[Music] hey I'm James and today I'm going to discuss the anatomy of the cerebellum I will describe where the cerebellum is in relation to the cerebrum and brainstem I will then move on to the gross structure the cerebellum and the associative vasculature finally I will talk about the functions of the cerebellum and cerebellar dysfunction be sure to check out the associated article where I give some details about some of the main cerebellar inputs and outputs subscribe to geeky medic's to be the first to know when we release new videos the cerebellum is a portion of the brain that is only concerned with motor function it is located with the posterior cranial fossa of the basilar skull cord leads to the cerebrum we frequency is located here and posteriorly to the brainstem which is located here you will notice that the model includes some meningeal structures and I've kept these in so you can see the meningeal partitions that exists in the cranial vault here we can see the falx cerebri or the cerebral Fox and this is an extension of the juror that goes in between their cerebral hemispheres here it's a ten-time cerebelli once again this is an extension of the dura that acts as a partition between the cerebrum here and the cerebellum finally we have to Foulke cerebelli which again is a dual extension that splits the left and the Wrights cerebellar hemispheres now let's look at the gross structure of the cerebellum the cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres and a number of different lobes not unlike the cerebrum though unlike the cerebrum if you were to flatten out the cerebellar gray matter at the cortex you'll see that this is one continuous sheets that extends from the left to the right hemisphere or vice versa depending on your perspective the cerebellum can be divided in a number of different ways firstly it is divided into a left hemisphere and a right hemisphere by a midline structure known as the vermis the vermis consists of a part which we can see on the model here and an inferior parts which is approximately here the world Mart Harrah's on to Fisher which we can see here and here divides a cerebellum into a superior half and an inferior half although this information is important from an anatomical standpoint it is important to remember that these divisions have no functional significance the much shallower primary fissure which we can see here on the left and here on the Wrights divides the cerebellum into an anterior lobe and a much larger posterior lobe this division is thought to have a functional significance something of which I will discuss later on in this video when we rotate the model to look at the inferior surface of the cerebellum we can see an additional structure known as the tonsil which is here on the right and here on the left it is important to remember the structure because sometimes the tonsil can be displaced through the foramen magnum and this can be caused by a number of different mechanisms if we remove the brainstem and look at the ventral surface of the cerebellum you'll notice two structures the first one is the nodule which is an extension of the inferior vermis and here is the flock ulis together these portions of the cerebellum formed a flocculonodular lobe which is thought to be a functional lobe in its own rights I will also discuss this further later on in this video the cerebellum is directly connected to the brainstem via bundles of white matter tracts known as peduncles with the brainstem removed we concede the cerebellar peduncles which are formed by these white matter bundles loose superior middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain pons and medulla respectively now if we change the model to a Hemi sexy brain stem and cerebellum we'll be able to see of relationships of the cerebellum so eventually we can see structures that make up the brainstem include in the midbrain which is approximately here the pons and the medulla here we have two cerebral aqueducts lead-in into the fourth ventricle on this view we can also see the general macroscopic arrangements of the cerebellum the cerebellum gray matter extends around the cortex like so but it also extends deeper within the cerebellum given this leaf-like appearance which is known as the cerebellar folio the white matter extends through the deep grey matter as channels or like branches of a tree and for this reason is known as de árbol Vita which translates as Tree of Life the cerebellar nuclei are located approximately here so on the screen now I've added the left portion of the cerebellum and brain stem along with the general arterial supply the blood supply to the brain comes from two sources the internal carotid arteries which we can see here and the vertebral arteries these arteries Parsons the cranial vault viola carotid canal and farm and Magnum respectively the internal carotid arteries for me anterior circulation and his branches form the infamous cerebral arterial circle which is often referred to as the Circle of Willis the vertebral arteries formed a posterior circulation as the vertebral arteries pass through the foramen magnum they joined to form the basilar artery which we can see here extending over the ventral surface of the brain stem which then meets the cerebral arterial circle approximately here the cerebellar arteries arise from the posterior circulation the arteries that we are concerned with under superior anterior inferior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries and if I rotate the model we can see them here so the superior cerebellar artery arises here approximately at the terminus of the basilar artery the anterior inferior cerebellar artery arises from the basilar artery approximately over the pons and finally the posterior inferior our tree arises fund of vertebral arteries as we can see so let's have a look at the territories that these arteries supply the superior cerebellar arteries pass posteriorly and supply the superior portion of the anterior lobe as we can see the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries supply the flocculants the superior parts of the posterior lobe and potentially parts of the anterior lobe as we can see finally the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies the inferior portion of the vermis and the inferior portion of the posterior lobe so in his final portion of the video I'm going to talk about the functions of the cerebellum the cerebellum is concerned with motor control works at an unconscious level and for the most part will only influence motor activity on the ipsilateral side unfortunately there is little agreement from source to source on the function of each portion of the cerebellum and so this can be confusing therefore I've tried to collect as much information as possible and I've summarized it in this text box here the cerebellum is divided into three functional portions the vestibular cerebellum the spinous cerebellum and the cerebro cerebellum the vestibular cerebellum is associated with even a flocculonodular lobe wallah furnace it is primarily concerned with balance gaze control and possibly posture the spinous cerebellum may include the vermis para thermal regions or may extend over the whole anterior lobe it is thought to be concerned with posture monitoring and correcting motor activity and possibly coordination finally the cerebro cerebellum is associated with the cerebellar hemispheres these areas are associated with higher level functions that may include coordination motor learning and memories as well as the initiation of movements cerebellar lesions are associated with the signs and symptoms included within the text box here the best way to remember these signs and symptoms is by remembering the mnemonic Danish so that's me we'd love to hear your feedback on what you thought of this video and what topics you'd like us to cover in the future you can do this by leave comments or dropping us an email you