welcome to chapter 20 part two sorry about the confusion at the end of the last lecture i'm not sure where that slide came from wasn't supposed to be there it's supposed to be in today's lecture what we're looking at in chapter 20 is some intellectual trends some cultural trends one of the things that happens because and alongside of what we talked about earlier the reforms in education is a knowledge explosion there are more technological jobs for the day than there had been previously which means a more knowledgeable worker so you need specialized workers and thus higher education becomes even more important now one of the areas where they wanted to help the specialized people is the chautauqua movement it's a lake in upstate new york the chautauqua movement actually starts as a two-week summer camp for sunday school teachers but besides being taught how to be a better sunday school teacher they're also having a good time camping rowing maybe volleyball waiting in the lake canoeing and some lectures on some local things the follow-up to this found that everybody who went thoroughly enjoyed it the next year they had a few more and the year after that they added more and pretty soon they're adding camps for the whole summer not camps for the whole summer but whole summers of camps two weeks at a time they were reasonably be priced for the day six dollars per person for two weeks includes the food as these camps grew in popularity the founders moved away from the sunday school aspect and began adding lectures on other topics geology uh all kinds of economics literature government history they began to get more famous lecturers coming in what they were doing is attempting to give in their ideas and their minds a college outlook to non-college adults now reality was that they weren't learning a lot they were learning about a lot but they weren't learning a lot about any given topic you go to a camp like this and what you learn is like a mile wide but an inch deep you may pick up something on geology flora fauna astronomy econ history of spain [Music] the founding fathers what have you and then you go home there isn't a great depth of material in terms of what you get but thousands of people went home having received opportunities for intellectual improvement they would not normally have had now when you get home and you're all fired up about astronomy and flora and fauna and geology and history where do you go well in the 1890s 1880s they went to the library except a lot of small towns didn't have libraries that's expensive build a building buy all these books a lot of small towns didn't have the budget for it but andrew carnegie in particular believed in libraries and all the wealth that he had after he sold off to morgan he began handing out money to build libraries based on the size of your city you know you fill out the form send them in you could get a 5 000 volume library or if you were big enough you got a 10 000 volume library some of these libraries are still in existence a few of them are still being used as libraries most of them now are historical sites museums there are two that i know in california that i've seen i've heard of others but pasa robles up on 101 and up in the city of sonoma in santa rosa county they have these libraries so now in the local communities if you want more information on the history of spain or whatever you go to your library and there's material for you so we're spreading knowledge the knowledge explosion isn't an explosion of knowledge it's kind of an explosion of people trying to get the knowledge by 1900 the united states had over 1 700 libraries that had at least 5 000 volumes or more well where else can you get information especially if you're interested in current information newspapers and newspapers are beginning in this time frame to go through a revolution of their own the line type machine before the linotype machine is invented the way you printed a story is you have a bin of letters little pieces of metal letter you pull them out put your story together line by line put it in a column tighten it up put it in the press took a while the liner type machine based off of the typewriter as you typed your story it kept track of a line's worth of words and it would then cast in metal led your line and send it down to the bed so as you type line after line is being fed down into the print bed where it's locked into place and then put over on the printer sped up things immensely and of course it allowed you to lay off a couple of printers and save money we got better paper allowed you to print on both sides of the paper printing presses that could print simultaneously on both sides of the paper better inks all of this made newspapers better and as we will see they will become cheaper because they will become available in quantities that are just mind-boggling today we also got the trans oceanic cables this is a telegraph cable that was laid from europe to england under the english channel then above ground to the northern scotland over the faroe islands over to iceland to greenland to labrador down labrador under water to newfoundland across newfoundland underwater to new brunswick and then down over land to new york city this allowed the united states to get stories from europe within a day instead of weeks it really speeds up the access to current events which is a boon to newspapers because they can then print something with more immediacy so we have a population increase with better education demanding printed material with the transoceanic cables they have access to fresher material people are beginning commercial people are beginning to put together wire services wire services is a company that provides newspaper stories to small and large newspapers you have a newspaper here in say escondido you don't have the money to put somebody in say la san francisco albany washington dc new york city so that places where all the news that can be made for the people who read your paper but a wire service comes along and they've got money to put people in all these places and they charge you a small monthly fee this is how the wire service works they get dozens and dozens and dozens of small papers and some large ones we'll see in a minute to subscribe monthly they take that money put a reporter in la san francisco albany upland new york sacramento st louis chicago for the commodities new york for the stock market dc for government and they write a story and then the wire service sends that story to all of its customers so escondido is getting information from washington dc what escondido is getting information from sacramento from new york from paris as soon as the wire service sends it out they'll get it the wire service still is in existence today usually you tend to see it in small papers well in large papers for sports and small papers for everything but in newspapers in the sports section let's say you're getting the san diego union tribune and you open it up to the baseball section which will be happening in july because they're going to start up again and here's a summary of all the games well the san diego union tribune does not have the financial wherewithal to send a reporter