[Music] this is psychics helping you of your psychology application one video at a time this video is on perception and the sixth GCSE video we'll be covering factors affecting perception the very kind support of students and teachers who donate on patreon help me help you I continue to make these videos and resources a very big thank you for all your help guides to join them follow link for everyone you might want to check out the free worksheet for this video and the quiz so I imagine you're here to study GCSE psychology so here the terms on the aq8 GCSE specification we're going to cover in this video as we go through the video they'll all be in red text you need to be able to respond to questions on all of this so let's start by explaining the term perceptual set our brains are thought to be biased in the way they perceive information as sensory information is detected we focus on some bits of information and ignore all the parts we have a group or a set of expectations based on previous experience that we use to make inferences altering our perception so what factors can influence our perceptual set well in this video I'm going to talk about four culture motivation emotion and expectation culture influences the development of people through socialization we learn norms and values and we tend to share the same mental schemas as other people in our society this means people with different cultures will perceive the world differently Hudson showed this with images like this one when presented with an image similar to this black South Africans were more likely to say the man was hunting the elephant white Westerners said the antelope both cultures perceive the same image differently now it's likely that white Westerners had more experience with drawing images and perceived the man is closer to the antelope as they were on the same ground and Sheen the elephant while close on the drawing was large and far away on a hill motivation is bought in fluent perceptual set if we want an object it will be highlighted in some way in our perception on motivation might be to satisfy basic needs like hunger or thirst or because the object gives us status our emotional state is for to influence how we perceive the world and objects in it so for example you might receive someone else's body language is aggressive if you're already in a bad mood or a movie is particularly sad if you're depressed also our expectation of what we're about to perceive will influence what we do actually perceive so our perception is based on previous experience so we'll tend to focus on what matches our expectations and then filter out what we're not expected let's focus on a couple of studies Gilchrist and Nez burg investigated motivation for food influenced perceptual set firstly they assigned participants to either be deprived with food for 20 hours or not on both groups were told they'll be match in images and showed images of food for 15 seconds after the image was shown it was turned off then showed again with the images brightness reduced the participants for that asked to readjust the image so had the same brightness as the original image Gilchrist and Nez Berg found that the food deprived participants adjusted the image to be brighter than the participants who had not been food deprived so they concluded from that that motivation such as the motivation to eat does change person's perceptual set making food appear brighter to hungry people so we evaluate Gilchrist and Nez burg study we can think of practical applications as research food marketers may want to focus on how they use imagery in promoting their products knowing it'll attract hungry customers we can criticize the study there as experimental group of participants were asked not to eat for 20 hours this might set up a demand characteristic where participants feeling they're expected to respond to pictures of food in an exaggerated way may be hoping in some way to help the researcher the study was also an independent groups design they could have been individual differences between the groups in their perception of brightness on next study to consider is Bruner and mint and study of perceptual staff they investigated if the expectation of a particular stimulus would alter the perception of that stimulus so let me explain the participants were told they were taking part in a study on recognizing numbers and letters the researchers then flashed a series of numbers or letters onto a screen and the participants had to write down what they had seen there was a testing illness a broken B so the broken B can be interpreted average at B or as a 13 now what the researchers found was when they primed the participants with a series of numbers the participants were more likely to write down 13 when flashed with a series of letters the participants were more likely to write down a B so the conclusion made from these results was the participants expectations influence their perceptual Sam changing how they interpreted the broken B so when evaluating Burnham Minton study we could positively evaluate the methodology it was a lab study so potential extraneous variables were highly controlled given a high internal validity and the standardized procedures were used the study is easy to replicate however the study used students as volunteers this is a problem as it might be that perception changes as people age or people who volunteer might have differences in perception potentially making the findings on perceptual set or generalizable the task itself also lacks mundane realism the task is unusual and not how perception is experienced in everyday life in no day life there are few truly ambiguous situations so now we've covered the content you need to be able to use all the information to actually answer questions here are five questions I've made to the test of skills so pause the video and give them ago for those of you who support me on patreon I've put together a quick bonus video showing you how to answer these questions properly for everybody else thank you for watching subscribe like and I'll see in the next video on development early brain development