[Music] hello guys so now we shall be discussing uh regarding the high yield Concepts in neuroanatomy okay so these high yield Concepts will cover most of your mcqs from your exams okay so regarding this high content let us start from the complete basic okay let us start with a little bit basic for let us say 10 15 minutes and after that directly we'll dive into the important topics so the basics are little bit confusing it means uh most of you don't know what are what is called as gray matter what is called as white matter actually you know color is gray so gray matter white so white matter fine but gray matter is made up of what white matter is made up of what what is called as a gangon what is called as a nucleus what is called as a nerve what is called as a tract so these are some basic disturbances regarding the neuro Anatomy which keep on coming in your mind so let us clear all these important things now okay so coming to uh this important thing the first important thing we shall come across is this one see let us say these are cell bodies all of you know right these are your cell bodies like this and this is an axon axon terminal axon and axon terminal okay you know these important things right now if I divide these regions into two important parts for example let us say this entire part which I'm highlighting with the lellow over here okay see tell me all these group what are these group these are the group of cell bodies yes or no these are the group of cell Bodies Okay so these group of cell bodies together you call it as gray matter okay so if you find any lag in the video I prefer you to put it at 1.1 or 1.2 or 1. 5x okay so that would be better for you so gray matter so group of cell bodies together is called as a gray matter okay in the same way in the same way uh let me highlight another important part this one what are these these are a group of axons okay so group of cell bodies are called as gray matter then what do you call group of axons see all these are axon right so these are group of axons what are these group of axons called they form the white white matter group of axons form the white matter now you might get a doubt how are the axons looking white actually surrounding this axon you very well know that we have got a specific sheath what is this sheath called as mine sheath right so this because of this myin sheath because of this myin sheath the group of axons they look white in color so that is why they comprise of white matter right now coming to the gray matter coming to the gray matter now gray matter matter is different in different locations what do you mean is that for example gray matter you find in the central nervous system gray matter you see in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system for example the gray matter which is located in the central nervous system is called as nucleus okay the gray matter which is located in the peripheral nervous system is called as gangon for example group of cell bodies in the central nervous system is called nuclei group of cell bodies in the peripheral n system is called as gangon okay now in the same way if you look at the white matter so group of axons form the white matter right now group of axons in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system group of axons in the central nervous system in the central nervous system are called as tracks okay they are called as tracks or they are called as lisy or they are called as fuli f in the same way group of axons in the peripheral nervous system you call this as nerve you call this as nerve okay so these are the important Basics which you have to know here okay and by the way you know very importantly that we have got two different types of neurons one are called as melinated neurons and the other one are called as unmated neurons okay so the the electric conduction right the what do you say the depolarization right or the electrical impulses they are very fast in which one mated or unmated they are very fast in the mated neurons and in unmated neurons they're very slow okay now second important thing I want to highlight here is that uh let us say let us say that this is your central nervous system okay we'll go in detail about this this is your central nervous system you know very well that we have got neurons in the central nervous system right you know we have also got neurons in the peripheral nervous system so this is a neuron here okay this is a neuron of central nervous system and this is a neuron of a peripheral nervous system okay now the neurons of central nervous system okay listen carefully the neurons of central nervous system on both the sides they are covered by mine okay both the sides they're covered by mine in the same way the neurons of peripheral nervous system on both the sides here also they are covered by milin like this so both the sides central nervous system and peripheral nervous system the neurons are covered by milin so this is your CNS and this is your pns now the important point I want to highlight over here is that what are the cells that are forming the myin in the central nervous system these are oligodendrocytes oligo dendrocytes okay these are oligodendrocytes oligodendrocytes they form the mine sheath of the neurons in the central nervous system okay so they form mileen sheath of neurons in CNS okay they form the Ming sh of neurons in CNS now coming to the pns per pereral nervous system okay so what cells form the milein sheet in the peripheral nervous system that is the Squan cells that is your Squan cels okay Squan cels form the mine of the neurons of the peripheral nervous system clear so these are some of the basics which you have to know and next important thing is that we shall directly discuss about the brain vesicles okay so we shall start our discussion with the brain vesicles now coming to these brain vesicles what do you know about these brain vesicles guys so first of all these brain vesicles are mainly three okay so from these brain vesicles itself the brain development starts okay the central nervous system development starts so first thing you have to know is that these brain vesicles they start developing at fourth week okay the development of brain vesicles they start their development at fourth week they start their development at fourth week okay now coming to this brain vesicles how many brain vesicles do we have see for example this is one brain vesicle okay now coming to this is another brain vesicle over here this is a third brain vesicle over here okay how many brain vesicles are there these are the three important brain vesicles now what is this particular first brain vesicle over here called as this first brain vesicle over here is called as your proen sealon okay so this is called as proen sealon in the same way what is the next brain vesicle over here is called as this is called as misen sealon Nan sephon and finally what is this particular brain V over here is called as this is called as Roman seon Roman seon so how many brain vesicles we have got we have got proen seon we have got mlon we have got renon okay now next important thing is that how these brain vesicles in future they are going to develop into for example if you look at pron okay if you look at PR enlon this is how it is going to develop this is your PR enlon okay after that this part is your mlon and after that this part over here is your romen sealon okay so when I color these things you'll understand for example proen seon is this one you see this entire part including this one so completely these three parts together is called as pren seon it means proen seon is developing into these three parts okay in the same way if you look at mean seon mean seon is alone I mean it is not developing into anything and when it comes to Roman sephon again here Roman sephon develops into two important things okay Roman sephon develops into two important things clear all of you right so now what are the names of these important things over here for example these two important this one is called as your tlon this part is called as tan sephon the lower part is called as Dian sealon tlon and the lower part is called as dianon the middle part is alone and this is called as your mlon no change and the lower part if you see this is called as metan seon and milen seon milen sealon so what did I tell you guys what did I tell you here is that we just talked that proen seon is going to develop into these two important things that is your Tien seon and Dian seon mean seon will not develop into anything it remains alone whereas Roman sephon will develop into metan seon and milen seon these are the important things which I want you to remember now Within These brain vesicles slowly what will happen slowly ventricles are formed okay within this brain vles you see this is one ventricle that is connecting with another ventricle over here see how many ventricles have drawn so far two ventricles right so there are two ventricles that are formed where are they formed in the T ofon next there is a small connecting duct and there's a small connecting duct again there is another ventricle here can I tell this is as a third ventricle right in the same way there is a small connecting de again and again you have got another ventricle over here can I tell that this is a fourth ventricle right and fourth ventricle is in continuous downward in this way okay fourth ventricle is continuous in this way so how many ventricles do we have so basically we have actually we have actually got these two are your first two ventricles first two ventricles are connected to the third ventricle like this and third ventricle is finally connected to your fourth ventricle actually we have got five ventricles I will tell you where is the fifth ventricle later on not now right but just remember we have got five ventricles okay so this is first and second ventricle this is your third this is your fourth ventricle and remember right now here itself that the first two ventricles are connected to the third ventricle with the help of this small opening here this opening is called as foramen of Monro foramen of Monro okay in the same way the third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle with the help of this particular duct here this is called as Aqueduct of sylvus Aqueduct of sylvus or you can also call it as cerebral Aqueduct cerebral Aqueduct Aqueduct of sylvus or you can call it as cerebral Aqueduct okay so these are the important things which I want you to focus okay now if I ask you tillan sephon will in future what it will develop you told me that proen seon in future it will develop into tlon and dlon now I'm telling you asking you that teal and sephon in the future what it will develop into in the same way Dian sephon in the future what it will develop in same way in each one of the point we'll discuss right now okay so first let us discuss about the t sephon t seon so what will T and seon develop in the future you can see here these two are called as two cerebral hemispheres okay how many cerebral hemispheres we have got two cerebral hemispheres one is called as a right another one is called as left so tlon will develop into the first important thing that is your cerebral hemispheres it would develop into Cal hemispheres next it would also develop into lateral ventricles I told you right first and second ventricle so it would develop into those two lateral ventricles okay now after T and seon the next part what do we have here dianon right so what will dianon develop into dianon what will Dian seon develop into so this part over here was your tlon like this down here you have got another part this is called as dlon right now within the cavity of dianon which ventricle do you have ventricle number three okay so dianon will first develop into third ventricle so cavity of third ventricle where is it it is the dianon dianon the third ventricle cavity I mean cavity of dlon is your third ventricle okay second important thing what is the second important thing which you see see second important thing is that here you have got this particular part over here called as hypothalamus okay so along with hypothalamus you have got a pitutary stock what is this pitutary stock and here you have got anterior pituitary you have got posterior pituitary okay so what should I write here you even have got hypothalamus over here hypothalamus okay you have got this pitutary stock pitutary stock and remember one thing attached to the hypo hypo when I tell hypothalamus it means this entire thing is called as a hypothalamus okay so attached to the hypothalamus we have got pitutary gland pitutary gland okay so and fifth important thing we also have this is the thalamus Thalamus okay Thalamus hypothalamus pitutary stock pitutary gland these are the structures that are present within the andon along with the third ventricle okay along with the third ventricle next fourth important thing what is the fourth important thing over here fourth important thing over here is that uh me and sephon okay let us discuss about me and sephon now me sephon so let us see how does this meon sephon develop into so you must be particular about this that you can see here you can see here that these two are called as Cal hemispheres okay let me let me put up this picture so that you'll understand here all of you see here so this is your cerebral Hemisphere okay after the Cal hemisphere here we have got what what is this this is called as a midbrain next after that we have got pawns after that we have got medula what is this medula oblata and then we have got spinal called I hope you know this right now we are already done with tan seon and Dian seon okay that means the Cal hemisphere part as well as the dianon third ventricle part okay now now what we will do is that we shall see how is mean sephon developing into see here mean sephon is exactly the middle part okay so mean seon will develop into midbrain midbrain along with midbrain in the center you have got a duct what is that Aqueduct of sylvus or cerebral Aqueduct okay so mlon will develop into midbrain Plus Aqueduct of sylvus or cerebral Aqueduct okay after mlon we have got what metan seon after mlon we have got metan seon where is metan seon see this is metan seon so what will metan seon develop into after midbrain midbrain was developed by what midbrain was developed by mlon right after this midbrain after this midbrain you have got what pawns after pawns what do you have medula obl now tell me mlon is developing into mid brain then metan Zeon can I tell it will develop into pawns right yes so metan seon will develop into pawns and cerebellum it develops into pawns and cereum and what is the only part that is left that is your medo oblong as well as the spinal cord and your milon your mlon will develop into medula oang milin seon will develop into medula O Okay so these are the structures over here guys so what are the different structures which you can see here tlon Dian seon meanon metan seon as well as M and seon so these are this will cover up the introductory part okay of the neuro Anatomy here and one clinical point I just wanted to share with you just keep that thing in mind that from where is the eighth nerve so one very important clinical point I just wanted to share with you that uh all of you just look here that we have got we have got this is your midbrain right midbrain here we have got pawns here we have got medula oblongata and down over here we have got spinal cord okay so here we have got midbrain and this is your pawns this is your med oblongata now one very important thing is that from the pawns and Meda oblongata you have got a nerve that is passing here right so can I tell that this nerve is passing through the Ponto medular Junction and this nerve is called as your eighth pair of cranial nerve and remember one thing this eighth pair of cranial nerve once if it is damaged right basically the name of this nerve is vestibulo cckar nerve right so if this vestibular coar nerve is damaged you should remember one thing that the vestibular part is responsible for balance and the cckar part is responsible for hearing both of them will be lost so if there is any injury to the Ponto medular Junction or if there is any kind of tumor that is formed in the Ponto medular Junction right what can happen there can be damage to your eighth pair of cranial now where your vestibular nerve and cckar nerve both of them will be damaged leading to loss of balance as well as hearing so now we shall be uh discussing after this important topic which we have discussed regarding the basics and all now we shall discuss some of the basics of a nervous tissue okay basics of your nervous tissue now coming to the basics of nervous tissue first of all you have to know that your nervous tissue is uh divided into three important parts okay one is called as neuronal tissue proper another one is called as specialized connective tissue another one is called as ordinary connective tissue so your nervous tissue is in turn divided into how many parts three parts so what are these three parts over here what are these three parts over here one is called as neuronal tissue proper one is called as neuronal tissue prop proper another one is called as specialized connective tissue specialized connective tissue and the third one is called as ordinary connective tissue ordinary connective tissue okay so what is this neuronal tissue proper what is this specialized connective tissue and what is this ordinary connective tissue we'll discuss for example all your neurons okay all your neurons or nerve cells whatever are there all those come under neuronal tissue proper so the neurons which you have in your body okay they come under this neuronal tissue proper what is specialized connective tissue specialized connective tissue is a type of nervous tissue okay what is the specialized connective tissue is that for example you know you've got gal cells right so these GES they come under the specialized connective tissue ordinary connective tissue in the sense the meninges ordinary