Lecture Notes: Enzymes - The Pac-Man of Proteins

Introduction

• Amoeba Sisters: Follow on Twitter (@AmoebaSisters) and Facebook.
• Favorite Protein Analogy: Enzymes likened to Pac-Man.

Enzymes and Pac-Man Analogy

• Pac-Man Game: Character collects pebbles.
• Enzyme Structure: Similar to Pac-Man; most enzymes are proteins.
• Active Site: Specifically shaped area for substrates to bind.

Enzyme-Substrate Interaction

• Binding: Substrates bind to enzymes at the active site with weak bonds.
• Induced Fit: Active site changes shape for a perfect fit with substrate, akin to an enzyme-substrate 'hug'.
• Function: Enzymes can build up or break down substrates, resulting in products.
• Catalysis: Speeds up reactions that could occur naturally but are made more efficient by enzymes.

Real-Life Example: Lactase

• Naming Convention: Enzymes often end in -ase; sugars in -ose.
• Lactase Function: Breaks down lactose (a disaccharide) into digestible parts.
• Lactose Intolerance: Insufficient lactase production leads to difficulties digesting lactose.
• Catalytic Property: Enzymes are not consumed in reactions and can be used repeatedly.

Enzymes in Digestion

• Types of Enzymes:
  • Lipase: Breaks down lipids (fats).
  • Amylase: Breaks down starch.
  • Protease: Breaks down proteins.
• Role: Enzymes are crucial for digestion.

Cofactors and Coenzymes

• Helpers: Assist enzymes by binding to the substrate or active site.
• Function: Aid in building up or breaking down substrates.

Enzyme Conditions and Denaturation

• Ideal Conditions: Enzymes have specific pH and temperature ranges.
• Denaturation: Change in conditions can distort enzyme shape, preventing function.

Conclusion

• Importance: Enzymes regulate many body processes.
• Medical Research: Focuses on enzyme roles in diseases and body regulation.
• Final Note: Stay curious!