Anatomy and Physiology for the ATI TEAS

Blood Flow Through the Heart

• Two main veins: Inferior Vena Cava and Superior Vena Cava bring deoxygenated blood to the heart.
• Blood enters the Right Atrium → through Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs (oxygenation).
• Oxygenated blood returns via Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve → Left Ventricle → Aorta → Body.
• Key Question: Correct path is (D) - After traveling through the lungs, the oxygenated blood enters the left atrium, then through the mitral valve to the left ventricle.

Depolarization Phase of an Action Potential

• Key Ion: Sodium (Na⁺).
• Action potential involves electrical signals traveling along neurons.
• Depolarization: Inside of the neuron becomes more positive due to influx of sodium ions.
• Key Question: Sodium ions play a crucial role in the depolarization phase.

Path of Air During Inhalation

• Correct Order: Nasal Cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli.
• Key Question: Correct path is (A) as described above.

Insulin Production in Pancreas

• Beta Cells: Produce insulin to lower blood glucose levels.
• Alpha Cells: Produce glucagon to raise blood glucose levels.
• Delta Cells: Produce somatostatin to inhibit insulin and glucagon release.
• Gamma Cells: Produce pancreatic polypeptides to regulate pancreatic activities.
• Key Question: Insulin is produced by (B) Beta cells.

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous System

• Sympathetic (Fight or Flight): Increases heart rate, dilates pupils and airways, slows digestion. Remember: Stress/Speed up.
• Parasympathetic (Rest and Digest): Stimulates digestion, increases saliva production. Remember: Peace/Put on the brakes.
• Key Question: Fight or flight response is mediated by the (A) Sympathetic nervous system.

Pericardium and Great Vessels

• Pericardium: A double-layered sac encompassing the heart and roots of the great vessels (aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries, veins).
• Key Question: Pericardium contains the heart and the (A) Great vessels.

Brain Functions and Voluntary Motor Control

• Frontal Lobe: Controls voluntary movements via the motor cortex (Frontline Commander).
• Cerebellum: Coordinates voluntary movements like posture, balance, and speech.
• Medulla Oblongata: Controls automatic functions (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure).
• Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information (touch, taste, spatial positioning).
• Key Question: Voluntary motor control is primarily handled by the (C) Frontal lobe.

Kidney's Filtration Unit (Nephron)

• Structures: Bowman’s capsule, Loop of Henle, Glomerulus.
• Key Question: The nephron does not include the (D) Gallbladder.

Cardiac Cycle: Ventricular Filling

• Diastole: Period when ventricles relax and fill with blood (Dilation/Relaxation).
• Systole: Ventricles contract to pump blood (Squeeze/Contraction).
• Repolarization: Resetting electrical state in heart post-contraction.
• Ejection Phase: Blood exits the heart during systole.
• Key Question: Ventricles fill with blood during (A) Diastole.

Semicircular Canals in the Inner Ear

• Involved in balance and spatial orientation.
• Part of the vestibular system, detecting movements, coordinating balance.
• Key Question: Semicircular canals are responsible for (B) Balance and spatial orientation.