connective tissue in the S the meninges what are the three different layers of meninges you have got you have got the outer Dura matter middle you have got eroid matter okay and inner you have got what P matter inner you have got P matter so Dura matter arid matter and patter together you call it as ordinary connective tissue now first we shall discuss about the neurons then we'll go to gal cells and finally the menes okay so coming to the neurons what are the important things you can see this is one type of classification guys okay this is one type of classification there are multiple classifications based upon function based upon the length of the neuron also there are classifications okay we'll discuss about that so first of all let us put the heading neuron over here so when it comes to neuron when it comes to neuron what are the two important things you can see in a neuron there are two important parts within a neuron okay what is the first important part all of you know we have got cell body okay what is the other name for cell body that is your peric Carion other name for cell body is your peric carum okay now attached to the cell body you know we have got axons attached to the cell body you know we have got dendrites so what are dendrites and axones called These are called processes processes of a cell body okay these are called processes or you can also call them as neurites processes or neurites of a cell body so what are the two different types of processes you know one is called as your axons okay other name is called as what nerve fiber axon is also called as your nerve fiber another one is called as your dendroides another one is called as your dendroides let us start from complete Basics okay so some are called as axon or nerve fibers and the other one are called as dries now let us look at the structure of a neuron and let us see what are the structures that are located within it in detail okay so what did I tell you it will have a cell body see this is your cell body okay now after cell body attached to the cell body what do you have you have got processes I told you see attached to the cell body you have got processes like this so these processes which you have over here are called as D rites okay these processes over here are called as your Den rites next down to the cell body what do you have you have got what is this this is called as your axon this is called as your axon okay next attached to the axon here you have got what here you have got structures like this these are called as terminal buttons what are these called These are called terminal buttons okay now in the center you have got a very important thing what is this important thing in the center this is called as nucleus okay now surrounding the nucleus you have got a green color substance like this you know what is this this substance is called nissle substance what is this substance called nissle substance so let us write down one by one so the the first important structure which we have got over here this is called as dendrites this is called as your dite and this one over here is called as your cell body okay in the center of the cell body what is this this is called as your nucleus and what is this particular substance over here this is called as your nissle substance n SSL substance nissle substance so this is the nissle substance which you have over here okay next important thing next important thing is that you see this particular location which I'll be highlighting right now see this particular location which I'm highlighting with the green you see can I call this as the neck neck region of the uh neuron right so this neck is called as axon hilock what is this called this neck portion is called as Aon hilock and one very important thing I want to tell you about this is that this is the place from where the action potential are generated axon hog is the one which generates your action potentials is the one which generates your action potentials now if I ask you that within the cell body okay within this entire cell body what are the organal you have got what are the organal you have got within the cell body the first important organal which you have over here is nissel substance what is nissle substance what is nissle substance nissle substance is nothing but your rough endoplasmic reticulum you know rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum you also know that rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes protein smooth endoplasmic reticulum for lipids right in the same way the second important substance is neuronal filaments neuronal filaments so these are the two important organal that are present within this particular cell body okay okay so this is a typical structure of a neuron now we are done discussing about the neuron the next topic we shall be discussing is your gal cells okay now what are the different kinds of gal cells you have got now gal cells are located where are these gal cells located these gal cells are located in the central nervous system gal cells are also located in the peripheral nervous system okay so what are those gal cells in the central nervous system peripheral nervous system what is the name of them what is the name of those GL cells for example you know the name oligodendrocytes which I've have discussed already oligodendrocytes are what these are the gal cells in the central nervous system if I ask you the function what will be the function the function of these oligodendrocytes is they will cause what myelination they will form the mine around the neurons of central nervous system now second important cells we have got is asroy star shaped cells are called as astrocytes third important cells we have got is microglia what are they they are called as microglia and fourth important cells are your endal cells fourth important cells you have got is endal cells next important thing is peripheral nervous system in peripheral nervous system what are the two important things we have got over here one you call it as a Squan cells one you have the Squan cells second one you have is the satellite cells okay one you have got what Squan cells and the second one you have got is a satellite cells so these are the two different types of cells that are located in the peripheral nervous system okay so these are some of the important things which you have regarding this Galis okay so now tell me what is the function of your oligodendrocytes oligodendrocytes they form the mine sheet of Central or peripheral nervous system central nervous system Squan they form the milein sheath of your peripheral nervous system now what are the different types of neurons what are the different types of neurons based on poles based on poles what are the different types of neurons based upon poles what do you mean by this by this we mean that we have got neurons called as unipolar neuron bipolar neuron pseudo unipolar neuron multipolar neuron right so what are the different types of neurons based upon poles for example let us discuss the first important thing see here here I'm drawing a nucleus and a cell body or peric Carion now for example if I am telling you that there are multiple poles over here okay now through these multiple poles what structures are coming see see through one pole through one pole we come across a DDE like this okay so here also there is one more DDE here also there is another DDE now through another pole we see an axon that is coming like this okay so here how many poles are there so how many poles are there here we have got okay let me rub this out so how many poles from how many poles the structures are coming 1 2 3 4 more than two poles so can I call this as a multipolar neuron yes so this neuron is called as a multi molar neuron this neuron over here is called multipolar neuron where are these multipolar neurons present the first important thing is these multipolar neurons are present in your cerebral cortex now when I cut down the Cal cortex you have got gray matter you have got white matter yes or no now what is what is gray matter first of all tell me gray matter is collection of cell bodies or gray matter is collection of axons gay matter is collection of cell bodies right now we are talking about poles where are poles attached to attached to the Aon or attach it to the cell body cell body so where do you find these multipolar neurons you would see in the cerebral cortex especially in the gray matter or white matter that is the gray matter gray matter okay in the same way coming to the second important thing second important thing is that where do you find other other than this cell cortex you even see in cere cortex okay cerebellar cortex okay again the same the gray matter of cere CeX gray matter of cere CeX and third most important thing is that you will find multipolar neurons in the anterior Horn of spinal cord anterior Horn of spinal cord okay so don't confuse here regarding the anterior and posterior horns let us say this is your spinal cord over here this is your spinal cord over here right now if I divide this spinal cord into two halves what are the things I'm going to get this is called as the this is called as the um anterior region this is called as a posterior region okay or you can call this as a dorsal region or this is called as a vental region all the neurons that are present here see you see all the neurons every neuron that is present in the dorsal region these neurons together you call it as what sensory neurons and all the neurons that are present down over here all the neurons that are present down over here which I'm highlighting with the blue all these neurons are what motar neurons which will innervate your muscles okay so above all these neurons are called as sensory all these neurons are are called as Sensory neurons and here all of them are called as your motor neurons Sensory neurons as well as the motor neurons okay now what I'm telling you is that anterior Horn of spinal cord in the sense so the neurons that are present in the anterior Horn of spinal cord all these neurons here all of them are multipolar neurons okay all of them are multipolar neurons so after this first point multi polar neuron discussion is done coming to the second important thing now second important thing you will tell me this let us say this is the nucleus and this is a cell body okay now um let us say that from here dendrites are coming and down here we have got an axon dividing into two parts now tell me how many poles have been used here so this is one pole and this is one pole one pole for axone one pole for these dries so can I call such neurons as bipolar neurons bipolar neurons such neurons are called as what bipolar neurons now where are these bipolar neurons present in two separate locations for example your all Factory neurons are bipolar neurons you know your all Factory neurons which you have these neurons are bipolar neurons and your retina of the eyeball also retina of eyeball right retina of eyeball also is a bipolar neuron and all Factor neurons are also bipolar neurons now coming to the third important type of neuron that is this one see here this is called as pseudo unipolar neuron pseudo unipolar neuron okay so why it is basically called as a pseudo unipolar neuron actually it is not a pseudo unipolar it is a bipolar neuron only but look here what has happened this is a neuron here okay so uh to this neuron we have got two important things see there are two structures that are passing out okay from two separate poles now tell me what is this neuron unipolar or bipolar this is a bipolar neuron so what has happened is that there is a small depression that is developed over here now into this depression what has happened is that the nucleus will invaginate into this depression okay and not only this you see there are two poles over here pole number one and pole number two these two poles they will come towards each other these two poles are pulled towards each other okay when these two poles are pulled towards each other see one pole is coming from here one pole is coming both the poles joined together so what will happen here is that look at the next picture over here so both the poles from here and here they're coming towards each other and this is how it looks this is a single pole and from this single pole you see there are two processes here so this is one and this is two there are two processes now in the later on stage of development this is how it looks this is a neuron it looks as if it is a single pole but actually it is not a single pole Two Poles fused together and there are two processes in this way you see now tell me how many poles have been used here this is a unipolar so I have to call this as a unipolar neur but once you know this entire history then you will tell that this is not a true unipolar neuron actually it was a bipolar neuron which converted into a unipolar neuron right so that is why you call it as pseudo unipolar neuron so where do you see the Pudo unipolar neurons the first important location where do you see this is your spinal ganglia so where are these uh neurons that are basically present the first important place is your spinal ganglia spinal gang is a place where these neurons are present second important thing is your sensory ganglia sensory ganglia sensory ganglia is the second place where these neurons are basically present okay so basically sensory ganglia of your fifth nerve right seventh nerve uh ninth nerve as well as the 10th cranial nerve okay so fifth 7th 9th and 10th cranial NES okay now uh we are done with multipolar neuron bipolar neuron pseudo unipolar neuron and now we shall come across another important neuron here look here so let us say this is the this is a cell body right I mean this is a nucleus and this is a cell body okay so here here we have got we have got what are these these structures are called as dendrites right now do we have any axones over here we don't have any axon over here here so such neurons where only ddes are present no axon is present is called as an aonic neuron an aonic neuron so what is an aonic neuron an aonic neuron is consisting of only axons sorry only dendrites only derides and there are no hones only derides and there are no axones over here so the best example is amacrine cells ofia retina okay anine cells of retina amacrine cells of retina okay next after this the next important thing the next important thing is that so these are another different kinds of neurons but these neurons are like this only cell bodies are present there is no axon there is no pole there is no dendrites okay so what are the what are present over here there are no poles no axons and no dendrites okay so such type of neurons are called as apolar neurons neurons with no poles are called as apolar neurons so when I tell apolar neurons apolar neurons are those neurons which have got only what they have got only cell bodies they have got only cell cell Bodies Okay such neurons are called apolar neurons and where are these apolar neurons present they are present in the adrenal medula okay so all of you know adrenal gland right adrenal gland has got adrenal medula so they are present in your adrenal medula adrenal medula okay now coming to the next important classification based upon the function of a neuron how are they classified based on function of a neuron how are these neurons classified So based upon the function these neurons are classified into four different types of neurons what are those four different types of neurons some are called as Sensory neurons right or sensory fibers Sensory neurons right second one is called as motar neurons motar neurons third different kind is called as intermediate neurons intermediate neurons and fourth important type is called as atomic neurons Atomic neurons so what are the four different types Sensory neurons motor neurons interneurons as well as autonomic neurons so these neurons here you can either call them as intermediate neurons or interneurons or internuncial neurons intertial neurons okay these are these can also be called as internuncial neurons okay now what are these Sensory neurons over here so as I have already told this important thing that all the neurons that are located in the dorsal root of your spinal cord this is your spinal cord okay so let us say let me rub this part now here these are called as dorsal horns now in this dorsal horns whatever neuron you have got over here right so this is called as dorsal root ganglia what is this this is called as drg dorsal root ganglia okay so the neuron which you have over here if you see here it is having a peripheral process it is also having a central process so such kind of neuron is called as pseudo unipolar neuron I also told you there that sudo unipolar neurons example is dorsal root gangas that is your spinal gangas okay so this is a central process next in the center here you have got one more neuron like this there is one more neuron and after that you have got a red color neuron this is your motor neuron so all of you know this basic thing what is the basic thing over here this neuron is called as your sensory neuron this neuron is called as your motar neuron and in between the neuron which you have here is called called as what internuncial neuron internuncial neuron internuncial neuron so sensory neuron you know the function Sensations right it brings the sensations to the spinal cord and after that these Sensations are relayed on the internal neurons and internal neurons will send the message to the motor neurons and these motor neurons will inate your muscles and start Contracting your Muses now when it comes to autonomic neurons you you know this basic thing Atomic neurons there are two different types right what are these two different types we have got sympathetic neurons in this sympathetic neurons we have also got parasympathetic parasympathetic so sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons together you call them as what Atomic neurons okay sympathetic parasympathetic together you call as atomic neurons so this is based upon