Biology EOC Review Session - Day 1

General Information about the Biology EOC

• Format: Computer-based test
• Duration: 160 minutes with a 10-minute break after the first 80 minutes
• Content: Maximum of 66 multiple-choice items
• Materials: 4-page hard copy work folder for scratch paper
• Scoring: EOC counts as 30% of the final course grade
• Content Breakdown:
  • 35% Molecular and Cell Biology
  • 25% Classification, Heredity, and Evolution
  • 40% Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems

Topics Covered Today

• Nature of Science
• Microscopes
• Properties of Water
• Molecular Structure and Function
• Enzymes
• Organization and Development
• General Structures of Cells
• Photosynthesis
• Cellular Respiration
• ATP

Nature of Science

• Purpose of Science: To provide logical explanations of the natural world
• Scientific Method: Non-linear process including observation, forming a question, research, hypothesis, experiment, data collection, and conclusion
• Variables in Experiments:
  • Independent variable: purposely changed
  • Dependent variable: measured outcome
  • Controlled variables: kept constant
• Theory vs. Law:
  • Theory explains 'why'
  • Law describes 'what happens'

Microscopes

• Light Microscopes:
  • Dissecting Microscope: Up to 40x magnification
  • Compound Light Microscope: 40x to 1000x magnification
• Electron Microscopes:
  • Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): Views internal structures
  • Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): Scans surface, provides 3D images

Properties of Water

• Polar Molecule: Slightly positive and negative ends
• Hydrogen Bonding: Allows cohesion and surface tension
• Universal Solvent: Dissolves ionic and polar substances
• Temperature Effects: Expands when frozen, high specific heat, and high heat of vaporization

Biological Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates: Energy source, structure (e.g., glucose, starch)
• Proteins: Structure, defense, enzymes, hormones (e.g., insulin)
• Lipids: Energy storage, cell membrane (e.g., fats, steroids)
• Nucleic Acids: Genetic information (e.g., DNA, RNA)

Enzymes

• Function: Biological catalysts, lower activation energy
• Reusability: Can be reused unless denatured by environmental factors

Cell Theory

• Components: All living things made of cells, basic unit of life, new cells from pre-existing cells

Cell Structure

• Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells:
  • Both have cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes
  • Eukaryotic cells: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
• Cell Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable

Photosynthesis

• Location: Chloroplast
• Stages: Light-dependent and light-independent reactions
• Key Products: Glucose, oxygen

Cellular Respiration

• Stages: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain
• ATP Production:
  • Glycolysis: 2 ATP
  • Krebs cycle: 2 ATP
  • Electron transport chain: 26+ ATP
• Relation to Photosynthesis: Reactants and products are inversed

ATP

• Structure: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 3 phosphates
• Function: Major energy source for cellular activities

Additional Resources

• Guidance counselor for test information
• FLVS EOC site and Florida Department of Education site for resources

Tip: Consistent practice strengthens learning and memory. Best of luck on your EOC!