Lecture on Diarrhea

Overview

• Diarrhea involves loose and watery bowel movements.
• Common and typically not serious.
• Often lasts 2-3 days but can persist longer in some individuals.

Types of Diarrhea

1. Acute Diarrhea
   • Lasts a few days.
   • Usually resolves without treatment.
2. Persistent Diarrhea
   • Lasts weeks to a month.
3. Chronic Diarrhea
   • Continues for over a month.
   • Could be an indicator of a serious health issue.

Common Causes

• Viral infections (e.g., "stomach flu").
• Food allergies.
• Intestinal diseases (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis).
• Bacterial infections or parasites.
• Laxative abuse, medication side effects.
• Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism).
• Poor nutrient absorption (malabsorption).

Symptoms

• Bloating, watery or loose stools.
• Urgency to have a bowel movement.
• Nausea, vomiting.
• Incontinence.
• Severe symptoms: blood/mucus in stool, weight loss.

When to See a Doctor

• Diarrhea persists beyond 3 days.
• Presence of fever above 101°F.
• Blood in stool or black, tarry stools.
• Signs of dehydration: dark urine, rapid heart rate, confusion.

Diagnosis

• Medical history review and physical exam.
• Tests: blood tests, colonoscopy, stool tests, endoscopy, imaging tests.

Treatment

• Mild Cases: Over-the-counter meds like bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide.
• Doctor-prescribed: Antibiotics, anti-parasitic drugs, probiotics.

Home Remedies and Lifestyle Changes

• Hydration: Drink at least six 8-ounce glasses of fluids daily.
• BRAT Diet: Bananas, rice, applesauce, toast.
• Avoid caffeine and alcohol.
• Avoid gas-causing foods.

Chronic Diarrhea

• Lasts over 4 weeks.
• Requires detailed medical history and symptom tracking.

Prevention

• Good hygiene: Handwashing, proper food storage.
• Vaccinations: Rotavirus and COVID-19.
• Caution with untreated water and raw foods, especially when traveling.

Traveler's Diarrhea

• Results from consuming contaminated food or water.
• Symptoms: quick onset diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever.
• Prevention: bottled water, well-cooked foods, avoid street food.
• Treatment: generally self-limiting, hydration is key.

Key Takeaways

• Diarrhea is commonly caused by infections or food-related issues.
• Maintaining good hygiene and dietary precautions can prevent diarrhea.
• Most cases resolve with simple home care and fluid intake; seek medical advice for persistent or severe cases.