the function okay now based upon the length also we classify the neurons into short axons long axons okay so based upon the length based on the length also we classify these into two types one are called as long axons and the other one are called as short axons long axons and short axons so what are these long axons Golgi type one GOI type 1 neurons whatever are there GGI type 1 neurons are your long axons next Gogi type two neurons GOI type two neurons whatever are there they are called as short axons so Gog type 1 neurons are long axons Gog type two neurons are short axons okay now one important thing uh you need to understand is that usually the neurons whatever mature neuron we have got mature neurons these neurons they do not have centrioles okay if there are no centrioles then the neuron cannot divide why is the neuron not dividing well let us say my radial nerve is cut off why is my radial nerve not dividing because the radial nerve is not having Centrio so when centrioles are present only then the neurons will divide so out of all neurons in your body right all Factory neurons are those neurons which have centrioles that is the reason why Al Factory nerves can regenerate again okay so this important thing is that normally centrioles are needed for division of a neuron division of a neuron division of a neuron okay so in our body all the neurons what we have mature neurons what we have these mature neurons they lack what they lack centrioles they lack centrioles and that is the reason why what there is no division but all Factory neurons all Factory neurons they have centrioles they have cental centrioles are present and that is the reason why they regenerate they regenerate that is the reason why they regenerate okay so this is one of the important thing you have to know so this completes the complete basics of neuron anatomy and now on we can start directly with the topics of neuron so Guys these are the important things uh which covered up your entire basics of neuron Anatomy so these are the basic things which we discuss that a group of cell bodies together you call it as a gray matter in the CNS you call it as nucleus in the pns you call it as ganglia group of axons together you call it as a white matter in the CNF you call them as tracks a group of axons in the CNS are called tracks lonis culi in the pns you call it as a nerve okay like for example you have got radial nerve alar nerve all these are per Al they coming out of the central nervous system right bra let us say youve got median nerve right common peronal nerve all these nerves are what they are nothing but axons right so Central peripheral nervous system central nervous system May what is the how is the milein formed with the help of which cells olgod dendroides peripheral nervous system it is because of Squan cells we discuss that olgod dendroides and Squan cells they are a specialized connective tissue right specialized neuronal connective tissue which means the gal cells right right and here we discussed about the brain vesicles if you remember three types of brain vesicle proen seon mlon and Roman seon proen seon dividing into three structures tlon and dianon right so I mean two tlon and dianon so tlon is having what cerebral hemispheres and first and second ventricle now dianon is having what dianon will develop into your hypothalamus Thalamus right the pitutary gland and all okay and also third ventricle over here now mean seon is having what midbrain will develop into midbrain and a duct in the center what is this Aqueduct of sylvus metan seon over here will develop into what pawns as well as cereum and finally medo by m and and next important thing I told you is the nervous tissue is of three types neuronal tissue proper specialized connective tissue and ordinary connective tissue neuronal tissue proper is your neurons right neurons are having two process one is called as a cell body or peric Carion other one are the processes process in the sense this axon is one process in the same way you have got what is this this is called as your drites and this part this part the neck part is called as a axon hog which generates your action potentials okay what are the organal Nile substance and neuronal filaments nil substance are nothing but your rough endoplasmic reticulum Galis as I just told you right oligodendrocytes astrocytes microand endal here it is Squan cells and satellite cells so types of neurons based upon the poles so how many poles you have got multiple poles so multipolar neuron cerebral cortex cere cortex anterior Horn of spinal cord they have these neurons okay next bipolar neurons are located in O what is this Alla Factory neurons and retina of eyeball pseudo unipolar neurons are located in spinal ganglia which I already told you that is your dorsal root ganglia right and they are also present where in the sensory ganglia of fifth 7th 9th and 10th cranial NOS where are neurons located no poles no aons no dries only cell bodies are located that is your adal materal based upon the functions you know Sensory neurons are always on the top motor neurons are always on the bottom in between them youve got inter neurons okay so these are some of the important things which you need to understand over here uh regarding this important topic right so after this uh we shall discuss right now we as I already told you we shall enter into the real topics over here real important topics that the first topic which we shall cover is white matter now tell me what is white matter gray matter is collection of cell bodies then what is white matter white matter is a bundle of unmated axones or melinated axones melinated so it is nothing but a bundle of melinated axons bundle of melinated axons is called as your white matter okay so actually within the cortex cerebral cortex when you cut down the cerebral cortex within the cerebral cortex there are some fibers running from one end to other end running from right side to left side okay so these fibers running from one end to other end these fibers together you call them as what these fibers are called as repeat now when you cut down the cerebral cortex in the cerebral cortex you will see fibers running from one end to other end okay you will see fibers running from one cortex to other cortex so all these fibers are mated fibers so how they're running how they're moving from one side to other side right so based upon their movement they are divided into three types right even if you're not understanding right now whatever I'm telling when I draw the picture you will completely understand it okay so white matter fibers right the white matter is compressed of mated axon and these mated axons they start at one point and they project to another location right so this kind of projection over here are given three names there are three different types of projection or there are three different types of fibers what are these three different types of fibers some fibers are called as Association fibers some fibers are called as Association fibers some fibers are called as projection fibers okay some fibers are called projection fibers and third type of fibers are called as cural fibers chural fibers okay now let us see what are these Association fibers what are these projection and what are this chural fibers for example let us say let me draw the cerebral cortex here this is the cerebral cortex okay and remember one thing this particular sulcus which you can see over here this is called as syvan Fisher this is called as syvan fisher syvan fisher or you can call it as lateral sulcus we will discuss about this in detail okay syvan Fisher or you can call it as lateral sulcus now what about the fibers yeah about the fibers now some fibers are running from one part of the cortex to another part you see how these fibers are running you see these fibers are running from one part of the cortex to another part it means these fibers are they Crossing to the opposite side see if this is your right Cal hemisphere this is your left Cal hemisphere are these fibers Crossing from one Cal hemisphere to another no these fibers they are C they are present in a single I mean in each cerebral cortex they are not Crossing to the opposite side okay so in one cerebral cortex they start at one point and end at one point they do not cross to the other side so such fibers over here these fibers over here are called as Association fibers okay so if I have to write about Association fibers what is the important point will I uh write over here guys tell me what is the important point I will write over here near Association fibers they connect Association fibers they connect the cortical regions they connect the cortical regions in the same cerebral hemisphere regions in the same cerebral hemisphere they connect the cortical regions in the same cerebral hemisphere of the brain next after this we have got a next group of fibers so why do we need this is that information from one point has to be taken to another point so that is the only reason and what are these fibers these fibers are nothing but your melinated fibers right right the next important fibers which we will discuss right now is your commissural fibers okay what are your okay what is the next here projection right what are these projection fibers projection fibers are those fibers which take the information from one part of the cortex all the way from the higher centers you see they're taking the information from the higher centers down to the lower centers they take the information down to the lower centers like this it means let us say let us say that from the cortex from the cortex the information is taken down to the lower Center lower Center in the sense your midbrains right so what what is the next Center you have over here you what is this this is your midbrain after that you have got your pawns you have got your medo oblata you have got your spinal cord so if the fibers are coming all the way taking information from the sensory cortex right from the cortex this is the motor cortex basically from the cortex and the these fibers are going to the lower centers like this either to the midbrain or let us say complete brain stem or to the spinal cord like this right so these fibers are called as projection fibers right so if I have to write about this what will I write projection fibers are those fibers projection fibers are those fibers they they run from the higher to lower what higher to lower centers higher to lower centers vice versa vice versa in the sense from lower to higher also right for example from the cortex if a if a group of fibers are coming to my spinal cord this is called corticospinal tract yes or no coros spinal track so can I tell this C in this cortical spinal track all these fibers are called projection fibers because they are taking the information from higher Center to the lower center right next important thing is that from the spinal cord if the information if the fibers are going from the spinal cord to the higher centers this is called as what is this spinothalamic tract or spino cortical tract right from the spinal cord to the cortex so from the lower centers to the higher centers so these fibers are called as projection fibers next next fibers are interesting fibers here these fibers connect one half to the other half it means it is connecting the right cerbral hemisphere with the left like this you see these fibers are connecting the right cerebral hemisphere with the left cerebral hemisphere in the same way these fibers connect right cere hemisphere with the left cere hemisphere not only this these fibers also connect one half of the spinal cord to the other half of the spinal cord okay so these fibers which are connecting the two identical structures right like right and left right right and left c space right and left cereum right and left brain strem right so if they are connecting the two identical structures on either side this is called as commissural fibers okay so what are commissural fibers commissural fibers they interconnect interconnect parts of CNS for example for example they connect the cerebral hemispheres okay they connect the two halves of cerebellum they connect the two halves of cereum they connect the spinal cord spinal cord not only that brain stem right brain stem so when they're interconnecting like this when they're interconnecting the two halves like this these fibers are called as commissural fibers so what are the fibers which we have over here guys these fibers are called as Association fibers these red color fibers are called as commissional fibers and these blue color fibers are called as projection fibers okay so these are the important fibers which we have over here okay now now first we shall discuss about Association fibers okay first we shall discuss about Association fibers let us see what are the names of these Association fibers okay so another very important simple example I wanted to just share with all of you that what did I tell you regarding Association fibers within the same cerebral hemisphere from one location to other location these fibers are going and these are called Association fibers okay see let us say this is my right seral hemisphere my right Sur hemisphere is having frontal L my right Sur hemisphere is having temporal l peral l and occipital L my left side is also having the same now if fiber is going from frontal lobe to occipital glob on the same side not onto the opposite side like this on the same side these are called Association from frontal L to temporal L let us say from peral L to O from peral L to temporal L from peral L to oxital L these fibers are called as Association fibers so let us say what are the names of these Association fibers there are different kinds of Association fibers so let us look at the names of each and every Association Fiber One By One so before I discuss about the association fibers you have to know one very important thing that these are two halves of Cal hemispheres now whatever you can see this part and this part right this on the top this is called as a superolateral surface Superior and lateral surfaces okay superolateral surface of Cal hemisphere now when I'm dividing the two Cal hemispheres and when I'm showing it to you the inner part this is called as a medial side of the Cal hemisphere what is this medial side in the medial side of Cal hemisphere you see a circle Half Half Moon shaped Circle this half moon shaped circle is called as Corpus calm what is this called This is called as Corpus calos okay so just look at the picture now I'm drawing directly the medial surface now okay this is the medial surface where is Corpus calm exactly here this is your Corpus calm you know what is Corpus calm that is a type of commisural fiber connecting the right Cal hemisphere with the left Cal Hemisphere okay so you will understand in the later on lectures it is not necessary that you have to understand everything right now slowly as I'll be discussing you'll understand each and everything okay now first important thing what is a first important thing first important thing is that we have got we have got one Association fiber okay we have got one Association fiber and this Association fiber starts all the way in the front and by the way guys you know this that what are the lobes here I hope you know this this is your frontal lobe right and and and this is your temporal L this is your occipital lobe this is your paral lob I hope you know this right now if there are a group of fibers if there are group of fibers from frontal L to temporal L like this group of fibers from frontal L to temporal L right now these group of fibers are called Association fibers but the name that is given to them is uncinate tulus okay so what is this uncinate fasiculus I'm just writing it as a right what is a over here a is unate fasiculus okay and uncinate physic and also right from and to from where it is starting and to where it is going uncinate fular starts from the frontal lob these are the association fibers starting from the frontal lobe all the way they go to your temporal L easy they go to your temporal Lo this is the thing I want you to remember okay second important thing second important thing is that what is this thing Corpus kosm what is this thing Corpus kosom right now surrounding Corpus kosom we have got a g okay surrounding Corpus kosom see here surrounding Corpus kosm we have got a gyus like this so this let me highlight this part like with the green over here you'll understand it better see surrounding Corpus kosm we have got a gyus this particular gyus is called as singulate gyus what is this gyus singulate gyus I hope you heard this name before right this gyus is called singulate Gus okay in the same way in the same way uh let me highlight another location see this particular location which I'm highlighting to you right now this is called as rhinal cortex what is this cortex rhinal cortex okay now what is this green one singulate gyus and this is what rhinal cortex now look at the next group of fibers now these next group of fibers they start all the way from your singulate Gus like this you see these fibers are starting all the way from from singulate gyus and finally where are they ending they are ending in your rhinal cortex like this singulate gyus all the way till the rhinal cortex you see all these fibers are going and ending in your rhinal cortex so let us name these fibers as as B okay fibers B so what is B okay so these fibers are called as singul singul what is singul singul are the association f iers they are starting from singulate gyus singulate gyus all the way till the rhinal cortex rhinal cortex you basically call it as Endor rinal cortex okay rhinal cortex next next important fibers these fibers now look here these fibers they are starting from here okay let me use another color yeah these fibers they start at the frontal L and these fibers are going all the way back from the frontal lobe all the way back to the occipital lobe like this okay these are the fibers like this you see these are the fibers which are