[Music] boys and girls good morning good afternoon good evening whenever we'll be watching this uh the topic that we are going to be dealing with is the civil right or civil society protest in the 1950s to 1970s i am timberlessly israel's conjured your educator from ignis vale high school in tembusa a guru lani north district as i've said already the topic that we're going to be dealing with is the civil society protest in the 1950s to the 1970s civil protest so we're looking at america so this is a map of america that shows you the united states of america those are some of the states that you're going to be looking at and then we're going to be seeing where the challenge is where and how these uh protests emanated the focus is going to be as we go along the focus is going to be on the whole of america but where most of the challenges happened is in over here at arkansas and also at mississippi montgomery and also other parts of uh of of america uh the exam guidelines this is the exam guidelines the civil society protests from 1950s to 1970s this is the time frame that we're looking at the question focus here is usa civil rights movement so we need to be looking at how this came about so the reasons and origins of the civil rights movement in the usa the role impact and influence of martin luther king the forms of protest through civil disobedience and we're going to be looking at montgomery bus boycott we're going to be looking at the seat inns we're going to be looking at the various matches and we're going to be these are going to include the lincoln memorial that is uh washington bc uh march and also the birmingham campaign as well as the last one which would be the selma to montgomery march so this is the focus of our exam this is what is going to be examinable there is also another which is uh the school segregation this we're not going to focus on we're also going to finish off with the short term and the long term gains if you remember when we're dealing with history in history we deal with the triple c that is the cause the costs and the consequences sometimes we refer to these as the cause and effect so in everything that happens when i teach i always indicate that for every action there is a reaction so we're going to be looking at what is it that brought about these uh civil resistance that we're talking about we look at america in here we see segregation that is divides america so in america we find out that there was the jim crow laws which enforced strict separation of races in the south there is also the schools the hospitals the transportation and restaurants which were segregated there was discrimination there was some form of apartheid as we would say in south africa there was also the law which is uh the just segregation imposed by law and uh also you'd see that the this is the background that we're looking at there was the jim crow laws jim crow laws which gave preference to a particular race in this case it was to white race at the expense of black people in america african-americans so they were discriminated against at all levels like we've said at schools at hospital transportation uh and all of those and this was in some instances this was a written law or in some cases like it was de facto where it was not written as a law there is a case study where in 1896 who presley versus ferguson where this became law and an individual gentleman by the name of plessy had actually been sitting on the bus and then he was arrested and then he was asked to give his seat to a white person and then he refused and upon then then he was arrested and upon being arrested and then the court found out that he was guilty of not having given a chair to a white person in the bus so the law that was therefore uh put there it was separate but equal now we go to the reasons and origins of the civil rights movement in the usa as we've already indicated many american african-american people believe that their lives would change after world wars now the world war that we're talking about in particular here we're talking about second world war after they had been involved in the war they had fought in the war that is the black americans when they came back they thought that things were going to be different because now they're not going because they also fought they fought for liberty they fought for freedom so when they came back they thought that they were going to enjoy these that are enshrined in their human rights declaration however that was not the case so the black american activists they were frustrated by the federal and the state government's lack of action to implement desegregation they were also angered by huge resistance of white americans against the ending of segregation and the ongoing violence against black people particularly in the southern state it was in this context that the civil rights movement emerged it is also very important that we are dealing with this particular topic at this particular time where in america currently we've seen riots that are taking place where the continuation of the very same racism that we spoke about that is being referred to we see the continuation thereof from the floyd george uh where he was murdered or he was killed or he died at the hands of the police force that was practicing that is very harsh laws so we see the experience and the the heartache that was experienced in in those days that it is still continuing so boys and girls this becomes very important for you that what we read and what we see on tv it you put that in perspective we are dealing with what with racism that was happening in america we're dealing with what with civil uh protests people who are protesting and as you can see on your televisions when you tell you to when you turn on your television you would see that there are protests so put that in into perspective and then it was is going to make you to understand more as we're going to dissect and then get into specifics where we're going to be looking at specific areas now we have a gentleman by the name of martin luther king who