welcome back to intro to psychology um we're going to be rounding out the chapter 12 social psychology before your third exam again a lot of the terms i'm talking about or examples i'm giving you may be sitting there thinking like well okay dr hands of course that's what that is but please keep in mind these terms are sometimes confusing and i have had students not do great on exam 3 because they think it's so simple they don't have to study or really make sure they understand the differences between the terms so this is just my warning for everyone as always pause the video rewind fast forward whatever you need and then of course if you have any questions or issues do not hesitate to contact me i'm happy to help you i want you to succeed there is no tricks i really want you to do well so if you are having issues please contact me all right with that being said let's finish up chapter 12. so now we're going to talk about thinking back on situations and we do this by attributes this is the judgment about the cause of an individual's behavior so again when we look back at certain situations the judgment we make about that individual's behavior or our own behavior is called an attribute and so now i'm going to break this up a little more into two different terms and you'll see how they can mix and match with one another so first i have dispositional attribution so for dispositional attribution this is a judgment assigning the cause of a person's behavior to their personal qualities or characteristics so this is just who they are as a person so when we see someone engage in a certain behavior or we look back on a certain situation with our friends we say that person acted the way they did because that is who they are next we have situational so for situational attribution this is now the judgment assigning the cause of a person's behavior to the environment so here when we look back on an individual's behavior or our own behavior we blame the environment or the situation we're put in the next two terms are going to be stable so this is unchanging you cannot change this at all or unstable which are temporary factors to which now i'm going to connect stable and unstable with disposition and situational attribution for the example of failing an exam so with the failed exam if you find out one of your friends failed their psychology intro to psychology exam you may think to yourself oh man they are really stupid they are really stupid that's why they failed that exam in this case you're engaging in stable attribution and dispositional attribution so you're combining stable and dispositional it is dispositional in the sense that it is who they are their intelligence level and it is stable in the sense that it is unchanging they are not smart enough to understand intro to psychology so it's a stable dispositional attribution you can't fix this their level of comprehension between exam one and exam two now for stable situational it could be that this student failed their first intro to psychology exam because they are homeless and they had they have nowhere to sleep with safety and they had no food no clean running water and because of that they failed their intro to psychology exam unfortunately with this example this is stable because we can't magically give someone a home between two exams now of course there are shelters etc that we could but for the sake of this example we're just gonna stick with this and it's situational the person may be brilliant however because they're having to worry about where can i sleep how am i going to get food etc they cannot apply the knowledge towards intro to psychology that they need to next we have unstable dispositional so this is saying that someone failed the exam because they were never taught how to study so they were never taught how to study it's temporary you can teach someone study to study tips before the next exam whether you're saying to them though it's their fault they're not a good student unstable situational would be someone failed an exam because their roommate got drunk and they had to take care of them the night before the exam it's situational they could they didn't get enough sleep maybe they fell asleep during their exams they failed their exam but it's temporary you can tell your roommate not to do that next time or you can go stay over at a different friend's dorm before the next exam etc which we'll be talking about here some different attributions but it's the formal terms when combining these so for correspondence bias this is the tendency to view a behavior as a result of a disposition even when that behavior can be explained by a situation example are debate topics and lecture quote unquote off days first let's do debate topics so let's say we decide to have a debate and i assign you where you stand on certain topics so i tell you if you are for or against a certain topic everyone in the class knows this okay so let's say you were given the stance of being for legalization of marijuana you go up there you've done your research you were saying this is why you were for legalization of marijuana you are debating against the person who's against it for correspondence bias that would be your classmates then being like whoa what a stoner i bet they're going to go get high after class so they're basically saying your behavior of discussing your pro for legalization of marijuana means you must smoke a lot of dope now completely your classmates then would be completely ignoring the situation of i assigned you that topic you may not be for legalization of marijuana but that's what i assigned you and so you were just doing what you need to do to get a good grade in the class but again your classmates ignoring that and jumping onto dispositional of oh they're a stoner