starting in the frontal lobe and all the way they go back and they enter into your oxital L now tell me what are these fibers here these fibers are called as Superior longitudinal facular when I tell Superior longitudinal facular there will also be inferior longitudinal pesus right let us say fibers C so let us write down what are these fibers c c are superior longitudinal facular so these Superior longitudinal faul they start from frontal L they start from where they start from frontal lobe all the way they end at the oxital L frontal L till the oxital L this is called as Superior longitudinal fulus now when I tell Superior longitudinal D will be inferior longitudinal inferior longitudinal facul so from where these inferior longitudinal facular start see all of you just look at the picture now now these inferior longitudinal facular fibers they start all the way from the occipital lob and they come like this to which lob now what is this LOB temporal low you see these are your fibers so let us write it down fibers D over here they are starting from the occipital L and all the way they go to your temporal L okay from occipital till the temporal Lo so these are what your so they start all the way from your occipital L occipital L all the way to the temporal l temporal so these fibers over here are called as what these fibers over here are called as your Association fibers so these are the association fibers guys and there is one last Association fiber which you have to know so what is that last Association fiber is I cannot show it to you here so let me draw the picture over here and right now I'm not drawing Corpus cisum here if I don't draw Corpus cisum it means what surface is this this is a superolateral Surface what is this superolateral surface okay now in the superolateral surface this is what I was telling you that you have got a Fisher in the sulcus like this this is called lateral sulcus or syvan Fisher Okay and next important thing is that here exactly here you have got an area what is this area called this area is called as your brokas area in the same way in the temporal region here you have got another area what is this we will discuss in detail what is this area called This is called as verik area so what are these two areas what are these two areas this is called as broa area and this area is called as verik area vernik area okay now coming to this brokas area and verik area there are fibers that are going all the way like this making an arch and connecting here going all the way like this making an arch and connecting you see these fibers are making an arch here right these fibers which are making an arch connecting the broa area to verik area these fibers are called as your e what is e here rq8 fasiculus rq8 faic what are these fibers these fibers are your rate facular now where is your brokas area located can I tell brokas area is located in your frontal L yes broa area is located in your frontal L and where is ver Niki's area located in the temporal Lo temporal Lo so these are the areas which you have to remember here guys so there are five important fibers five important Association fibers so fibers a right they are starting in the frontal L till the temporal L this is called as uncinate fulus next all the way from the frontal till occipital Superior longitudinal fulus occipital till temporal inferior longitudinal fulus next all the way from the sing gyus to the endoral cortex this is called as what is what fibers are these These are called as singul these fibers together you called as singul okay and the last fibers which are Arc shaped connecting the frontal L to the temporal L especially speaking broas area to the verus area these fibers are called as your rate vesicular now we are done discussing we are done discussing regarding what regarding your Association fibers now let let us move on to what are projection fibers okay I'll just write down the names you just have to memorize them projection fibers what did I tell about projection fibers from higher centers to lower centers or lower centers to higher centers okay for example Corona radiator Corona radiator okay next important example is internal capsule internal capsule third important thing is fim a fimbria so projection fibers are Corona radiator internal capsule and fima all these three together you call it as projection fibers coming to commissural fibers the last one we are discussing is the commissural fibers so what are these chural fibers so there are four important chal fibers what are these four important what did I tell you see let us say this is one uh cerebral hemisphere this is another cerebral hemisphere this is your midbrain pawns like this okay so if one calisphere is connected to the other so in this manner like this right so what is this called These are called Comal fibers and the name of this particular fiber is Corpus calm this fiber is Corpus Calin okay in the same way we have got the next important commer called as hippoc cample commission hippoc cample commiss what do you mean by by hippocampal commissure it means it is connecting hippocampus on one side to the hippocampus on the other side in the same way we have got two important commissures one is called as anterior commissure another one is called as posterior commission opposite of anterior is posterior fifth important thing is here we have got a nucleus called habin nuclei here also we have got a nucleus called habenular nuclei connecting both the habenular nucle got a commissioner called as habenular commissioner so the last one is your habenular commissioner okay so wherever see the what are the all these Corpus CM hippocampal commiss anterior commission poster commiss habol commiss all these are your commissural fibers all these are your what commissural fibers okay now if you look at Corpus calm especially this is very very very important guys okay if you look at Corpus calm I'm just drawing a small picture over here see this part over here is your Corpus C when I'm drawing Corpus Calum it means which surface is this medial surface okay now this Corpus cism is having few important parts for example in the starting of Corpus cism you see a pink color body in the end of Corpus cism you see a green color body over here right so this part of Corp Corpus cism is called as genu G nuu genu of Corpus cism and this part is called as body of Corpus gism and the last part is called as splenium of Corpus gism Corpus gism is having how many parts three parts one is called as genu body and splenium and remember one more important thing that attached to okay attached to the ginu you have got a very stock like thing here this will all so be included in the part of Corpus calm and this part over here is called as Rostrum so if I ask you what are the different parts of Corpus Calum what will you tell first Rostrum then ginu then body then splenium okay so you are able to look at these structures in this way G see here the hanging part is for example if I'm if I'm hanging something here what is this this hanging part is called as rrum what is this ginu and what is all this body and finally you have got the splenium now if if you wanted to see all the structures which angle is better you will see from front if you see from the anterior wave can you see the splenium on the back if you see from the back can you see the Rostrum and the ginu from the front from the side also you cannot see what will I do is that I will stretch this Corpus cism like this and I will show it to you like this when I show it to you like this every part you can see okay so this is the corpus scism here you see ignore the fibers okay look concentrate on the center part you see the center part which we have over here the center part is Corpus calm I have just stretched it out okay I have completely stretched it so Corpus cism is having what did I tell you the first part rrum R stands for what rrum after that what did I tell you Gino after that what did I tell you body body is larger and lastly we have got splenium yes or no now you can see some fibers coming out of rrum on both the sides in the same way from the ginu on both the sides right so let us look at what are the different names of these fibers these were also asked once in the exam okay so these fibers over here these this is called as your Corpus calm this is called as what Corpus calm now in this Corpus calm what are the important things see here the fibers on either sides coming out of G know the fibers this pink color fibers which you can see coming on either side these pink color fibers are called forceps minor forceps minor so from now onwards if anyone is asking you what is forp minor these are the commissural fibers that are coming on either side of the ginu ginu of Corpus Cal next when I tell forceps minor there will be forceps major see these red color fibers which are coming out of splenium is called as forceps major one is called forceps minor other one is called forceps major next one in the center which are coming out from the body this is called as tum these fibers together are called as tum okay so I just want to remember these fibers what is forceps minor you should know what is forceps major you should know what isum also you should know okay so these are some of the important things right these are some of the important things regarding the white matter so what did we discuss what did we discuss in the white matter guys white matter is nothing but bundle of mated a Association projection commissional okay so two cortexes So within the same cortex from one place to other place these are called Association fibers from higher centers to lower centers and from lower centers to higher centers that is projection fibers from one half to other half like this what are these white color fibers here commissional fibers okay so these are the fibers here to Association fibers Association fibers from the frontal L till the temporal L this is called as uncinate fulus from the frontal L to the occipital L these fibers are called as Superior longitudinal facular next from the occipital L till the temporal Lo these are called as inferior longitudinal phicus next these fibers is called as singul right and finally connecting the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe that is the broas area to the verik area is your AR phic coming to the projection Corona radiator internal capsule and fima chural fibers I told you Corpus Calum hippocampal commiss anterior posterior and habol commiss so these are the important things which you should know so this is all you need to know the important things about your white matter uh so now we shall be discussing what are the different kinds of neural tube defects we have got okay so neural tube defects neural tube defects they one of the very important part in the neuro Anatomy which you have to know so if you can look at this picture here actually there are three uh germ layers which we have got so this germ layer which you can see over here is called as ectoderm this is called as ectoderm this part in the center is called as misom and this part down over here is called as endod so how many parts we have got we have got ectom we have got misom we have got endom okay and NTC here stands for Noto Cod okay now what is this part over here this part is nothing but the precursor of neural tube what is this this is a precursor of neural tube this is a precursor of neural tube in the same way we have got cells on either side you see these cells are called as neural crest cells these are called as neural crest cells so these is called as a precursor of neural tube and these are called as a neural crest cells now what will happen at the next stage of development is that within the precursors of the neural tube there a small depression you can see right so this invagination or this depression you can see here a small Groove is formed this groove is called as neural Groove this group is called neural group and what is exactly Happening Here is that the neural crest cells on the right side and the neural crystals on the left side they are pulling against each other like magnets okay so when they both come towards each other they when they both come towards each other a complete circle is formed which you can see in the next picture like this right so what is this particular thing over here this is nothing but called as your neural tube okay whatever is formed right now over here is your neural tube you know whatever is formed right now over here is called has neural tube you know this neural tube is formed when is it formed it is formed on day 20 neural tube is formed on day 20 okay now next important thing is that see the first CSF is formed by you see the fluid within this neural tube so this fluid whatever is there within the neural tube here this is your CSF what is this this is your CSF and this CSF is formed by by what who is forming the first CSF see normally right now in my body in my brain the CSF is formed by choid Plexus right but during day 20 right the Cs of who is forming the Cs of the amniotic fluid itself is forming the CSF there okay so the first CSF is formed by the amniotic fluid so the first CSF the first CSF is nothing but your amniotic fluid amniotic fluid later choid plexus forms the CSF but during the embryonic time the amniotic fluid is the one which is considered as a first CSF okay right so what did I tell you here uh these are the important things over here neural tube neural uh Noto cord and yeah by the way here you have got your Noto cord down and you have got neural tube over here now now we will see what is this neural tube actually forming see this is a neural tube so what will this neural tube develop in future and what these neural crest cells will develop in future so if you look at the neural tube in the future neural tube will be developed as CNS central nervous system in the same way neural crust cells will be formed as pns that is your peripheral nervous system okay so your neural tube will be formed as your central nervous system and neural C they form as peripheral nervous system okay now one very before we discuss neural tube defects let me finish up one small Point regarding these neural crest cells so there are there are some specific type of neural crest cells right so when these neural cresses they fail to migrate Cally to the distal colon what do I mean by that what do I mean by that is that see here you have got your ascending colog like this this is your transverse colon this is your descending colon over here this is your descending colon like this okay now distal colon in the sense the descending part the descending part of the colon is called as a distal colon okay now what is happening over here is that see normally neural crest cells whatever are there these neural crest cells they start migrating down to the colog now once these neural cels start migrating to the colog what are doing they are forming the nervous system in the colog what is this nervous system I'm not going in detail I'm just telling you that the enteric nervous system is what orx plexus right miners as well as orx plexus so this enteric nervous system is formed by these neural cels so normally neural cels are migrating down and these neural cels here they are forming what enteric nervous system here they are forming enteric nervous system but some sometimes it might happen like this so sometimes what can happen is that so all the neural cels here are forming your entc nervous system why do we need entric nervous system then without this nervous system how do you think your muscles of the colon will contract how there will be peristalsis if there's no peristalsis the feal matter will not go forward yes or no so you need peristalsis it means you need nervous system if you want nervous system then it means the neural Crystle should migrate here so what will happen is that usually this problem usually happens during fourth to 7th week of development during fourth to 7th week of development what usually happens is that these neural crest cells during fourth to 7th week of development they stop migrating when they stop migrating see here there are no neural crest cells all over when there are no neural crest cells here do you think the distal part of the colog okay do you think the distal colog mainly do you think here there is any nervous system that is formed no if nervous system is not formed don't you think the distal part of the colog um cannot undergo peristalsis when it cannot undergo peristalsis what will happen the fal matter whatever is there it gets accumulated within the distal colog and once the fal matter gets accumulated within the distal colog and this entire distal colog will swell out like a balloon you see this entire distal colog is swelling out like a balloon like this okay so what is this entire content consisting of it is consisting of all the feal matter and this condition you call it as toxic Mega colon toxic Mega colon you call this condition as toxic Mega colon okay now because of this toxic Mega colon what is happening what is happening is that the abdomen will be distended right now another important thing is that this condition in this condition what is happening there is failure of what there is failure of neural crest cells to migrate cly neural crest cells to migrate codly failure of neural crystals to migrate codly where to your distal colon okay so this condition you call it as haong dis disas hrung disease so what is this HPR disease HPR disease is nothing but failure of the neural crest cells failure of the neural CR cells to migrate qually during fourth to 7th week to the distal colon this would lead to the formation of a toxic Mega colon so this is uh about the toxic Mega colon which you have have to know right regarding this hrung disease right second important thing second important thing I want to highlight here is that we shall right now discuss about this thing see we right now discussed about what will happen if the neural cells do not migrate qually that would lead to hip sprung disease which would eventually lead