to every game that's played they subscribe to the ap who does send a reporter to every game writes up a summary and sends it to all their customers this is how wire services work another way to share stories is a newspaper chain this is where one person or a corporation owns a bunch of newspapers in different locations so you own a newspaper in san francisco la st louis chicago new york dc boston as your local paper in chicago writes a story it can be automatically shared with every other newspaper owned by the same corporation so this way it acts like a wire service but it's only shared with the company newspapers you keep it in-house if you will pictures are shared this way stories are shared this way the economy is picking up more consumer items and of course to tell people that they need your new item you need ads newspapers begin to print more and more ads the integration of the economy into the newspaper increase advertising which brings in more money at the time newspapers ran on circulation nowadays they run on ad money which is one reason they're dying is because people aren't reading newspapers and people are spending ad money elsewhere newspapers change during this period of time and joseph pulizer changes them pulitzer for whom the pulitzer prize is named is a hungarian immigrant and in 1893 he bought the new york world when he bought it he had a circulation of twenty thousand one year later he had bumped it up to one hundred thousand five years later he had it up to a million now how did he change circulation he changed it by changing how the newspaper covers stories and what they cover one of the things he did is he began to hire people with some business knowledge to write business stories small town papers the guy could write a story about the mayor a story about a train wreck and then write a story about a social event and then an obituary but on a big paper you're more you could be more specialized and this is what pulitzer began to do he began to cover highest society he realized that the people who couldn't afford high society wanted to know what was happening so he began to print stories and pictures of dinners and parties of the high society crowd how he changed coverage especially was in headlines pulitzer believed in sensationalism headlines in those days papers were not home delivered they were sold on the corner if you're old enough you might have seen newsies or maybe you've seen it as a teenager on how long it's been out there story of a newspaper strike by newspaper boys but boys stood on the corner and hawked papers how do you get the person to buy a paper you scream a headline so there's the kid you're on your homeway you're on your way home from work and the kid is screaming war war read all about it war and you thought oh my gosh what has happened so you give him a penny hence the penny press open up the paper and the headline starts off war and as you open up it says is not yet declared or they're screaming mayor's divorce mayor's divorce and you open it up and it says mayor's divorce is a fight story but they got you to buy the paper that is sensationalism the national enquirer and the globe those things you see at the checkout line at the grocery stores if you're still going to the grocery stores where you see these my favorite from about 15 years ago national enquirer had a headline with a photo jfk and elvis presley alive in the same convalescent home and there was a really grainy photograph of two old guys in wheelchairs talking to each other i almost bought it just for the example that's sensationalism now william randolph hearst also was in the newspaper business he had bought the journal in 85 before pulitzer bought the world but after pulitzer showed what he could do hearst began to out pulitzer pulitzer screaming headlines sensationalism covering stories the same way now hearst will go on to have a very large chain of newspapers the hearst chain of newspapers the union tribune today is the union tribune but it used to be in the 1960s two papers i think the union was in the morning and the tribune was in the afternoon and they merged eventually but a lot of papers across the country that were the tribune new york tribune chicago tribune san francisco what have you were all hearst owned papers now hurst tried to copy pulitzer's i said well pulitzer on the upper left hand corner of his front page put a cartoon it was called the yellow kid because the little cartoon square was yellow with black lines and drawing and caption hearst did the same thing put a yellow cartoon on his front page because of that their style of journalism becomes known as yellow journalism cessational journalism is yellow journalism it goes back to the journal and in the new york world both of which are not around anymore magazines harper's bazaar atlantic monthly are around but they're very conservative in tone they haven't changed much since before the war but as we go along the magazines begin to change they begin to offer fiction they began to offer poetry in fact in the 1880s and 90s poets probably hit their heyday in the united states there was a magazine just for poetry there were two or three of them magazines were running national competitions on poetry they ran stories on current events and the farther we get away from the civil wars people are starting to die magazines are running around getting surviving generals to give first personal accounts of their memories of famous battles which can't be trusted but you got them they sold magazines frank leslie was one of the leading publisher of magazines and he aimed his at the average citizen he didn't try to be very high society in literature he called it mental pablum in other words baby food mental baby food not too taxing he did have a lot of illustrations and it's during this period of time that magazines begin to specialize begin to look for niche markets if you go to barnes and noble today you can see how this is still true if you go there look at the magazine racks there's like two or three or four of them there's two or three magazines on the civil war magazine or two on black powder shooting another gun and ammo another couple or three or four on fishing two or three on power bows two or three old sailing food fitness sports on baseball basketball and football hockey sixteen bride magazines for different wedding dresses what's missing are the general magazines the general magazines like look in life that tried to cover everything in a week are gone people want specialization edward bach created the ladies home journal it had color reproductions pretty much before anybody else and he offered stories and information on how to improve the ladies wives at home so what we're having here is what's in the background the darwinism that's affecting society the education reform industrialization with its breakdown and its conflicts and its relationships the new sciences the development of empiricism that is give me the facts only want the facts not only is it affecting newspapers magazines education but it's beginning to affect the arts realism is beginning to affect the arts and in literature you see this in mark twain now i know mark twain is thought