Overview
This lecture introduces the concept of fifth generation computing, focusing on knowledge-based expert systems and artificial intelligence, their applications, methods, and global competition.
Fifth Generation Computing and AI
- Fifth generation computers, also called expert systems or knowledge-based systems, represent a major leap in computing focused on artificial intelligence (AI).
- The term "KIPS" stands for Knowledge Information Processing Systems.
- Japan has initiated a 10-year national project to advance fifth generation computers as a strategic goal.
Knowledge-Based and Expert Systems
- Knowledge-based systems use symbolic reasoning and logical inference rather than just numerical calculation.
- They require both factual knowledge and heuristic (experiential) knowledge.
- Knowledge engineering is the process of embedding expertise into computer programs.
- Expert systems are designed to match or exceed the performance of human professionals in specific fields.
Development and Application of Expert Systems
- The shift to knowledge-based paradigms is a major evolution in AI, focusing on accumulated knowledge as the source of system power.
- Applications range from chemical analysis and medical diagnosis to engineering design and equipment failure diagnosis.
- Early systems include Stanford's chemical analysis program (DENDRAL) and medical consultation programs (e.g., MYCIN).
- Industrial use is growing, signaling the move from academic labs to practical deployment.
Example: Drilling Advisor Expert System
- Drilling Advisor is a rule-based expert system for diagnosing oil well drilling problems.
- Rules have "if" (conditions) and "then" (conclusions) components.
- The system uses goal-directed backward chaining, starting from a problem and working backwards through rules to find solutions.
- Users can ask the system for explanations of its reasoning, enhancing transparency and trust.
International Competition and Industry Impact
- Japan is investing heavily in fifth generation computer technology to gain an advantage in the knowledge industry.
- The U.S. currently leads in expert systems but must maintain momentum to stay ahead.
- Industrialization of AI mirrors earlier transitions in computing from research to industry.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Expert System — A computer program designed to simulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.
- Knowledge-Based System — A computer system that uses domain knowledge and inference to solve complex problems.
- Knowledge Engineering — The process of encoding expert knowledge into computer systems.
- Heuristic Knowledge — Experiential or intuitive knowledge used for informed guessing and problem solving.
- Backward Chaining — An inference method that works backwards from a goal to known facts using rules.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the concept and structure of rule-based expert systems.
- Consider how heuristic and factual knowledge are combined in AI.
- Stay updated on international developments in AI and computing technologies.