to toxic Mega colon now we will discuss what will happen in the neural tube I mean what are the defects that you see basically in the neural tube okay so basically we in the neural tube we have got two defects if you see the neural tube see this is a neural tube yes or no right in the longitudinal section this is how the neural tube looks yes or no this is your neural tube okay so roughly let me draw this part that let us say this is the neck region this is your head which is not looking like a head let us say this is the head like this okay and shoulder right this is just a rough picture Okay rough picture now in this picture this is the neural tube okay the neural tube is more thicker right let me so this is your neural tube here okay now this particular neural tube is having two openings you see right what are the two openings see this particular opening over here is called as anterior neuropore what is this anterior neurop this opening over here you call it as posterior ior neuropore what is this anterior neuropore and posterior neuropore normally you and me anterior neuropore should close should close by day 25 should close by day 25 posterior neuropore normally it should close by day 28 okay normally it should close by day 28 Okay so this neurop power which usually should close by day 25 which is not closing right if it will not close by day 25 that would lead to a condition called as ananal that would lead to a condition called as anal nnal what is nnal nnal is nothing but if the anterior neurop is not closing by day 25 that would lead to a condition called nnar in the same way if posterior neuropore is not closing by day 8 that would lead to a condition called as Spina bipa that would lead to a condition called as what Spina bipa so we have got two important things over here one is called as ananal another one is called as pipa right now why these neural tube defects are happening it is because insufficient during the pregnancy there should be sufficient intake of folic acid if there is insufficient intake of folic acid that would lead to neural tube defects so normally the amount of folic acid a pregnant female should consume per day should be somewhere around 300 to 400 microG per day 300 to 400 microgr per day okay if this is not consumed then this would lead to a condition called NTD that is your neural tube defense so what are the neural tube defects I told you annil and spinal bipa so this is how annil looks this is Ann you see absence of the part of the cortex here right part of the brain is absent here this condition over here is called as nnal nnal okay after this we have got what the poster neurop for if it is not closing you call this a spab bifida so let us discuss about spab bifida in detail spina bifida in detail over here coming to spinabifida there are four different types of spinabifida okay how many types spinabifida we have got four different types of spinabifida one is called as spina bifida Ulta one is called as spifida Ulta another one is called as spab bifida with manoil mosil another one is spina bifida with Milo meningo or meningo milil both of them are the same Milo mosil and finally we have got rakis kisses rakis kisses okay out of all you know rakis kisses is the most common one okay now when I tell meningo seil only meninges are present here just write it down I know you can't understand what is meninges here what is meningo seil just listen to my words here meningo SE B meninges Milo and meningo seal in the sense Milo in the sense spinal cord meningo in the sense meninges so both spinal cord and menes spinal cord and manages okay so two important things manes over here and here we have got Milo menos okay and here you have got this rakis kisses clear so this is one very important thing you have to know now what are the risk factors over here risk factors are very important what are the risk factors over here so as I already told you as I already told you if there is folic acid deficiency that is your folet deficiency folet deficiency what is your folic acid vitamin B9 okay next second important thing is that for example if mother is taking anti- convulsions during pregnancy that is also a risk factor anti convulsion during pregnancy anti- convulsion during pregnancy that is also risk factor and third important thing is diabetes melitus right mother having diabetes melus is also a risk factor so first we shall discuss about this rakis kisses okay so what is this rakis kisses basically is that if you can look at this particular picture in this particular picture you know that these are called as transverse process this is called as spinus proces and this Arch which you can see is called as dorsal Arch actually how is this dorsal Arch formed see dorsal Arch closes on the top like this and it continues as spinus process here okay it forms like this and it continues as spinus process if dorsal Arch is not formed will the spinus process be there no right it won't be there and next important thing is that here you have got spinal cord see this is your spinal cord okay and tell me surrounding the spinal cord what do you have you have got meninges surrounding the spinal cord you have got meninges okay so what will happen when the uh dorsal Arch is open when the dorsal Arch is open is that this spinal cord whatever is there will herniate outside in this way it will herniate outside and surrounding the spinal cord even you see the meninges the meninges are also herniating outside in this way both the spinal cord and the meninges are herniating outside so can I n and and by the way what do you have in between here you have got your CSF this is a CSF so here here both the manes and the spinal cord are herniating outside why it is because the vertebra is open everything is open so look at this condition now so this is how that condition looks exactly you see here that these vertebra you see the vertebra over here these vertebra are not fused actually this vertebra has to fuse like this right so the vertebra not fused so what can I write over here I can write that these are open vertebra okay what are these These are open vertebra and spinal cord is also exposed right so open spinal cord open vertebra open spinal cord and third important thing is there is leakage of CSF you see all this glitter here right so this is all the leak CSF leakage of CSF so whenever you see open open spinal cord and leakage of CSF that gives you a diagnosis of Rises rakis kisses and this is a very very very very important thing very very important question okay rakis is a very important question so once after rakis kisses is done the next important thing what is the next important thing once after this rakis kisses is done we will discuss about spinal bipa Ulta you can see this particular picture here in the lumbo sacral region you you see a TFT of hair right so you see a tuft of hair where do you see this TFT of hair in the lumbosacral region lumbosacral region tough of hair in the lumbosacral region is what is called as Spina bipa with Ulta okay this is what is called as a Spina bipa with Ulta now look at this particular picture in this particular picture what is the first picture about the first picture you can see the lumbosacral region at tough of here here so this what is this called as this is called as spina bifida Ulta spinal bifida with Ulta okay now coming to Patient number two and patient number three now in patient number two what will happen is that you can see the green color layer is the menes the meninges herniating outside not the spinal cord okay and obviously you see the CSF that is present within the manes look at the third picture in the third picture the men the the spinal cord is herniating outside attached to the spinal cord the meninges is also herniating outside like this okay and by the way this is all the CSF over here so now tell me which is only meningo which is Milo meningo Cil so patient number two here we have got meningo why manoil because only meninges is herniating outside why Milo meningo seil because because Milo mosil because both the meninges as well as a spinal cord is herting outside okay how do you identify see here you can see that in the lumbosacral region you see a cyst you see a cyst here also but look at compare both the cyst can I tell that this cyst is shiny yes or no this cyst is shiny and this cyst is glowing this cyst is shiny and glowing but tell me is this is shiny or glowing no so why because there is spinal cord also here right so the cyst which is shiny and glowing right this is called as only Mingo seal right this is called as meningo seal and this is called as milom menos which is not glowing is called milom mosil so once the once the meninges are herniating outside within the meninges what do we have you have got only CSF so if the CSF is increasing increasing increasing what will happen the CST will enlarge enlarge and at one time the cyst will rupture right so this is a ruptured cyst over here okay this is a ruptured cyst over here clear so this is one very important thing now once the patient is having meningo seil right here spinal cord is not involved so there won't be any kind of paralysis but here spinal cord is involved so what do you think one spinal cord is herting outside don't you think there will be compression of nerves so compression of nerves in which region thoracic region cervical region or lumbosacral region lumbosacral region so when the nerves get compressed in lumbosacral region in case of milomingo seal what will happen is that the lower part the lower limbs the lower part of the region the lower part of the bubble where your bladder is there and the lower part of the bubble so there will be incontinence incontinence no control no control okay next patient will have paralysis also apart from paralysis patient will have fluidity sorry patient will have paresthesia and if you look at the paralysis what kind of paralysis patient will have FID paralysis you know there are two different kinds of paralysis one is called paralysis another one is called FD paralysis if a patient is let us say uh a patient is affected with a patient has inhaled spores of Clum tetany let us say when there is a open cut wound into that open cut W spores of claustrum tetany went inside so patient will have will have what kind of tetanus there so that kind of tetanus is called tetanus or that kind of paralysis is called paralysis where the muscles are contracted too much right opposite to that for example if patient has consumed raw honey right or let us say contaminated food whatever it is so because of this claustrum botolinum went into his body right so this time the patient will have a paralysis called as f ID paralysis so paralysis means the body is contracted like this placd paralysis means the body is very weak he can't even raise his hand okay so that is called as FD paralysis so here in this case in milomingo what do you see you see flid paralysis so how do you diagnose this before the delivery itself you can diagnose the mother by doing ultrasonography okay so apart if you don't find anything in ultrasonography you can do amniotic fluid analysis is amniotic fluid analysis you can do amniotic fluid analysis now in the amniotic fluid analysis what are you searching for you are searching for Alpha feto protein okay usually the alphao protein level will be too high too high okay so because of this increased alphao protein you can diagnose that this might be some kind of neural tube defect okay so this is one of the very important thing which you have to keep in your mind now we shall discuss how the CSF is formed the copal fluid is formed at the same time how does it move within the subarid space okay and finally weight does it go we'll look at the pathway of the cerebral spinal fluid flow okay so first of all look at this particular picture which I've drawn over here now in this particular picture what are the important things you can see so the first important thing which you can see over here is that see this outermost layer whatever is there this outermost layer whatever is is there this is called as your Duram matter okay the outermost layer is called as your Duram matter now after this Dura matter the next important thing just beneath the Duram matter whatever this yellow color space you have got this is called as subdural space subdural space next beneath that this pink color layer what you have here is called as your eroid matter okay this is your eroid matter now beneath that erid matter whatever this blue color space you have got this is called as sub eroid space sub eroid space and finally this red color layer over here is called as your P matter so all of you know that we have got Dura matter subdural space arid matter subid space and finally P matter outside the dura matter also we have got a space called extra Dural space okay extra Dural space or epid neural space right whatever it is if you look at subid space subid space over here this blue color thing whatever is there which have drawn here this is your subid space and this subid space is having some projections finger like projections right these finger like projections are called as sub eroid granulations okay what are these finger like projections called These are called as sub eroid granulation subarid granulations and where are the subid granulations projecting into these subarid granulations are projecting into this particular sinus over here this is called as Dural Venus sinus Dural Venus sinus so this sinus over here is called as Dural Venus sinus okay so let me highlight this particular sinus over here um yeah you see this particular sinus right so this sinus over here is called as as your Dural Venus sinus yeah this sinus over here is called Dural Venus sinus now and these are your ventricles all of you know that we have already discussed in the starting that this is your first ventricle this is your second ventricle okay now both the ventricles with the help of foran of Monro right you should know that this part is called as foramen of Monro foramen of Monro so with the help of foran of mon they are entering into your third ventricle from the third ventricle with the help of aqu uh from the third ventricle with the help of Aqueduct of Sylvia so this is called as cerebral Aqueduct or Aqueduct of Sylvia cerebral Aqueduct or Aqueduct of sylvus it is entering into your fourth ventricle okay and fourth ventricle continues down into the spinal canol so whatever whatever you have got with the green here okay is all CS CF so this is all CSF over here so what is all this this is all CSF then what is with the blue over here the blue color thing over here in the subarid space is also CSF okay then how did how do both the csfs usually meet first of all we should know from where is CSF produced okay now before I tell you the detail things you have to know one thing that here lining your ventricles these are your ventricles lining your ventricles you have got some epithelium like this you see lining the ventricles you have got some epithelium now these epithelium is having Celia here and these cells over here which have drawn just now are called as what endal cells so these cells which have drawn over here are called as endal cells these cells over here are called as endal cells now next important thing is that uh Within These vent over here you have got such projections here these projections over here are called as granulations right sorry these are called as choid plexus so we have got finger leg projections inside the ventricles these finger like projections are called as choid plexus over here so here also you have got choid plexus like this here also you have got choid plexus like this right so even choid plexus is also located in the roof of the fourth ventricle like this this is a choid plexus that is located like this now what is the use of this choroid plexus what is the use of this choid plexus is that it is with the help of this choroid plexus your CSF is secreted who is releasing your CSF choid plexus is the one which is forming and releasing the CSF into the ventricles so this CSF is completely spreading over in the first ventricle and the second ventricle now from here the CSF from both the sides they meet and they enter into for of Monro from here the CSF enters down all the way into the third ventricle okay in the third ventricle some additional CSF is released by this choroid plexus so all this CSF through the cerebral Aqueduct it is entering into the fourth ventricle in the fourth ventricle also some more additional CSF is released and overall all this CSF is traveling down all the way to the spinal canol now within this fourth ventricle you have got a foramen here right so what is the name of this particular for over here this is called as foramen of lushka foran of lashka there is one more foran on the top called as foran of magenda okay we have got foran of lashka foran of magenda so what is happening over here is that through this foramin through this foramin of lashka the Cs of whatever is there slowly it will enter into a subarid space you see through the for of lushka the CSF is enter entering into your subid space once it enters into the subid space and this CSF flows all the way in the subid space like this okay it flows all the way in the subarchnoid space and finally with the and finally with the help of these ericoid granulations right sub aroid granulations the CSF enters into your Dural Venus sinus so this is the CSF that is present in the Dural Venus sinus now from here where it is going from here where it is going from the Dural Venus sinus the CSF will now enter into a last sinus called as Superior seal sinus now we shall write down how the CSF flow is happening over here so the CSF flow first of all it starts where it starts in the choid plexus it starts in the choroid plexus now from the choid plexus the Cs of whatever is released it will now enter into your lateral ventricles lateral ventric lateral ventricles are one and two ventricles okay from there through foramen of Monro by Crossing foramen of Monro the the CSF