that came out could you help me please yes I can help you with your wish this is how emotional desire works in the subjunctive let's continue with the conditional mood with the word also known as subordinate clauses I would say that subordinate clauses with the words stoi are the most complex Topic in the Russian subjunctive because they have the most amount of meanings and their structure is different in Russian than in English but it is possible to connect them in subordinate clauses two Clauses do not refer to the same subject in which the word b is incorporated with the word this word connects a main clause and a subordinate clause which can be translated as the conjunction that when talking about two different subjects the wordo has to utilize an action in the past tense most of the time the perfective to convey the meaning that and while Russian has one way to express it English has to take a look at the following phrase I want you to eat in English we tend to combine the pronoun with the action which is why the sentence feels more like a request but in Russian it's not possible to say a sentence like that because there are two different subjects another way to express it which connects more to Russian is I want that you eat it's still possible to say in English but it's completely not formal but this is the construction that Russian has with I want that you eat with the comma in this case we have one subject ya and a different subject and the perfective verb po conjugated in the perfective past so as I said when talking about two different subjects the word has to utilize an action in the past tense mainly perfective to convey the meaning that I want the that you eat I want you to eat this is how the conditional mood with the word Works in Russian and when giving examples I'll show them both formally and informally so that you can see the construction in both cases I want you all to watch this video and learn Russian the informal construction would be I want that all of you watch this video and learn Russian you came so that I could speak with you about this in this case we're using the construction so that and an imperfect a verb in the subordinate clause he does not want you to go anywhere or he does not want that you go anywhere an they asked me to walk their dog or they ask me that I walk their dog she open the window so that it would not be hot in this case we have so that and the regular imperfective bua generally this is how the subjunctive mood works with shobe in Russian but these are not the only sentences that shobe can work with other phrases are also used in the subjunctive like it's important that it's urgent that it's necessary that and so on these short phrases are all main Clauses and impersonal Expressions that connect with subordinate clauses with a past tense action using shoi which would act as that the Russian subjunctive is most often used with these Main and subordinate clauses and in the case of stoi it acts like a conjunction that connects the impersonal expressions with subordinate clauses vajna it's important that you all watch this video it's urgent that you all learn something it's necessary that you all remember this even though these are simple short sentences they're still very important to know in the Russian subjunctive furthermore the wordi also has a second meaning in Russian and that is in order twoo in English we tend to sometimes omit it when we speak but we do so to save time like I watch this video to learn Russian formally it's an incomplete sentence so the full sentence is I watch this video in order to learn Russian where in order to proceeds an infinitive when putting this phrase in Russian we have the word which conveys the meaning in order to and it's also placed before an infinitive such phrases with can also be written in the opposite way in order to learn Russian I watch this video even though it's not a big concept with stobi I wanted to quickly mention it in case you see it in any other sentence so you would know that stoi has two meanings one in the subjunctive and one as a subordinating conjunction which can be used inside and outside the subjunctive anyhow let's finish the Russian subjunctive with suggestions and advice the Russian subjunctive can be used to offer suggestions and advice which is similar to the English constructions it would be better or why don't you Etc these phrases are mainly applicable in Russian conversations and they act more like Expressions as opposed to literal translations and also they use the conditional mood you'd better go to a doctor better put on a warm jacket because it's very cold you'd better not lean on the door because it can open up you'd better sleep a little after the trip you'd better rest a little overall this is how suggestions and advice work in the subjunctive and this is how the sub junctive fully Works in Russian now that this long video is over I wanted to take one last minute to explain what I've shown as someone who teaches languages to themselves I've had my ways of explaining information to myself which many people don't necessarily use the whole point of this video was to explain the basis of how to think when learning new languages of course everyone has their ways of learning anything but in my opinion everyone has to start with the basis of whatever they learn my goal wasn't so much focused on teaching how to speak Russian directly but more so on how to think when learning all the Russian grammar practically this video had everything you needed to understand the Russian language and I decided to go with this format to not waste time and omit all the unnecessary information that other Educators could have included this video explained every Russian grammatical concept with additional information this was simply my way of explaining teaching educating and providing information that one would fully need to learn Russian from top to bottom if you made it all the way to the end of the video thank you so much for watching it and educating yourself about the Russian language thank you