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4.5 The Function of Political Boundaries

Apr 8, 2025

Political Boundaries and Law of the Sea

Introduction

  • Review of functions of political boundaries and the Law of the Sea.
  • Boundaries are invisible barriers or lines that separate states.
  • Boundaries define state sovereignty and can be contested.
  • Boundaries can be based on cultural, physical, or political/economic differences.

Functions of Boundaries

  • Show property limits for individuals.
  • Assist in city/town zoning for organizations.
  • Enable states to exert control over geographical areas.

Types of Boundary Disputes

  1. Definitional Boundary Disputes

    • Disputes over interpretation of documents defining boundaries.
    • Often resolved in court.
  2. Locational Boundary Disputes

    • Arise when physical geography changes, affecting boundary location.
    • Example: Mississippi River shifts affecting Mississippi and Louisiana boundary.
  3. Operational Boundary Disputes

    • Disagreements on managing boundary-related issues.
    • Example: US-Mexico border control disagreements.
  4. Allocational Boundary Disputes

    • Disputes over natural resource usage on boundaries.
    • Example: Oil extraction rights on boundary lines.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

  • Adopted in 1983 to manage sea-related boundary disputes.
  • Zones Defined by Law of the Sea:
    1. Territorial Waters: 0-12 nautical miles from shore. States regulate passage and apply mainland laws.
    2. Contiguous Zone: 12-24 nautical miles from shore. Laws on pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration enforced.
    3. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): 24-200 nautical miles. States have sole rights to natural resources.
  • Beyond 200 nautical miles are international waters.
  • Disputes resolved by International Court of Justice.

South China Sea Dispute

  • Rich in resources: oil, natural gas, fisheries.
  • Vital trade route.
  • Various countries claim parts of the sea.
  • China claims historical rights using the nine-dash line from an old map.
  • Island-building by China to extend control.
  • Spratly Islands claimed by multiple countries.
  • U.S. involvement due to enforcing international law.
  • Rising tensions due to U.S. military presence.
  • Impacts both regional politics and global economy.

Conclusion

  • Continued tensions in South China Sea expected.
  • Global focus on the outcome of boundary disputes.
  • Importance of international law enforcement and economic implications.

Next Steps

  • Practice questions and review answers.
  • Consider further study resources like review packets.