now it will enter into your third ventricle enter into your third ventricle now from the third ventricle from the third ventricle with Aqueduct of sylvus or cerebral Aqueduct aqueduct of Sy cerebral acqueduct now it will enter into your fourth ventricle CSF will enter into your fourth ventricle okay now what is going to happen now what is going to happen is that from the fourth ventricle right now the CSF will enter into the subarid space subid space okay CSF is going to enter into subarid space how by the foren of lush and mendi for ammen lashka and mendi for of flash can meend this CSF will enter into the snoid space now from the subid space what did I tell you the CSF will enter into subid Sub eroid granulations sub eroid granulations subarid granulations okay from the subid gran finally the CSF will be drained into your Dural Venus sinus Dural Venus sinus and from there finally it will enter into a superior sagital sinus Superior sagital sinus so it means this is how your CSF is Flowing okay now if there is any obstruction any kind of obstruction in any of this pathway that would lead to increase in buildup of pleasure for example for example let us say there is excess amount of CSF that is accumulated within the ventricles by chance within the ventricles the level of CSF is too much increased if the level of CF is CSF is too much increased this condition you call it as what hydris okay so what do you what what is this condition called as hydris what do you mean by hydrophilus hydris is nothing but accumulation of excess CSF in the ventricles okay accumulation I will tell you how it is accumulated accumulation of excess CSF in ventricles okay accumulation of excess CSF in ventricles is called hydrus now uh remember one thing for example let us say there is uh a tumor let us say that here we have got your um these cells what are these cells endal cells what are these cells endal cells let us say there is a tumor of endal cells tumor of endal cells is called ependymoma now because of this tumor the tumor cells are increasing in number like this so because of this tumor what has happened the the Lumen the foramin of Monro whatever is there the duct whatever is there it has become much narrow so when it has become much narrow now tell me uh can can the CSF in the first and second ventricle properly drain into the third ventricle no so what will happen there is buildup of CSF here within the first two ventricles now when there is buildup of CSF within the first two ventricles can I call this condition as excess accumulation of CSF in the ventricles called hydras this is called hydrus now in this hydras is the first two ventricles communicating with the third ventricle no there is no communication because of a tumor over here so first two ventricles are behaving as a separate chamber and now the next third and fourth are behaving as a separate chamber right so this kind of hydras is called communicating hydras or non-communicating hydras it is called non-communicating hydras so this hydris is called as non noncommunicating hydrus okay so what is non-communicating hydrus non-communicating hydrus is a condition where there is obstruction to ventricles either it might be because of a tumor obstruction of ventricles construction of intergal and this problem is a congenital problem okay this problem is a congenital problem in the same way there is another important kind what is that another important thing is that uh let us say there is no tumor here there is no tumor but but what is happening is that these uh choid plexus whatever is there let me write it down the name of this is your choid plexus this choid plexus what whatever is it this choroid plexus started releasing excess amount of Cs okay this choroid plexus started releasing excess and excess amount of CSF now when this choroid plexus started releasing excess amount of CSF obviously within all the ventricles the CSF level will be high right and as there is no tumor you see all the ventricles are communicating with each other communicating with each ER and additional adding upon that what is happening because of excess uh work of this choid plexus excess CSF is secreted so overall the volume of CSF within the ventricles is increased so that will also lead to hydris right but this time in this hydr there is no obstruction right there is no obstruction so that is why you call it as communicating hydris communicating hydris in this communicating hydris the main reason is simply because of excess CSF production by whom by your choid plexus okay and by the way this problem is not congenital this problem is acquired problem this problem is what acquired problem so if you can see at this these are your normal ventricles one and two right once this ventricles are enlarged this is how it looks you see the ventricles from all the sides they are completely enlarged okay so what is this condition over here this condition over here is called as Hydro seph hydrus now there is one more condition okay what is that condition is that you already know that this is your fourth ventricle right so this is your fourth ventricle now what did I tell you fourth ventricle is having some uh this is from this is from uh in a coronal section repeat so this is your fourth ventricle right now if you look at the fourth ventricle guys if you look at the fourth ventricle from the side okay okay not from the side first let me show it to you like this so this is your fourth ventricle okay a diamond shape structure like this this is your fourth ventricle now you know you have got some forens here two forens these are called as foran of mendi okay the foren down here is called as foren of lashka okay we have got forens here for ammen of mendi as well as your for ammen of lushka like this mendi as well as lashka now what if these foramens are closed let us say these for are completely closed now if these forment are closed within this fourth ventricle within this fourth ventricle don't you think there is excess CSF because uh because right now you cannot drain this CSF into the sub aroid space if you cannot drain it what will happen there is excess amount of CSF within the um fourth ventricle now because of this increased pressure within the fourth ventricle you know what happens what will happen is that there is a small pouch that is developed Okay so let me show it to you from the lateral aspect okay so in the lateral aspect let us say in the lateral aspect let us say that this is your central nervous system midbrain pawns Med oblata and down here is your spinal cord okay and here you have got your what this is your cereum over here okay now here I'm drawing a ventricle like this see this particular ventricle which I've drawn just now right see this particular ventricle is your fourth ventricle let us say all the for amens of the fourth ventricle are closed if all the for amens of fourth ventricle are closed what will happen just now I told you that there will be increased pressure within the fourth vle because of this increased pressure what is going to happen what is going to happen is that you would actually see a pouch that will be developed like this you see there is an out pouch there is a pouch that will be developed obviously with because of excess pressure the fourth ventricle some part of the wall will be weakened and that wall will out poach like this same like in the lower limb we discussed about popal fosa right you see because of excess pressure within the coval cavity what will happen the sinovial cavity the layers are out pouched which would lead to popal cyst or Baker cyst right so here also there is outpouching of this now because of this out pouch because of this out pouch what will happen is that the developing cerebellum this cerebelum it stops developing further there will be a plasia of the cereum or hypoplasia of the cereum okay okay so this out pouch of fourth ventricle because of this out pouching of fourth ventricle because of excess pressure within this uh within the fourth ventricle because of closure of all the for amens right this cyst or this out pouch whatever is there this is called as blak pouch what is this called as this is called as Blake pouch so once again for the notes purpose uh just tell me how is the Blake pouch form yes for example if there is closure of foramen if there is closure of foramen of fourth ventricle foramens of fourth ventricle what are these forens of fourth ventricle called one is called as lashka another one is called as mendi lashka and mendi because of this closure what is going to happen what is going to happen is that there is increased pressure in the fourth ventrical there is increased pressure in the fourth ventricle because of this there is pouch or cyst that is formed pouch or cyst that is formed and that is what is called as your Blake pouch so if you can look at this particular picture this green color highlighted part whatever is there this is your fourth ventricle okay this is your fourth ventricle fourth ventricle now look at this this is the zoomed in picture of fourth ventricle okay so here actually we have those for amens if these for amens are closed what will happen this fourth vle will out pouch in this way you're getting it now look at this this is a normal MRI scan in this normal MRI scan what are the important things you can figure out over here see here first important thing is that see you see this small cavity here right this small cavity over here is called as your fourth ventricle fourth ventricle and by the way not to forget this is your midbrain this is your pawns this is your medular obl right now look at the same picture down when it will out pouch you see this exactly there is there is an complete out pouch and this is all the CSF over here right here also you see this this is a complete outp here right and this is all the CSF now can I tell that this particular structure whichever has been out ped over here is called as Blake pouch this is called as Blake pouch Blake pouch and this deformity which I told you just now this deformity which I told you just now is called as dandy walker Mal formation what is this this is called as dandy walker so this deformity over here is called as dandy walker M formation very very important thing you have to know right right after this the next important thing I want to discuss over here next important thing and very very important in your Radiology point of view medicine point of view surgery point of view very very important is your Hemes hemorrhages in the brain there are different kinds of hemorrhages in your brain okay let is say extradural hemorrage right subarchnoid hemorrage subdural hemorrage so these are the different kinds of hemorrhages so what are these hemorrhages what arteries or veins damage will lead to these hemorrhages we will discuss now okay but before that uh what I will do is that I'll just draw down the surface of your brain like this this is only one half of one surface one half of the uh brain I have drawn over here right so you have to know few important things over here what are these few important things see the first important thing over here is that this particular layer which I'm drawing right now over here is called as P matter okay now after this P matter the next important layer over here is called as your ericoid matter what is this this is called as your eroid matter right now next important thing uh another layer here you have got over here is called as a Duram okay now after this after this uh here you have got this particular cap over here called as skull cap yeah so this is called as a skull cap okay uh this particular part over here is called as your skull cap okay now what is the outermost layer here this blue color layer this outermost layer which you can see over here is called as Dura matter this is called as Duram matter after Duram matter the next important layer which you have over here the next important layer which you have over here is called as eroid matter Dura matter and the next layer is called as your eroid matter after that the innermost layer over here is called as your P matter Dura matter eroid matter as well as P okay now important thing is that what did I tell you I told you that outside the dura matter whatever space you have Okay so this particular space whatever you have outside the durometer is called as extra Dural space so this is your extra Dural space next the space that is located inside over here inside the Duram over here is called as what this is called as your subdural space what is this space subdural space so we have got extra Dural space and subdural space and the last important space which we have very very important potential space is sub aroid space okay so this one is your sub aroid space now one by one very very important thing you have to know that for example let us say I'm drawing an artery within the extra Dural space so you see in the extra Dural space there is an artery which I've drawn this artery is called middle menal artery so what is this space over here this space over here is called as extra Dural space okay within this extra Dural space the artery which I have over here is Middle menial artery middle menial artery okay now what will happen Whenever there is a trauma to the Head okay whenever there is a head trauma what can happen is that this middle manial artery will rupture when this middle menal artery will rupture The Blood starts leaking in the extal space now this condition you call it as extradural hematoma what do you call this as extra Dural hemorage or extradural hematom extradural hemorage you simply called as EDH extradural hemorrage now because of this EDH what will happen is that patient will go unconscious for a transient amount of time again he'll get up he'll start doing his works again immediately he'll go unconscious again again he'll get up again he'll start doing his works again he'll go unconscious so it means patient is going into uncon into loss of consciousness for a brief amount of time and again he is having his own conscious States right so this this way of getting unconscious becoming unconscious and again conscious again unconscious so this thing is called as Lucid interval this is called as Lucid interval so where do you see Lucid interval you would see in case of extradural hemorrhage okay next this is all about your extradural Hemorrhage next after that let us speak here about the subdural space so this space is sub Dural space now within the subdural spaces what do you have within this subdural space you have got very important structures like this these structures are called as bridging veins what are the structures located here these are bridging veins bridging veins and if there is rupture of this bridging WS that would lead to a condition called sdh subdural hematoma subdural Hemorrhage okay so mostly this subdural hemia subdural hematoma is mostly seen in elderly people okay mostly you come across the of elderly people and elderly people those who are on anti-coagulants like Vin anti-coagulants like Vapin so elderly people those are on anti coogulant like Vapin Now by for example if they get a chance to fall down right right not intentionally obviously so if they fall down right if they hit their head to the floor l or whatever it is so these bridging veins are more likely to develop as they're using anti-coagulant so obviously there will be no coagulation so they will be bleeding so this kind of bleeding over here is called as subdural hematoma okay now out of all the important and the most important bleeding over here is this one that is your subarid space so first of all you have to know subarid Space is having CSF subarid Space is having what CSF okay next you should also know the subid Space is having cow what is this circle of relas what is present within the subarid space there is circle of vas that is the blood supply to the base of your brain right now there are some risk factors what are these risk factors is that for example if the patient is having uncontrolled hypertension uncontrol hypertension or if there is a congenital problem like eras Danos syndrome eras danlo syndrome or if there is a chromosomal abnormality like Turner syndrome Turner syndrome now in these three cases these three are the risk factors in these three cases what can most commonly happen is that there can be rupture of Circle of willies when there will be rupture of Circle of willies what will happen there will be a lot of blood there will be a lot of blood that will be drained into this or pulled into this CSF so right now normally CSF is not having any RBC but in this condition when you take when you do a lumbar puncture when you puncture L3 L4 segment right when you take the lumbar puncture sample inside that you inside the CSF you will see RBC there is gross amount of RBC the CSF is not transparent it is completely uh red in color okay why because there is sufficient amount of RBC that are located within the CSF okay so and next important thing is that the patient will have a very very severe headache very intense severe headache okay very severe headache so patient will complain that this is the first time he had such headache in his life and this headache he will complain it as thunder clap headache he will complain this headache as a thunder clap headache very severe headache right so he will tell that such headache has never never ever occurred in his life right so as if someone as if someone is um banging his head with a rod with a stick or whatever it is so he will complain of that severe intens now why am I telling all these words is that these are the words that will be asked in the exams okay like severe headache thunder clap headache and yeah by the way patient will have very severe vomiting also very severe vomiting okay very severe vomiting also so in that case you need to think of subar Hemorrhage Sub heroid hemorrage sub ericoid Hemorrhage or simply sah subarid hemorrage or sah so the mcqs which will be asked are they will ask you in extra Dural okay they will ask you that in extra Dural hemorrage right