that's correspondence bias same for lecture off days so sometimes i have off days sometimes your professors we all have off days however even if i were to start my lecture by saying hey guys i haven't been feeling well or maybe you've been hearing the beeping in the background we're having a fire alarm issue at my house we're trying to get it fixed but i wanted to get this out to you in time this would be you know explaining the situation so i've told you the situation that i'm having an off day but instead as you're watching my lecture or listening to my lecture the whole time you're thinking man dr hance does not have her [ __ ] together dr hands is really doing a poor job as a professor you're taking then my behavior of being possibly frazzled as a result of who i am and my qualities rather than the situation even though again i said the situation maybe at the beginning of the lecture or just now in the example so that is correspondence bias why do we do this lack of awareness just not paying attention so it's easier to laugh and say someone's a stoner than to sit there and think it all through same for a professor having an off day it's easier to be annoyed with them and to just automatically go to personal qualities about them than thinking about the situation possibly also unrealistic expectations same thing for like with your professors if you had an amazing professor before taking my class or if you had an amazing teacher back in high school or whatnot you might have these unrealistic expectations that i cannot meet maybe because it's not your major so you're already not interested in the class maybe it's because you're having to listen to this lecture on a computer and not face to face and so because of that you engage in correspondence bias of course this is also inflated categorization so remember i talked about how we like to put people in boxes we like to organize things that's why we do heuristics and schemas and all that same thing inflated categorization of all professors need to be the same as this one professor who i idolize and if they don't meet those unrealistic expectations then they are that professor is bad and of course we have incomplete corrections so sitting there listening to someone saying why they are pro legalization of marijuana you just automatically jump to this corrective thinking of they must be a stoner when it's completely incorrect next we have the attribution error this is the tendency to explain someone's behavior based on internal factors and to underestimate the influence that x uh and i'm sorry here we go lecture off days right here attribution error is the tendency to explain someone's behavior based on internal factors and to underestimate the influence that external factors have so my example is someone who's unemployed so unemployment has skyrocketed recently with attribution error you may see someone who's unemployed and you think that person is lazy apathetic and unmotivated so all completely internal completely dispositional so they're lazy that's who they are they're apathetic part of again qual personal qualities and unmotivated however it could be a shitty economy it could be a pandemic so whenever we see someone in this case for this example who's unemployed you may jump to this attribution error basing everything everything on internal factors and completely ignoring anything external or situational we also have defensive attributions such as the actor observer bias this is when we use dispositional factors for others while environmental factors for us so actor observer bias is different from attribution error because with attribution error we do not experience the same thing so like we or like me as an employed person or you all as students maybe you're also employed you are not that unemployed person so you are watching them from afar you are not also unemployed yourself or if you are you have the excuse of saying you're a student here for actor observer this is when something happens to both someone else and you so for my example here's you and a classmate fail on an exam so here you could have you and your friend debbie i'll say fail an exam you so your other friend asked why do you think debbie failed that exam and you say well debbie's not really a good student debbie's just here at college just to party she doesn't take her academics seriously debbie's not so bright etc all dispositional that's who they are the same friend asks well you didn't do so well on that exam why did you not do well and you say things like oh because i didn't get enough sleep oh because dr hansen's lectures are just confusing and it's dr hans's fault or oh because i'm just really stressed about this pandemic and doing college during a pandemic so again for our friend debbie we jump to dispositional but yet for us when we've had the exact same thing happen us and you and debbie both fail the exam for you it's environmental we also have just world belief this is the assumption that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people so again good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people we do this to reduce our own anxiety when we see something bad happen to someone we originally deemed them as good so again we do this to reduce our anxiety when we see something bad happen to someone that we originally thought was good or who we deemed good of course this leads to victim blaming so again that's blaming the victim for what happened to them instead of blaming the situation or possibly the perpetrator so for my example i'm going to talk about example then go to benefits so my example of course unfortunately on college campuses there is a one in four chance for women on college campuses to experience sexual harassment sexual assault one in four that's pretty