The Rodolfi, Throckmorton, and Babington Plots

Introduction

• Focus on the three plots: Rodolfi, Throckmorton, and Babington.
• These plots are often confused, so understanding their differences and similarities is crucial.
• A timeline will help map out these events and their impacts.

Background

• Mary Queen of Scots arrived in England in May 1568, causing unrest as many Catholics saw her as a chance to revert England back to Catholicism.
• This sparked the Revolt of the Northern Earls and continued attempts to replace Elizabeth with Mary.

Common Causes

• Catholics unhappy with Elizabeth's Protestant leadership.
• Loss of power and wealth for Catholics as Elizabeth's Protestant friends gained influence.

The Rodolfi Plot (1571)

• Initiated by Roberto Rodolfi, an Italian banker and spy.
• Aimed to assassinate Elizabeth, invite Spanish invasion, and install Mary Queen of Scots as queen.
• Plot involved the Duke of Norfolk and was supported by Spain.
• William Cecil uncovered the plot, leading to Norfolk's execution in 1572.
• Consequences:
  • Highlighted the untrustworthiness of English Catholics and Mary.
  • Confirmed Spain as a threat.
  • Led Elizabeth to strengthen ties with France.

Legal Measures Against Catholics

• 1581: Enacted laws making it illegal to shelter Catholic priests and converting others to Catholicism was treason.

The Throckmorton Plot (1583)

• Organized by the Duke of Guise, with support from Spain and the Pope.
• Francis Throckmorton acted as a liaison, passing letters between plotters and Mary.
• Discovered by Francis Walsingham and led to Throckmorton's execution.
• Reinforced the threat posed by English Catholics and foreign powers.
• Prompted harsher laws against Catholics in 1585.

The Babington Plot (1586)

• Aimed to assassinate Elizabeth and enthrone Mary, similar to previous plots.
• Supported by the Duke of Guise, Spain, and the Pope.
• Anthony Babington used concealed letters but was caught by Walsingham's spies.
• Resulted in Babington's brutal execution.
• After this plot, 31 Catholic priests were executed, and relations with France and Spain deteriorated.

Key Differences and Outcomes

• Unlike others, the Rodolfi plot did not involve France overtly and lacked evidence of Mary's involvement.
• The Babington plot directly led to Mary Queen of Scots' execution in February 1587.

Conclusion

• Although similar, each plot has distinct elements and consequences.
• Continue practicing exam questions and consult teachers for feedback.