what artery is damaged over here they will ask you you have to mention it as middle menel next next in case of let us say um subdural space subdural Hemorrhage which veins or Which vessels are damaged that are the bridging veins okay and next important thing is in sub eroid okay sub aroid what is damaged that is your circle of whe so this is the important thing that is damaged over here so these are the three important mcqs that will be most commonly that will be asked in your exam okay now apart from this what you need to know is that how do you differentiate Ed H okay how do you differentiate EDH from s DH for example if I get a CT scan of a patient right how will you say this is EDH or this is sdh now what does e stand for E stand for egg okay so even e stands for Egg E stands for egg and even the leion looks like this what is this this is what this is your by concave or B convex this is B convex shape okay now in the same way whenever you see a patient of sdh so you can write S as C so what you will see is that the shape will be like this semi lunar shape okay semi lunar or banana shape so that is your sdh so let us just practice these things now tell me what is this EDH or sdh what would be this yes this was this is what EDH extra Dural Hemorrhage this is also e DH okay and down here what will be this this is your s DH again this is also your sdh okay you see this you see this shape this is your sdh and this is your egg shape over here right egg shape over here so this is your EDH now again what are all these this is all your EDH this is all your EDH this is also your EDH okay and let us look at this yeah again this is your EDH right you see this and again this is semi lunar shape this is your sdh clear so so and some more examples again this is sdh this is also sdh so these are few important examples which you need to know so now we shall be discussing regarding the cerebral hemispheres okay a topic of discussion would be regarding cerebral hemispheres now regarding these cerebral hemispheres what are the important things you can figure it out over here so regarding this cerebral hemispheres so let me draw it here let us start from the basics of this cerebral hemisphere now this is your cortex okay and by the way again I'm telling you so that you have got two different parts of the cortex right so let us say this is your cerebral cortex now whatever surface you can see on the top left and right this is called as a superolateral surface okay now which if I'm dividing the two cereal hemispheres if I'm turning the medial side to you this is is your medial surface we have got what superolateral surface and we have got medial surface okay so this surface over here is called superolateral surface now on the superolateral surface here you have got a sulcus like this this sulcus over here you can see here this is called as your lateral sulcus okay lateral sulcus or you can call it as Sylvian Fisher Okay you can call this as lateral sulcus or Sylvian Fisher now now uh let us say let us say that if I'm drawing a line over here okay I'll I'll explain you in detail about each and everything later on but till here right so let me draw one more line over here right so now I have entirely divided the cerebral cortex into few layers okay so for example this particular lobe over here which you can see is called as frontal lobe this is called as your frontal L okay and this entire lobe over here is called as your parial lobe okay this is your frontal and this is your paral L and this lobe over here is called as your temporal lobe okay this is called as temporal lob temporal L and this is called as occipital l so one you have got is a frontal l paral l temporal lobe as well as occipital l now you see a sulcus here you see this particular sulcus which is dividing the parital L from the occipital L this sulcus is called as perito oxital sulcus perito oxital sulcus this sulcus over here is called Paro oxal sulcus now what is this lobe here this is called as preoccipital L now just in front of the occipital lob you see a notch over here this notch in front of occipital Lo this Notch is called as preoccipital notch this Notch is called as pre oxital Notch so we have got occipital lobe and in front of the occipital lobe you see a notch a depression that is called as pre oxital NCH now what is our plan of discussion here is that first we will uh draw and discuss all the gy and suai okay we have got gy and sukai right we will first draw and discuss all the gy and s located on the superolateral surface then we shall discuss the gy and S located on the medial surface then gy and salai located on the base of the brain okay so we are covering the complete superolateral surface and medial surface gy as well as suai now first of all these gy and are really easy to understand but you need to pay little bit attention to uh make these things clear over here so look here again I'm drawing the same picture let us say this is your uh lobe over here right so again what is this Notch over here this Notch is called as preoccipital notch okay and now what I'm telling you is that you see this stem over here this black color stem this is called as stem of lateral sulcus what is this this is called stem of lateral sulcus now this stem of lateral sulcus gives three branches here one branch going onto the back this is called as posterior ramas okay now another branch that is in the front this is called anterior ramas so lateral sulcus is having how many Rami posterior Rami and anterior Rami anterior Rami is again divided into two one going horizontally forward and one ascending upward like this what are these two see here once again what are these two see once again here this part is called as a stem of the lateral sulcus okay stem of the lateral sulcus is divided into three parts one is called as a posterior sulcus okay this is called as your posterior Rami what is this called posterior Rami next after that you have got this entire part as anterior ramas in anterior ramas what do you have you have got this anterior horizontal ramas anterior ascending ramas okay posterior anterior ascending anterior horizontal all these Rite together form the lateral sulcus okay right whatever it is we'll discuss about this in much more detail but for now what you need to know is that if I'm drawing a line exactly in the center if I'm drawing a line exactly in the center this is called as Central sulcus what kind of sulcus you call this as this is called as Central sulcus okay in front of the central sulcus in front of the central sulcus if I'm drawing one more line like this this is called pre Central sulcus next I'm drawing one more line back of the central sulcus this is called post Central sulcus so how many Central sulcus we have got one Central sulcus One pre- Central sulcus One post Central sulcus okay so what is this one called as this is called as pre Central sulcus this is called as as post Central sulcus pre Central sulcus and post Central sulcus next important thing next important thing is that here we have got some more suai you have to understand here what are the salai here see let me use another color yeah see the and by the way just tell me the loopes here this is called as your frontal Loop right this is called as your temporal paral Loop this is called as your temp oral Loop and this is called as your occipital Loop right all these loopes you know it right now um let me draw let me draw the sulcus in the front over here see there is one sulcus which I'm drawing in the front and there is another sulcus which I'm drawing over here one sulcus in the front and another sulcus down here so this sulcus which I'm drawing over here is called Superior frontal sulcus below that that is called as inferior frontal sulcus okay so I hope this is clear to you so this is called as as um Superior frontal sulcus right and this one over here is called as inferior frontal sulcus Superior frontal sulcus and inferior frontal sulcus in the same way we have got two more suai okay we have got two more Su in the temporal region see here this is one sulcus up this is one sulcus down now tell me what will be the names of these sulcus this sulcus is called as Superior temporal sulcus temporal sulcus and this one over here is called as inferior temporal sulcus inferior temporal sulcus Superior temporal and inferior temporal sulcus okay now now I'm drawing one more sulcus over here exactly in the parital region like this so this is one sulcus which I'm drawing here all of you know that this is your paral region in the paral region I drawn only one sulcus that is that is entering into the paral region crossing the paral region like this so This is called intra parial sulcus so what sulcus this would be called as this would be called as intra parial sulcus intra parial sulcus okay that is called as intra parital sulcus and lastly not to forget that you see a sulcus here right you see a sulcus over here that is separated your what separating your parital from the occipital like this so this particular sulcus over here is called parito oipal sulcus what is this sulcus called parito oxital sulcus what is this sulcus called This is called as Paro oxital sulcus right now because of this salai what are formed gy are formed okay what are the different gyas we have got see here there is one important gyus you can see right so this gyus is located in front of the central sulcus so can I call it as precentral gyus now what then what will be this particular gyus which is located back of the central sulcus this is called post Central gyus so we have got two gy over here one is called as pre Central gy pre Central gyus and this one is called as post Central gyus so we have got two gyus over here one is called pre Central Gus another one is called post Central Gus next next important thing next important thing is that here I'm drawing one gyus tell me what is the name of this gyus see completely I'm drawing three gyus over here okay so tell me what is the name of these three important gyas over here yeah so what will be the name here see here uh this is a frontal region in the frontal region we have got this is called as Superior front gyus this is called as middle frontal gyus this is called as inferior frontal gyus Superior frontal middle frontal and inferior frontal gyus okay now when it comes to the temporal L I told you to sukai Superior temporal sulkus inferior temporal ccus but how many gy three gy are over here so what are these gy see this is one gyus over here right so what will be the name of this gyus and what will be the name of the second gyus over here and tell me what what will be the name of third gyus over here yeah so this gyas over here which you can see is called as Superior temporal gyus okay here we have got middle temporal gyus and this is called as inferior temporal gyus so three gyus Superior temporal middle temporal and inferior temporal now next what we are uh focusing on we are focusing on the intra parital sulcus this intra peratal sulcus also we have got two important gy see one gyas on the top here okay one gyas on the bottom so how many G totally we have got two G here one g on the top one g on the bottom so what will be on the top Superior what is this l parial l so Superior parial gyus Superior parial gyus and this will be inferior perial gyus Superior paral and inferior paral Gus so these are the most important G and salsi which you need to know apart from that there is one more Gyan salsi which I will tell you but before that remember the pneumonic ASAP what is saap why do we use this saap in our day-to-day language saap in the sense as soon as possible right so what I'm trying to tell you is that there is there is an very important gyus okay there is a very important gyus surrounding this Central ccus this is Central ccus right surrounding this Central circus because there is a very important gyus by name a in saap the first letter is a next there is a very important gyus that is uh let us say that is surrounding this lateral sulcus you see this lateral sulcus surrounding this lateral sulcus there is a very important gyus like this now this gyus starts with the name s a s a s and next there is one more gyus over here that is surrounding what Superior temporal sulcus and this is called as name a a a and finally we have got the last one p a is AP okay so these G and salai are very important so right now I will write down the names of these G and salai okay let us remember them right so what are this gy and what are this gu over here so first first first first important thing that this this particular gyus is okay let me use a shorting yeah so this particular gyos over here is by the name a this is by the name s this is by the name again a and this is by the name p a s a p what does a stand for a stands a stands for arched gyus what is this this is arched gyus s stands for Supra marginal gyus Supra marginal gyus Supra marginal gyus a stands for angular gyus a stands for angular gyus and P stands for posterior perial Gus posterior parial gyus so what is the pneumonic over here a sa a p saap okay you should know where is arched gyus present it is arching what it is arching your central sulcus where is supram marginal gyus present that is present around your lateral sulcus and by the way not to forget that this is your lateral sulcus lateral sulcus and where is angular gyus present that is arching what your Superior temporal sulcus and where is poster paral gyus present that is arching your inferior temporal sulcus okay so these are the important things apart from this if you come to the O okay let go back to the oxital region later on so apart from this here you have got three important things what did I tell you this one is called as posterior Rami this is called as anterior ascending anterior horizontal right so here there are three important things so here there is a yellow color gyus which I'm drawing over here you see there is an yellow color gyus over here in the same way there is let us say there is a blue color gyus over here there is a blue color gyus and finally there is a green color gyus over here here now let us look at the names of these gas okay so first yellow color blue color Gus and finally we have got the green color gyus over here now what is the name of this yellow color G this is called as parse orbitalis what is this called parse orbitalis this is called as pars orbitalis next we have got another one called as parse triangularis this is called pars triangularis okay pars triangularis third one is called pars opercularis what is this pars opercularis so par triangularis and pars opercularis and you know what is the importance of this all these three together are called as opercula all these three important things are called as Opera and this forms your brokas area this is your broas area and what is your broas area it is a sensory area or a motar area it is a motar speech area motar speech area so brokas area is having how many gy three important gas right what are they par orbitalis pars triangularis and pars opercularis okay so you can remember by the pneumonic OTP okay so o t and P ootp okay right so these are the important things which you can see now lastly we'll discuss about the occipital lobe in this occipital lobe I want to draw one suus over here you see this particular sulcus which I'm drawing over here is called calcarine sulcus what is this calcarine sulcus okay I will write these names later on this is called calcarine sulcus above the calcarine sulcus I have got a semi lunar shaped sulcus Half Moon shaped sulcus called as lunate sulcus what is this lunate sulcus okay next on one end of lunate sulcus there is a cap on the other end of lunate sulcus also there is a cap what are these two caps one is called as upper polar sulcus and lower one is called Lower polar sulcus upper polar and lower polar in the occipital region there is a sulcus transversely located this is called as transverse occipital sulcus so the names are very very easy over here so what are these names so this one over here is called as calcarine sulcus calcarine sulcus and this one over here is called as lunate sulcus okay and this is called as upper polar sulcus then this will be called as lower polar sulcus upper polar circus lower polar circus and this one over here is called as transvers suus occipital sulcus transverse occipital sulcus transverse oxal sulcus okay so these are the important sulcus and gy so okay once again just let's fastly recap over here we discussed the gyus that is located sulcus located in the center Central sulcus uh before that precentral after that post Central okay frontal l two Su are there what are there Superior frontal inferior frontal temporal two s Superior temporal inferior temporal paral only one sua so intra paral okay coming to gy so in front of the central sulcus pre back of the central sulcus post coming to the frontal here three Superior frontal gyus middle frontal Gus and inferior frontal Gus coming to the temporal here Superior temporal gyus middle temporal gyus and inferior temporal Gus okay uh coming to the parital here Superior paral gyus and inferior peral gyus okay uh these are the important things next we have got four important Gus over here so what is this a a p a sa right a stands for what this is your arched gyus s stands for what sua marginal gyus a stands for angular P stands for posterior peratal G so these are the important things right so let us look about the motar area what did I tell you the motar area the motar speech area is your brokas area brokas area right where is it located posterior part of inferior frontal gyus so where is your inferior frontal gyus this is your inferior frontal gyus if I divide the inferior frontal gyus into 2 half three halves this is called anterior half middle half posterior half so exactly here you have got I mean I have to draw this particular picture over here so exactly the posterior part of inferior frontal gyus there will be broas area next posterior part of superior temporal gyus so Superior temporal gyus again an interior part