high number this is again so this will also explain the victim blaming when we see someone who we thought was a good person and we see something bad happen to them like they experience sexual harassment or sexual assault we then change our thinking to oh they must not be a good person they did it to themselves somehow which leads to victim blaming and questions like what were you drinking what were you wearing were you egging it on because again in our minds we think only good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people so if something bad happens to someone they had to have done something bad to bring it on to themselves now for the benefits i've already mentioned it reduces our anxiety because if we don't have this then of course if you're if you remove this thinking you're then thinking is well i'm a good person but yet bad things could still happen to me which can then increase anxiety so thinking it doesn't matter what i wear if i was drinking or if i was talking to that person a few hours before this could still happen to me that causes a lot of anxiety so instead we engage in just world belief so we can think to ourselves well i'm a good person so that's not gonna happen to me so again it just makes us feel better completely wrong not saying it's right but it is something we do to cope so with this let's discuss about attitudes so attitudes is a positive or negative evaluation that predisposes behavior towards an object person or situation so again positive or negative evaluation that predisposes behavior towards an object person or situation there are three elements to it affect or emotion behavior and cognition so you can think of this as the abcs towards attitudes affect behavior cognition with attitudes the one major term i want to discuss is cognitive dissonance this is an uncomfortable state that occurs when our outward behavior and our attitudes do not match so again uncomfortable state that occurs when our outward behavior and attitudes do not match example someone who smokes if you are a smoker in this listening to this lecture maybe this pertains to you um i'm not here just to call you out even though smoking is bad for you um this is just one of the best examples i can think of so um my husband's grandmother is a uh she smokes very addicted to smoking um but if you were to ask her um would you be okay if your grandchildren smoked she would tell you no not at all and none of her grandchildren do smoke so my husband does not smoke i don't smoke and she would not be okay with them dating or marrying someone who smokes so again her attitude is smoking is bad and she doesn't want even her grandchildren or her children to smoke but yet her behavior does not match that so then i i've asked her before okay well then why do you smoke then like why have you not tried to quit to which then individuals say certain reasons that are very shallow to try to just help them feel more comforted in this imbalance so things like she said things like oh because i'm already this old and i've been doing it for so long it's it's fine or oh because i don't want to gain weight and i know if i stop smoking i'm going to gain weight or it really helps me with my anxiety and so i need to keep doing it now with all those excuses with those three excuses you probably could sit there and easily have some rebuttal to say back to that of you know well um first of all gaining weight is not the worst thing in the world um and maybe then we just need to be careful about what you eat and take more walks or then possibly like oh if it's for anxiety we could look into anxiety medication that's better than smoking or try things like calming tea reducing caffeine etc there are rebuttals for all these but again they don't think like that because they're just trying to quickly comfort themselves because they're uncomfortable knowing that their behavior and attitudes do not match the more personal the greater the dissonance so the more personal it is to someone the greater the dissonance you will experience so like i said if you are someone who smokes and you're you know thinking well smoking is bad i wouldn't want whoever to smoke it's harder for you to um or that dissonance will be greater for you because again it's personal versus someone like me who does not smoke i don't have that dissonance we then have self-fulfilling prophecy this is a belief that comes true because we are acting as if it is already true that sounds kind of confusing but don't worry i'm going to break it down but again self-fulfilling prophecy is a belief that comes true because we are acting as if it is already true okay so let's break this down a little bit so for the elements of self-fulfilling prophecy first the perceiver has expectations of how the target will behave so again percent let's say person a for perceiver has expectations how the target or person b will behave to which then the perceiver then behaves in a way that is likely to elicit the expected target behavior so then person a then behaves in a way that is likely to elicit that expected behavior from person b then person b behaves in a way that confirms pers the perceiver or person a's expectations and then the perceiver sees that predicted behavior so it reinforces that idea that expectation so my example is a wrist resting [ __ ] face um i have been told i have one of these um and if you see me on campus first of all side note i usually have headphones in so if you've ever waved or said hey dr hansen i don't respond i probably didn't hear you um and apparently students have told me i look super serious and slightly um resting [ __ ] face as i'm walking around on campus that's just cause i'm thinking but so you meet someone or you see someone who has a resting [ __ ] face a classmate