came or became prominent during this time of of of this protest he's going as you can see over there he's addressing a lot of people he had a huge following he was a very charismatic charismatic leader the role and influence of martin luther king so he was a 26 year old when he was appointed as a baptist minister in montgomery alabama at the beginning of the montgomery bus by god king spoke to a large congregation of people at the hall street baptist church in montgomery he became a spokesperson for the african-american right he challenged racial segregation and injustices he was a gifted speaker he was well spoken he believed in using non-violence now when we speak of non-violence where does this non-violence come from he was influenced by uh gandhi mahatma gandhi the influence of passive resistance comes from mahatma gandhi on uh that is martin luther king king had been influenced by the liberation struggle which gandhi led against british colonial rule in india india therefore gained its independence in 1947. martin luther king adopted gandhi's passive resistance philosophy king believed that such action could win full rights for black people in america so the people from all religious as well as non-believers embraced his call for non-violence when we speak of nine violence we are seeing issues whereby people would destroy buildings would destroy infrastructure but in his case he said they didn't need to do all of they did they needed to do whatever they were doing they needed to do it peacefully the forms of protest that you're going to be looking at uh that are uh disobedient we're starting with the montgomery bus boycott the first phase of the civil uh right movement was packed off by rosa parks arrest in december 1955. rosa park was a civil activist boarded a city bus and moved to the back where africans were required to sit a bus filled up pax was asked to was asked by the bus driver to give up her seat to a white man now just a little one on here it must be indicated that what had happened here is this lady rosa parks a little bit of a background about her she was a highly educated individual seamstress her parents had also been involved in in in civil rights now in this case she was coming from work and then she boarded on the on the bus and she sat where black people were there was a disagree there was segregation where an area was designated that from here this is where black people started sitting so she sat on the first row that was meant for black people but unfortunately as time went on the bus filled up filled up until when the bus was full and then the driver realized there were some white people that were standing and then the bus driver stopped the bus and then came over to rosa parks and she was set there with other three there were four on the seat and then she spoke and the the driver spoke to rosa parkin and the others the other three moved and they stood up to allow other white people to to sit but in this case rosa park said no i don't think i will stand and then she refused and then subsequently to that she was therefore arrested upon her arrest then a date was i mean the police were called and then a date was uh was set it is very interesting that she made a call to her husband when she made that was the only call that she made to inform the husband that she's been arrested but the news of her arrest fled like wildfire the whole community heard of this what had happened so they galvanized against you know each other and they said we need to go and support on on the court date when she was supposed to go to court and then there was these lot of people that were going to to be talking about now there we can see rosa parks in a segregated bus in 1955. a montgomery pass by court rosa park's arrest resulted in a year-long montgomery bus by court which ended in a legal victory when the supreme court ruled that segregation on montgomery buses was illegal during the boycott martin luther king emerged as a powerful speaker and a national respected leader in 1957 king and other religious leaders formed the south african christian leaders conference that is sclc to lead the struggle the montgomery bus boycott had been a victory in uh i mean for the americans now it is important that we need when we speak of that we need to understand what had happened after the montgomery bus by court after rosa parks arrest what had happened the the various leaders emerged within the communities and they said let us go and support this the the this uh lady when they went to support the lady and at on that particular day they took a resolution that they as african americans were no longer going to ride on the buses now imagine if they don't ride on the bus what does this mean it means that in terms of revenue the the the the bosses are going to lose lose out on revenue so they said we are not going to ride the buses they even came with the slog and they said don't ride the bus to ride the bus for freedom when they were saying all of that they galvanized themselves they said the best thing for us to do what is it that we need to do we need to have lift clubs we need to those that were closer to to to their workplace they walked some even walked longer distances this was a commitment to say we're going to hit the buses where it hurts most and that was in the pocket so in seoul doing it meant that they were going to the bosses were going to lose revenue this strike went on for just over a year 381 days before that because this happened in in december and in june uh the the the they tried to go to court but there was no success in in that regard until uh the the constitutional court ruled that the segregation in buses was illegal was unconstitutional so the buses were therefore meant to desegregate now we look at this uh usa civil rights movements this is how the civil rights movement you've got now martin luther king charles steele and fred shuttleton established the south african cr as we've already already indicated in which king is made to the president now the s c l c becomes a major force in organizing