Von Thunen's Model of Land Use

Introduction

• Von Thunen proposed the model in 1826.
• The model is used to understand land utilization in relation to society.
• Several assumptions are made for the model:
  • All land is flat.
  • There is a single market.
  • Equal access to the market.
  • Farmers aim to maximize profit.
  • Similar site characteristics for all land.

Structure of the Model

1. Market Center

   • Central point where agricultural products are sold.

2. First Ring: Dairy and Horticulture

   • Close proximity to the market due to perishability and lack of refrigeration historically.

3. Second Ring: Forest

   • Historically significant for lumber used in building and heating.
   • Proximity reduces transportation costs due to weight and bulkiness.

4. Third Ring: Grains and Field Crops

   • Requires more land, hence cheaper land further from the market.
   • Lightweight and less perishable, reducing transportation urgency.

5. Fourth Ring: Livestock

   • Requires large amounts of land for grazing.
   • Offset transportation costs by savings from cheaper land.
   • Livestock can walk to market, reducing transport costs.

6. Beyond Rings: Wilderness

   • No commercial agriculture due to distance and lack of profitability.

Factors Influencing Location Decisions

• Bid-Rent Theory:
  • Land cost increases closer to the market.
  • Intensive agriculture occurs near the market.
  • Extensive agriculture occurs further from the market.
• Transportation Costs:
  • Essential in determining the profitability of farm location.
  • Balancing land costs with transport expenses is crucial for maximizing profit.

Changes and Modern Implications

• Forests:
  • No longer in the second ring due to societal needs and transport advancements.
• Livestock Production:
  • Impacted by CAFOs, industrial farms, reducing land needs.
• Globalization and Trade:
  • Advanced communication and transport facilitate global supply chains.
  • Changes in dietary habits and cultural landscapes.

Conclusion

• Von Thunen recognized the spatial layout in agricultural practices.
• Model remains relevant yet has evolved with technology and societal shifts.

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