and you have the expectations that that person is a [ __ ] or a not very nice person so then let's say in this class you then get told you have to be put in pairs and you get put paired up with the person who has the resting [ __ ] face so then you engage in step two and maybe you're a little aloof around them you're kind of distant or cold because you're preparing yourself that this person's going to be rude and by doing so you're actually being rude to that person to which then step number three happens and that individual with the resting [ __ ] face behaves in a way that confirms your expectation so maybe they are called back to you to which then has you think to yourself yep this person is a [ __ ] when in actuality that person may not be a [ __ ] but be because of the way you acted because you assumed and had an expectation that they were they behaved in a way that confirmed your expectation now we're going to move on to persuasion you will not need to draw this whole graph or you know not even a graph table graphic figure it may help you so if you want to do that you can pause the video and do so so i'll give you time to pause the video if you want okay so persuasion first of all is the change in attitudes in response to information provided by another person so again this is the change in attitudes or opinions in response to information provided by another person the most common way of understanding persuasion and how we as social psychologists discuss persuasion is using the elaboration likelihood model or the elm so this figure over here to the left is the elm this is the elaboration likelihood model don't worry i'll break it down for us the elm predicts responses to persuasive messages by distinguishing between routes of persuasion the first is the central route that's this top route up here so we hear a message we have high motivation so the audience us we have high motivation and ability to think about the message which then we engage in deep processing and we focus on the quality of the message so i'm going to underline that the quality of the message which then this outcome has lasting change that can resist fading as well as counter attacks because again we focused on the message the quality of the message so we're more likely to remember that message as well as bring that message back for any counter attacks so for an example of engaging in the central route let's say chancellor damphus sends everyone an email and says your tuition is going to have to go up by this amount starting next year everyone's tuition is going up to this amount i'm going to go out on a limb here and say people in this class do not want their tuition to go up i don't blame you when i was a student i never wanted my tuition to go up so we see this message that our tuition is going up and let's say it's going up by quite a bit but then so we all get upset about it we are high motivation to find out why is our tuition going up so we as a class decide to go to the town hall meeting where chancellor davis explains why our tuition is going up and what all are we going to get out of it and by we i mean the students so chancellor danvis starts saying okay i know tuition is going up and i know you're against it however with tuition going up that tuition will pay for all of your books you will not have to pay for books extra all books will be paid for through your tuition we are getting better parking and more parking spaces for all academic buildings to where it'll almost guarantee that you can park at any building when you need to we are also updating all of the dorms and all the dorms will be updated to where they are not gross side note i've never seen the dorms here today state but i'm just thinking back of my own dorm experience so whatever if you live in a dorm whatever to make your dorm better that's what chancellor danfis is talking about and then of course it'll go towards the uh student union as well to make it more accessible for all individuals as well as providing more food wise if i didn't say something you want okay better wi-fi too let's add that in too let's try to make this the best package possible better and there will also be significantly better wi-fi on campus hopefully i at least named something that you were like oh yeah we definitely need that on campus if i didn't think of something you really want on campus and pretend i said that so let's say damphis says all that to which then we're like you know yes my tuition's going up but look what i'm getting out of it i don't have to pay an extra thousand dollars for books my parking is significantly better my dorm is better my food options for me are better this is fine so then of course because we focused on the message we're then better from fading about that message so then like the next day or when we do get that bill of our increase in tuition we're not angry about it as much you may still be annoyed in the moment but you wouldn't be as angry because you're thinking to yourself oh wait but chancellor davis said i'm getting x y and z out of all of this so that's the central route next is the peripheral route which is this bottom route so here we hear a message we as the audience have low motivation or the ability to think about the message maybe we just don't really care maybe we're indifferent to which then our processing is superficial and we focus on certain features such as the communicator's attractiveness or the number of arguments presented so here this superficial processing takes place in the peripheral so we don't listen to the quality of the message we're either so focused on the communicator maybe they're dressed nice maybe they're attractive or we focus on how passionate quote unquote passionate they appear that we're not listening to the quality