the civil rights movement and base in its principles on non-violence that is civil disobedience according to king it is essential that the civil rights movement not sink to the level of racist and hate mongols who oppose them this is what he said we must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline that is what he said that is what he urged so what he was urging he was urging high discipline high morale so that is uh that was the non-violence that the the the the uh they were speaking about now having said that what had happened in montgomery where people had galvanized themselves where people had come together people had supported this now made it was a huge success because at the end of the day now the buses were ordered to desegregate when they were ordered to desegregate this was an inspiration to other people that also felt that they felt the pinch now we look at the students there is the sit-ins the students also played an important role in the civil rights movement in 1960 a group of students in greensboro sat at a white only lunch counter and waited to be served the waiting staff ignored them why because they were in an area that was designated for whites only so the students said peacefully and refused to move so when they said they're peacefully not wanting to move they were inspired by the by the views of martin luther king together with uh with mahatma gandhi so they were peaceful the next day a larger group of students returned and resumed their protest in 12 months 50 000 people participated so they are courageous action inspired others and within two weeks there had been similar protests in 11 cities during uh i mean where students were arrested so this sit-in came in the form of where students we said there was they were they wanted to be saved and they were not saved because they were on the wrong path they said we're not going to sit down and this became known all over because this this was happening at the woolwoods woolworths uh library so all the other people started now to also join other students also join as it is said in 11 cities uh in 50 states that is what happened in 50 states 11 cities that is what happened now the sit-ins four black students in the north carolina sat down in a white dinner only and they were told they would not be saved as i've already indicated the sit-in became a new way of protest of on segregation of public facilities now when we speak of public facilities this is almost the same as we we know it happened in south africa where we spoke of separate amenities act taking a stand these are the students that just felt they needed to sit down they said we are not going to go anywhere until we are saved they were they were abused racially they were scorned at they were sought at but they remained resolute the sit-ins also spread from mere sit-ins to some other aspects where it was read in at segregation as segregated libraries weighed-ins at segregated beaches slept in in lobbies of segregated hotels students sit in were effective throughout the south in integrating parks swimming pools theaters libraries and other facilities so what is important here is to understand when these sit-ins were implemented like i have said already whatever that happens i always say to my students boys and girls for every action there is a reaction so for when these students realize what was happening was segregation there was discrimination that was an action so there was a reaction to that so what did they do they set in in those various manners like we've indicated they set in in libraries they slept in in front of the foyer in the hotels they went to pg's where at the beach area that has been segregated that had been uh designated for black people they would go there uh that had been designated for white people they would go there and then they would just uh fill the space and in so doing this was also shown worldwide this became an embarrassment and also another very important aspect is what the students had done what the students had done before they could embark on this they had uh organized themselves when when they were going to do this they had organized one of the businessmen by the name of jones jones was a businessman and then he was told this is what was going to happen and then john was able to galvanize and spread the news to the media so the media the following day was there and every place was actually covered so this was beamed throughout the world so this was an embarrassment hence it was very easy for not necessarily very easy but it it it came as no surprise that america reneged on on such and then america uh came up with uh scrapping off the of the various laws now the outcomes the media coverage showed the success of the movement the mayor agreed that segregation was immoral and unacceptable in few weeks six lunch counters desegregated their counter the photos of students with food poured over them attracted public sympathy now from public sympathy if we go back we remember we said in montgomery bus by court when it was uh declared that the segregation in buses was illegal or was unconstitutional the this did not happen uh throughout in the northern part of america it was still happening now the freedom rights although segregation on buses had been unconstitutional segregation was still practiced in the southern state in may 1961 an interracial group of 13 students traveled on greyhound buses from washington dc to the south these protests became known as the freedom rides what is important to know about these freedom rights as they were challenging the status call there was a ruling that had said that uh segregation in buses was unconstitutional however it carried on but now for these people what they felt that they needed to bring this to the fall or to the fall so that people would see what was happening so the outcome of the freedom right they organized they were organized by the core uh that is the congress of racial equality the black student occupied seats reserved for whites when buses stopped white would use restroom reserved for white