of as being a very funny author and he gave a lot of public appearances apparently from the reviews he was hilarious and you talk up you read tom sawyer he's tricking people into doing things but buried in his books are slices of realism in huck finn huck is floating down the river with jim and he's got to deal with jim as a real person and sawyer i mean mark twain writes jim as a real person and how casts they deal with it connecticut yankee and king arthur court it's kind of a sci-fi fantasy this mechanical guy in new england is transported somehow to the days of king arthur in england and to help king arthur out he ends up turning england into new england with smokestacks and soot and tenements and he's destroyed england and so mark twain really samuel clemens is making a comment on what we've done to ourselves another author was more realistic william dean howells he tried to write with a social conscience and some of his stories dealt with the conflicts faced by capitalists and businessmen where's your moral code where are your ethics do you have ethics how do they apply henry james his main theme was a clash of american and european cultures one of his more famous burke books stories was it about a rich american merchant commercial guy goes over to paris meets a very lovely french woman an aristocrat daughter they fall in love he wants to marry her but the family won't let her marry him because he's got commercial roots he's not worthy of an aristocratic daughter he also dealt with feminism he dealt with the difficulty of artists in the day as he considered the modern world he wasn't very famous this day but he's much more famous now and we have lit realism in the arts here with actual art and it has to be more realistic because photography is around and photography shows what really is well at least it used to now with photoshop don't trust anything you see in the papers but in those days they didn't have all that the picture showed what the picture showed so paintings had to reflect this and two of the more famous people at the time thomas eakins winslow homer here is the guy out by himself you can imagine the hot day with a scythe out there trying to harvest wheat all day a high line rescue in a stormy sea there's a shipwreck i think is the best story behind it those are rocks over behind it they're about to have surgery and this is how they did it this is a teaching hospital poor person's laid out there flat they're about to open them up and there's the doctor talking about it this is how they did it here's an old sword maker probably making either a damascus steel or toledo steel folding it over beating it folding over beating it you can see the cords on his body from the strength in the years he's done this realism in art now what's been happening in california this is a map of some of the railroads as we move to california the red line is the central pacific which ran from sacramento out into utah we talked about that in history 101 and we're talking about it here also uh from the utah the union pacific goes off railroads go to the north there's a railroad across the bottom but this is how california interacted with the country via rail the working man's movement we started with dennis kearney a labor activist the working man's movement arose from the bad economic times of the mid 1870s there was a recession the movement was a labor movement it wanted unionization it wanted an eight-hour workday now kearney was very bigoted he blamed the high unemployment on chinese workers he advocated getting rid of chinese workers kicking him out of the country the movement gains a lot of power and in the 1878 election it elects several judges state senators and assemblymen enough to control sacramento they passed labor-oriented laws like the eight-hour workday they set up a public school system they put banking reforms into place and they were able to get another constitution convention for california in 1879 this constitution among other things gave the state board of equalization the power to tax railroad facilities only within the state remember the grange tried stuff like this and you can't tax frank rates but you can tax the facilities in your state but the constitution also included anti-chinese language in the document now that's the document we've been living with ever since however it's been modified extensively by amendments the railroads are bringing people to california we talked about the central pacific it was built and then going east to promontory utah the golden spike was laid in 1869. but the guys who built it weren't done they wanted to build another railroad the southern pacific now the southern pacific actually started in sacramento worked its way down to bakersfield into los angeles out to beaumont banning down toward el centro across yuma through arizona new mexico into texas where they bought another railroad merged it together and you have the southern pacific now the southern pacific basically controlled the railroads inside california the man who built it crocker hopkins stanford and huntington all became filthy rich they sold the central pacific line off eventually to the union pacific stanford took his money and started stanford university named it for his late son huntington who lived really in new york just kept his money and kept increasing it the southern pacific controlled the state you couldn't run for office if you well you could run for office if you were opposed to the state government but you probably wouldn't get elected because the state government was controlled by people backed by the southern pacific that that way they kept the rates down kept other railroads out i mean that keep the race down kept the taxes down the government allowed them to raise rates very high what broke the hold of the southern pacific railroad was a fight over where la los angeles would have its harbor very short version la did not touch any water at that point so the southern pacific owned a lot of land in santa monica so they tried to force the city to build the railroad using southern pacific right-of-way out the santa monica bay instead the city kept annexing land going south to they got down to near what is long beach and built their own harbor and that fight in court cases and the elections is what broke the power of southern pacific in terms of controlling california also in 1887 the atchison topeka and the santa fe got its rails into los angeles via cajon pass that's if you're driving ever up to mammoth you go up through l.a on 15 and you go up up that high hill that's cajon pass that is how the atchison topeka and the santa fe got into la in 87 and once they got in they started a price war bringing people to california there was a surge in immigration in california in the late 1800s because of the price war it was really for the time dirt cheap to come from the east to california via the 18t and atchison to peak in the santa fe or from the southern end via the southern pacific this helps san diego to expand la to expand and many of the cities around l.a to grow so this is chapter 20 we finished chapter 20 so this is the end of the material for this week don't forget you've got a test now goodbye