of that message to which then we engage in only a temporary change that is susceptible to fading so then not because we have nothing to think back of on as well as counter attacks so if someone says no i don't agree with that and here's why we have nothing to say back on that message because we weren't listening to the quality of the message so my example for peripheral is going to um so again this bottom one i don't know what where my ink went but it's gone um so for peripheral my example is going to be a short youtube clip um that of a facebook psa or public service announcement or it's more so like an ad instead that came out after the first round of hacking in the first round of spamming and attacks um so watching this and then we're gonna talk about it we came here for the friends and we got to know the friends of our friends then our old friends from middle school our mom our ex and our boss joined forces to wish us happy birthday and we discovered our uncle used to play in a band and realized he was young once too and we found others just like us and just like that we felt a little less alone but then something happened we had to deal with spam click bait fake news and data misuse that's going to change from now on facebook will do more to keep you safe and protect your privacy so we can all get back to what made facebook good in the first place friends because when this place does what it was built for then we all get a little closer [Music] so that was a nice little video it was cute it was really sweet and they addressed the fake news the spamming the data misuse to which then you may be like oh look like you know yes facebook's going back to how it is i'm definitely gonna get back on facebook um but if i were to ask you okay howard based on this right here how are they going to stop the fake news the data misuse and everything from happening how are they going to stop it to which you're probably sitting there saying oh i have no idea that's because they didn't talk about it this was totally engaging in your peripheral route they want you to focus on the superficial things of how cute is this baby oh look at those friends it's like my friends oh look that couple got engaged all focusing on superficial things instead of the quality of the message of how are you going to stop this from happening again so that is the peripheral route the final topic i want to discuss today is altruism specifically though the bystander effect so for altruism that's helping people even whenever helping can either be an inconvenience or even a danger to us but something that stops us from helping others is the bystander effect which is people are less likely to help someone if others are present we do this by diffusion of responsibility so if there's several people around us so if you are walking on campus there's and everyone's going in between classes let's say you're on the student union and you see someone drop their books with the bystander effect you are less likely to help because there are so many people around that person first the diffusion of responsibility happens you're saying oh well that person over there is closer to them they'll help them but if everyone's doing this if everyone's engaging in this diffusion of responsibility then no one is stepping up and helping that person who has dropped all of their books we also have a fear of looking foolish so going to help that person and maybe that you know you we have a fear of that person be like no i don't need your help and they quickly pick up their books and stomp off making us look foolish possibly to people around us as well as convenience you're in the student union you need to get food before your next class you can't help that person someone else will help them you don't have time so the bystander effect stops us from helping other people and we realized this after someone a woman named kitty genevieve in new york city was murdered on the street outside of an apartment and people at the apartments looked out their windows and watched it happen and no one called 9-1-1 until she was already dead because again that bystander effect so i have a clip for us to watch to show you a little more about the bystander effect plays like this street in new york city if you were unfortunate enough to be the victim of a crime or take an ill unexpectedly you might think that surrounded by all these people someone would intervene after all isn't there safety in numbers psychologists say no research suggests that often a victim is less likely to receive assistance when surrounded by a group rather than a single bystander when people are in a crowd it's easier to pass the buck it's what psychologists call the diffusion of responsibility liverpool street station in london a busy thoroughfare for commuters unknown to these passers passers-by peter is an actor as part of an experiment on bystander apathy he's pretending to be ill how long before he gets help [Music] helping would be inconvenient or even risky he lies there for more than 20 minutes and no one raises an eyebrow somebody help me it's always very distressing to watch situations so with the bystander effect as you could see with that individual it took significantly a long time for someone to help so i gave the simple example of you know dropping your books in the student union or someone dropping their books but it can also lead to serious things such as someone being hurt or sick out in public and people do not help okay and that finishes up chapter 12. as always if you have any questions please feel free to reach out to me and also you know go to your book that's free and it's available for you i mean next we will have review for exam three and then you have exam three as always stay safe and stay healthy everyone