so this was vice versa now the first group left washington dc on new orleans in 1961 may bus was set on fire tires slashed other riders were violently attacked and intimidated so in this process you can see why they are trying to to to show the discrepancies the discrimination so they were also uh intimidated attorney general that is the brother to jf kennedy his name is robert kennedy he ordered the federal marshal to protect future freedom rights because these freedom riders they were being persecuted they were being ill treated they were you know like we've indicated that the buses were were banned so the interstate commerce commission due to uh political pressure soon banned segregation on all interstate travel so these are now the outcomes after everything that was done now these that is kennedy ordered the federal marshal to protect the future freedom riders and the interstate commerce uh commission due to political pressure soon banned what segregation uh in all travel in 1962 now another part of of protest this was in birmingham birmingham you are going to as you can see the picture is there it shows a person uh a dog being set on a person these are protesters and very interestingly on the other side you're going to see these are students that were taken instead of going to school they were taken to the streets to also go and protest because their parents also had endured the racial discrimination so this is the level at which now uh the the struggle was taken too uh the birmingham campaign the bimmingham campaign you've got there the triple k the klux clan stronghold deeply racist early 1963 king and the the sclc organized an economic boycott of white businesses and a series of protest matches in in birmingham alabama to desegregate birmingham's downtown department stores they also demanded fair employment many were arrested including king birmingham businesses leaders decided that the protest campaign was bad for business and they agreed to desegregate their lunch counters their restrooms and their drinking fountains now the jailed protesters were also set free now the birmingham campaign as it continues in birmingham king took a controversial decision to enlist as we have seen in the previous slides to enlist school children to join the demonstration on the second of may 1963 thousands of black children gathered at the baptist church instead of going to to their school in groups of 50 they marched straight into the full force of birmingham's white police uh jim commissioner of the public safety eugene bulkhona ordered the high-pressure water hoses to be used against the children crusade as it became known over 500 children were arrested that day thousands were traumatized if we're looking at that now the use of children was taking it to the next level however it is also very important that we also have to understand what was it that was at stake now what the leadership had decided to do but also contrary to that also when we hear of bulkhonor uh how he he responded he responded with violence where he used house pressure to to to to to to spray the children this was almost like like uh uh you know those when you are using the what you call the the fire brigades those kind of of of pipes water that is coming out of there now what was the impact of this the awareness of birmingham campaign this is continuation we say the newspapers the radio the television reporters and cameramen documented events in birmingham making sure it received the national and international attention americans were made aware of the brutal attacks on people by birmingham police many americans were shocked and support for the civil rights movement grew now if you look at that why did they embark on such they wanted it was also a campaign to show the atrocities that were that were perpetuated by the police so in this case we look at after that what was there for the the the outcome remember i've always said uh for every action there is a reaction so what was the reaction after therefore the birmingham campaign the stores were desegregated opportunities for african-american in jobs actually improved so there was that harmony of some sort now that was that was the success of the of the march but things didn't stand there because remember we're talking about the various the various states we're talking about the various uh cities now we're talking about birmingham now we're going to be talking about washington d.c now in 1963 on the 28th of of august now it is very important now if you see there you've got the name there you've got the name lincoln lincoln april this is abraham lincoln the man who fought and abolished slave trade so slave trade was abolished on the 28th of august 1863 so to call inside it was a centenary celebration for that particular day that is a hundred years later where people still found themselves where they were still treated as slaves with the way there was discrimination so in 1963 black unemployed employment stood at 11 percent it was at this context of inequality that philippe rundolph a 74 year old veteran activist decided to organize a match on washington this match became known as the match on washington for jobs and freedom despite initial fears that it would result in more violence president kennedy gave the match his authorization on the 28th of august 1963 250 000 people of all faiths remember people of all faiths take note all faith add up about 60 of them were white 60 000 of them were white descended on what on washington these are people that were also not happy with what was happening now it does not become a racial issue because there were also some people from uh from across racial religious backgrounds that supported the memory uh that is the lincoln memorial uh march the civil rights movement that is 1963 augustine martin luther king uh where he had uh weathered on converge they first went to lincoln and then from there that is lincoln memorial and then they went to washington dc uh congregation at lincoln memorial participants listen to martin luther king when he delivers his famous