Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

Overview:

• Developed by Erik Erikson, a German-American psychologist.
• The theory outlines eight stages from birth to death, each with a specific psychosocial conflict.
• Influences on Erikson's work include Sigmund and Anna Freud.
• Erikson is known for coining the term "identity crisis."
• Despite lacking a bachelor's degree, Erikson taught at Harvard and Yale.

Stages of Development

Stage 1: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust

• Age: Infancy
• Key Question: Can I trust the world?
• Positive Outcome: Trust in others, leading to trust in the future.
• Negative Outcome: Fear, leading to mistrust.
• Key Influence: Mother

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

• Age: Early Childhood
• Key Question: Is it okay to be me?
• Positive Outcome: Self-confidence through self-discovery.
• Negative Outcome: Shame and self-doubt.
• Key Influences: Both parents

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt

• Age: Preschool
• Key Question: Is it okay for me to do what I do?
• Positive Outcome: Encouragement leads to initiative.
• Negative Outcome: Discouragement leads to guilt.
• Key Influence: Entire family

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority

• Age: School Age
• Key Question: Can I make it in this world?
• Positive Outcome: Recognition leads to industriousness.
• Negative Outcome: Negative feedback leads to inferiority.
• Key Influences: Neighbors and schools

Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion

• Age: Adolescence
• Key Question: Who am I?
• Positive Outcome: Exploration leads to identity.
• Negative Outcome: Conformity leads to role confusion.
• Key Influences: Peers and role models

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation

• Age: Young Adulthood
• Key Question: Can I love?
• Positive Outcome: Commitment leads to intimacy.
• Negative Outcome: Inability to form relationships leads to isolation.
• Key Influences: Friends and partners

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation

• Age: Middle Adulthood
• Key Question: Can I make my life count?
• Positive Outcome: Generativity through contributing to society.
• Negative Outcome: Unresolved conflicts lead to stagnation.
• Key Influences: People at home and work

Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair

• Age: Late Adulthood
• Key Question: How have I done?
• Positive Outcome: Contentment and integrity.
• Negative Outcome: Despair and bitterness.
• Key Influence: Self-reflection compared to mankind

Additional Information

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