speech which said i have a dream so in his speech way in his speech when he says he has a dream the dream that he was saying he has it's a dream of a free society democratic country where people are not judged by the color of their skin but rather by the content of their character what was the outcome of this uh lincoln memorial march the the outcome was the civil rights act illegally or the civil rights act was made illegal any discrimination based on color race religious and national origin so there was a civil rights act that was passed this civil rights act enabled or recognized that everybody is equal and there should be no discrimination that therefore becomes what it becomes a success of the of the march the march to lincoln memorial it continues it was the largest demonstration for human and civil rights in american history and it was peaceful remember we said initially people had reservations that it was going to turn violent however jeff kennedy had given the thumbs up and then the people didn't disappoint because it was peaceful it was where martin luther i've said that already so now on the 22nd of november 1963 kennedy was assassinated now it's a job that he had on hand that it was unfinished job so the job was therefore finished by leiden b johnson who signed the civil rights act on the 2nd of july 1964. so you have kennedy being assassinated in 1963 and then the following year uh johnson therefore uh passes the law of the civil right that is the civil rights act which had made uh we've already said that it made uh illegal any form of discrimination on the basis of race and all of that this was a success for the civil rights movement as discrimination was now outlawed johnson also signed the executive order enforcing affirmative action requiring government contractors to hire employees from minority groups now having spoken about that now we go to another form of what campaign protest now the freedom summers the campaign the lord this was launched in the free i mean they launched the freedom summers in 1964 volunteers started a voter registration drive organized by the congress of race equality with the the s-a-n-c-c and the aa the naacp now 30 freedom schools were established in mississippi to address racial inequality in educational system volunteers were threatened and harassed churches homes and an african-american banned the student beaten up by mobs and racist police three workers were killed what is important about this freedom summer campaign it is whereby we need to indicate even though america had said that everybody is equal everybody could vote but in terms of having a franchise it was a bit unfair for the african americans because in order for them they were subjected to rigorous tests in order for them to qualify for to to vote and some bosses could not release the the workers to go and register for vote so if we look at it from that perspective a right to vote is a human right so it's a civil right it's a human basic right or a basic human rights however in america it was not the case but on the other hand when people were subjected to rigorous arithmetic tests those tests when they could not pass those tests now these group of people said we are going to go and educate and encourage people to register so that they would take leaves they would exercise their rights so that is what the freedom summers were about and what was the outcome the matters of civil rights workers made headlines and provoked an outpouring in support of the civil rights movement the campaign brought national attention to the issue of voting right this led to the passing of the voting right so if you look at that you realize that for every action there is a reaction as much as there is also a a reaction to the matches that were made because you look at it why was there a match the match was because of certain uh aspects and what was the results there of was it worth i mean taking that step then it becomes yeah they become vindicated because at the end of the day there is now the voting rights that were uh that the the that was passed selma to montgomery much so the matches continue in march 1965 king led the demonstration to montgomery alabama two matches to montgomery failed as a result of state troopers blocked the matches at edmond peters bridge across the alabama river accompanied by federal troops uh to montgomery black people demanded to be allowed to register to vote the first attempt to complete the match ended in an event called the bloody sunday 50 people were injured and as they were attacked by the alabama police the state troopers attacked attacked peaceful demonstrators with whips and batons when these people were chambered or were beaten up they did not stop selma to montgomery matches and now president johnson called upon the congress to work with him around the clock to prepare a new federal legislation to secure rights of all people to vote in august 1965 johnson signed the voting rights act which eliminated all voting literacy tests paul texas and other legal loopholes which had been used to prevent black people from registering to vote in the southern state the civil rights movement achieved its aim of equality before the law now we're looking at what we're looking at what they had achieved for all what they had done now we said now there was now the civil rights act there is the voters right act now the other new laws which were also enacted interracial marriages were legalized now people could marry because love is love love is blind love does not see color so in this instance these marriages were legalized people could marry across fair housing act was removed i mean fair housing act removed the barriers previously buying houses in white areas was a challenge but now in this case those were removed if you had the capability you were able in terms of affordability you could buy a house in a formerly white area education act ensured all americans i mean equal education so non-violence push the american government to change uh uh to laws giving equality to all race now we look at all of this what are these these are therefore the achievements of of these uh of these civil rights movement so we're looking at what we're looking at the short and long term gains of the civil rights movement when you look at this as president johnson uh signed the voting rights act into a law in 1965. martin luther king jr had mobilized thousands of black black and white americans to participate in campaign of civil disobedience between 1955 and 1965. the signing of the civil uh of 1964 civil rights act and the 1965 voting rights were important gains for the civil rights movement now those were the long term that we we looked at now we're looking at the the long term like we said now people could now vote now people could uh you know in workplaces they they they acquired a a a situation where they could be employed anywhere they wanted to be employed on term as long as they qualify they could buy houses where they wanted to to to do that and then let's look at the short uh the the this is continuing short term and long term the civil rights movement arguably ended segregation or racial segregation in the south the prejudice did not disappear with new legislation and amer african-american still faced racial discrimination many african-americans rejected martin luther king junior's philosophy of non-violence they believed that more militant approach to white racism was necessary and adopted the slogan black power it is important to understand here what we're looking at we're looking at the short term and the long term gains this is based on their civil protest or on the civil right protest some people would feel that there were some gains some people would feel that there were no gains but what is important is when you are going to be writing this is an essay question now looking at it from that perspective you are going to be looking at you are going to sectionalize this as as as an essay now part of everything that we're doing we're going to be looking at the various protests we i'm going to go back now and just indicate what is it that the learners need to to look at in terms of how to address this as an essay as an essay question as i've said in the beginning now for the learners to have answered the question they need to look at what we had said in the beginning we had said in the beginning they're going to be looking at their the civil rights movement the reasons and origins of the civil rights movement how and why did this happen and they're going to be looking at the role and the impact and the influence of martin luther king so what is very important here you are going to you boys and girls you are going to be looking at the forms of protests these forms of protest how they came about we're going to be looking at the very first one you would have been given a background the background as we have said it was the jim crow laws it was dissatisfaction discontentment where people were disgruntled they were not happy with the status quo where there was segregation there was discrimination so how did that come about it came about in the very first one so part of what you are going to be dealing with when you're answering this question you are going to be looking at you are going to be sec you are going to sectionalize you are going to subdivide you are going to have the various topics subtopics when you are dealing with this particular aspect you are going to have the montgomery bus boycott where you are going to discuss what was the montgomery bus boycott how did it come about and then what was the result thereof and then you you tabulate and then from there you go to the second one what is the second one you are going to be looking at uh you're going to be looking at the sit-ins how did the sit-ins come about what had inspired the sit-ins to come about and what was the result there of remember when you're writing your essay you're going to be writing an essay and then you're going to be tying in whatever that you are going to be saying in that particular whatever stance that you would have taken then you would be able to say okay if this was successful you're going to say it was successful based on a b c and d what happened you're going to be looking at the short term as well as the long term gains now each and every of these we said there is montgomery bus by court there is the city ins there is the birmingham campaign there is the the freedom summers there is the there is the the the there is the the birmingham campaign there is selma to montgomery matches so all of this if you have covered all of this it therefore means that you would have been in line with what you are supposed to do in terms of the exam guidelines so this topic is a very [Music] understandable topic because it relates to what happened and also what we also have seen on the news recently it's a continuation of discrimination so this makes this particular history uh to be a history that people a lot of people can relate to because it's not only things that happened in the past things that also are happening currently so people would also be able to know how the bus boycott came about and what was the result thereof and the match is why do people match people much because they are not happy with the status quo what is happening this is a form of showing their discontentment this is a form of showing their unhappiness at the end of the day when they doing evaluation or when people have to do evaluation what was the reason for this was it worth it so at the end of the day you are going to see that it was worth it if it was worth it and you are going to substantiate if you say it was worth it when you say it was worth it you say it was worth it because there were these achievements now the achievements you are going to be looking at achievement what was the gain at the end of it all so boys and girls up to now i think i have covered what you are supposed to be focusing on on this particular topic uh the topic that i've dealt with is going to be an essay on civil rights protests which were led by martin luther king thank you very much you