middle part posterior part it means exactly here right exactly here this is called as verik area posterior part of superior temporal Gus is called verik area and if you remember connecting broas area and vernik area there are Arch shaped fibers these are called as RQ fulas I told in the starting right so what is the area number here 4445 you have to remember these numbers these are area 22 39 and 40 and remember one thing the complete gyai suai the lateral suas all the sukai whatever are there in all the loopes all the gy whatever are there in all the loopes everything by which week will it be developed it will be developed completely by 40 weeks okay by 40 weeks okay but lateral sulcus starts developing from 28 weeks only you see slowly the lateral sulcus is developing over here you can see right so but by 40 weeks all everything will be developed so that is all you need to remember remember here this is from the snails Anatomy uh snils neuro Anatomy textbook I have put this picture over here right so this is what you have to remember regarding that clear now uh next regarding this regarding this I just wanted to discuss regarding the lateral sulcus in much more detailed uh so in lateral sulcus we even have to know about how much centimeters is each limb okay so I hope you know this part over here but again let me discuss this right so in this lateral sulcus what did I tell you this is your posterior ramas right this is your anterior ascending ramas this is your anterior horizontal ramas right you know I told you there is orbicularis there is um orbitalis there is opercula these three things right now let me write down the names of this because I did not write the names of these anyway right so this part over here is called as your posterior ramas posterior ramas and this part over here is your anterior ramas but anterior ascending ramas anterior ascending ramas and this one over here is called as your anterior horizontal ramas anterior horizontal ramas okay now you know how much is posterior ramas posterior ramas is about 7 cm same way anterior ascending ramas you know how much is this it is around 2.5 cm and anterior horizontal ramas is also 2.5 cm and not to forget that this part over here is called as a stem stem of lateral sulcus so right now we were discussing about lateral sulcus or syvan Fisher lateral sucus or syvan and fish okay so uh so if you look at this if you look at this this is your lateral sulcus guys okay you see this sulcas over here this is your lateral sulcas over here now in this lateral sulcus you can appreciate over here that there is uh there is a sulcus that is going up this is your um ascending and this is your horizontal one okay so these are the important things over here okay now apart from this apart from this particular thing so uh again these are the same things which I put over here in a real image here so when you open the lateral sulcus inside inside you will see these are the structures which is not that important now but and this is the same picture again uh same picture again I have already explained it here so I think this is the same picture here so let me put up another important thing over here okay so what is this this important thing is that we have discussed all the gy and salai on the superolateral surface what did I tell you I will discuss Gan s on the medial surface then the inferior surface now we done with super lateral surface we are now going on with the medial surface over here okay now when in the starting I told you if I have to draw the medial surface I have to draw Corpus calm right so that is what differentiate the superolateral from the medial surface right so this is your frontal L right now here where is your Corpus cism see this part which I'm drawing in the center right so this is your Corpus calm now this particular Corpus calm over here this particular Corpus Calum over here is having few important parts what are those few important parts see this part over here is called as a genu of Corpus cism okay genu of Corpus cism this part over here is called as a splenium of Corpus cusum next this part over here you see this this is called as a body of Corpus calm okay I think these things we have discussed in the starting itself right so I'm just framing up these things so that I have to tell you the additional structures that are present on this okay so what are this this is called guino um one is called as penium right one is called as penium and the other one so let me make a uh copy of this picture so that next when I'm drawing another picture it won't take much time so uh this part over over here is called as a genu genu of Corpus cism and this part over here is called as a splenium of Corpus cism genu and Spen okay and this part over here is called as a body of Corpus cism you also remember the fornex forceps sorry um anterior Force forceps minor forceps major right now important thing is that below this below this ginu below this guino we have got this particular structure over here this particular structure over here is called as a rrom what is this called rrom This is called as rrom and just beneath the rrom we have got a commiss you remember commiss we discuss habin commiss anterior posterior commissioner so this commission over here is called as your anterior commission anterior commiss this is called as anterior commission next just benath the anterior commission you have got another important structure this particular structure over here is called as lamina terminalis what do you call this particular structure as this is called as lamina terminalis this particular structure over here is called as lamina terminalis okay next important thing is next important thing is here down uh down here uh let me draw another important thing you see this part particular structure which I'm drawing down here this particular structure which I'm drawing down here that is extending all the way from the rrom ginu all the way back to the splenium this is called as fornex okay what is this called this one over here is called as your forix this is called as forx apart from forx one last important thing I want to tell you over here is that see here you have got here you have got a network like thing right so this particular Network like thing over here is called as septum pisum actually this is a septum pisum that is attached all over your Corpus calm all over your Corpus cisum from the side you cannot see it basically but I'll draw it in another angle and later on I'll show it to you so what are the important things which you can see here foric penium body ginu ROM an commission and lamina terminalis this is from which surface this is your medial surface medial surface so we are done with superolateral surface now medial surface now what I'm telling you is I will show what are the guy and suai that are located over here okay so what are the different kinds of gy and suai we have got in the medial surface is very very very important so let me bit enlarge this picture over here okay and let me bit compress this so that I have to draw right now all of you look here now important thing thing is um let us say let us say this is your superolateral surface right on the superolateral surface here we have drawn gu suai this is a frontal L this is oxital L first first G first sulcus have drawn is in the center like this I've told you the sucus which I'm drawing in the center is called Central sulcus you remember that right so this is a central sulcus which I've drawn over here go this is a central sulcus now actually what I'm telling is this Central sulcus is on the superolateral surface and the central sulcus will extend here into the medial surface also okay so it is coming from the superolateral surface like this and a little part it is extending into the medial surface also so it means it is it is in the superolateral surface here and it will go back it will go back and it will come onto this side over here it will come onto this side like this little part like this okay so this this little part over here is called as your Central sulcus so this is called as your central sulcus so this is called as your central sulcus okay this is your central ccus next important thing is let us let us uh guys put down all the important structures here which we were discussing previously uh tell me what is this particular structure over here this is called as your rrom right beneath the rrom what did I tell you I told you you have got anterior commission this is your anterior commission beneath the anterior commure what do you have again again you have this part is called as what is this um lamina terminalis and where is your Forex located so between the ginu and between the splenium you have got this particular part called as fornex right and what is this c-shaped structure completely called as corpus kosom now exactly exactly surrounding this Corpus kosom exactly surrounding this Corpus kosom like this you have got a Sul you see surrounding this Corpus kosom you see a sulcus over here this sulcus is called as kosal sulcus what is this sulcus called kosal sulcus so this particular sulcus that is surrounding is called as kosal sulcus surrounding your Corpus kosm is called kosal sulcus Next important sulcus next important sulcus which I'm drawing over here is this one look here this sulcus also starts all the way from here right all the way here and this sulcus continues continues continues and finally this sulcus takes a turn like this okay you know what is the name of the sulcus this is called singulate sulcus okay so this particular sulcus over here is your singulate sulcus so on the medial side to sulcus two suai we have discussed one is called as um kosal sulcus and one is called as singulate sulcus okay and what is this part called as splenium above the splenium also have got a sulcus like this okay above the splenium above the splenium over here I have got a sulcus in this way and this sulcus is called as Supras splenial sulcus anything about is called Supra you know that so this sulcus over here is called as Supra splenial sulcus Supras splenial sulcus okay what is this sulcus Supras splenial sulcus done next let us go on to the oxital side in the occipital side I've already told you this thing that see one side I'm getting a sulcus this sulcus is called this sulcus is dividing your paral region to the occipital region what is this Paro occipital sulcus and down here I've got one more sulcus I told you what is this called as this is called as yes calcarine sulcus so what is this sulcus complete complely this sulcus is called as pero oxital sulcus see this is called pero oxital sulcus and this sulcus over here is called as calcarine sulcus calcarine sulcus perto oxital as well as calcarine suus and by the way not to forget this is your frontal this is your frontal pole this is your temporal pole this is your parital pole this is your op that is your occipital pole actually guys pero occipital sulcus or calar and sulcus beach in between both of them there is one more sulcus which you cannot see here like this okay so actually let me draw that thing over here normally this is your suai gy suai gy these are the structures see this part over here is called as your sulcus and this part over here is called as your gy okay gyus salai and gyus now what I'm trying to tell you is that see here now this gyus which I'm drawing right now look here how this gyus is now look at this particular gyus very very very important see here let us say this is one gyus this is a second gyus this is a third gyus right in between these guses you have got sukai so this is one sulcus this is one sulcus what is the name of this sulcus this is called as pero oipal sulcus pero oipal sulcus okay after perto oxital what is this calcarine sulcus see here this is called as calcarine sulcus calcarine sulcus okay now can I tell you like this can I tell you like this that perito occipital sulcus this pero occipital sulcus and calcarine sulcus near to that whatever G are there gy number one and gy number three these both G are completely covering gyus number two yes or no on either sides of gyus number two we have got per oxital sulcus calcarine sulcus we have got gy called as gy number one gy number three these two gy are completely completely covering gyus number two right so this this gyus number two is given a name called as what is this name ciate Cate gyus ciate gyus so where is ciate gyus normally can you see C gas no C gas is Buried buried in between what perto oxital sulcus and calcarine sulcus so here somewhere we will have Cate gyas in this particular picture but we cannot see it because it is BU next another important sulcus which I another important sulcus which I wanted to draw over here this is parallel to the above line right so anything parallel can I call it as collateral right so this sulcus is called as collateral sulcus collateral sulcus what is this sulcus called collateral sulcus next if I am drawing another sulcus in the shape of U like this U okay U stands for what U stands for anus what does u stand for ancus so can I call this particular sulcus as ancus ancus is what u shaped or can I call it as hook shaped sulcus hook shaped sulcus or u shaped sulcus u-shaped sulcus or hook shaped sulcus is your anus right now these are the important suai which we have and now we will draw the G so first important thing is Corpus kosm surrounding Corpus kosm this particular sulcus which I have over here is kosal sulcus next this particular sulcus is called singulate sulcus this is penium above the splenium what is this Supras splenium then per oxital calcarine and this is collateral this is u-shaped called as anus that's it right now let us look at the G which we have over here the first important thing first important thing is that see now I'm drawing a gyus this is the gyus that is present between what or let us say that is present below majorly that is present below tell me majorly that is present below what see is this sulcus major or this sulcus major so majorly it is present below singulate sulcus so this entire gyus is called as singulate gyus so what is this entire gyus called as this is called as singulate gyus so this entire gyus is called a singulate gyus okay next next important thing is that there is another gyus that is located exactly there is another gyus that is located exactly surrounding your central sulcus on the superolateral surface surrounding your central sulcus the gyus which was located here was called as what arched gyus right now the gyus that is located surrounding this is not called as arched gyus this is called as what parentral gyus because it is present on either sides of the Central sulcus right so you are calling it as par Central gyus par Central gyus okay next important thing next important thing is that here you have got one more gyus here right so what is this particular gyus first of all tell me this gyus is present in which low yes this gyus is present in the frontal low and tell me which so this will be called as a frontal gyus which surface is this super lateral or medial medial so this gyus is medial frontal gyus what is this medial frontal gyus next important thing next important thing is that because of perto oxital and calcarine you see a gyus here because of par oxital and calcarine you see a gyus here this particular gyus over here is called as cius this is called as kunas anything before cius is called preus anything before cunius is called prunus so let me say that this particular part over here is called as what prunus prunus gyus okay let me write it as prunus gyus and this is your cunius gyus okay and this one this part over here looks like a tongue okay if it is looking like a tongue this is called as lingual gyus this is called lingual gyus what is this called lingual Gus okay now next important thing is that here one very important thing you have to know that within this uh anus right so here you have got a gyas over here you see this gyas over here so this particular gyus this particular gyus which you have over here right actually this is called anus uh I have mistaken with this part over here so just look here this this part this guy Gus is called as ancus okay this gyus is called anus so this is hook shaped gyus hook shaped gyus then what is this blue color line called as this blue color line called as sulcus the name of the sulcus is rhinal sucus rhinal sulcus so previously I misch changed it right so now I'm correcting myself telling you that this blue color sulcus which you have is called rhinal sulcus inside that the gyus which you have is u-shaped and that is called an okay clear right now next important thing what is the next important thing here I have got one more uh gyos over here okay so what is this gy see this gyas is located just beneath your forix okay so actually guys I know this is boring but uh I don't think so you would find much more easier way of understanding the pictures and all so even while you're studying textbook also these pictures will be very very useful so that is why I tell all the time to practice these pictures okay so in the textbook and all the pictures will be much more difficult to understand to analyze the things so this is much broader way of drawing down and explaining the pictures over here okay so I know it's boring but once twice if you just draw these pictures and practice it will be easy okay so if you're listening for the first time it will be really boring right so look at this what is this particular gyus over here see this particular gyus is called as par hippocampal gyus par hippocampal gyus parah hippocampal gyus okay just behind your parahippocampal gyus you've got a small gyus with the blue color okay the small blue color gyus which you have over here is called isas what is this called over here is isas that's it we are done with all the G and salai that are located on the medial surface okay so what did we discuss guys we discussed about the sukai you know G are very easy guys look here this is called as singulate suus singulate gyus here we have got cius cius preus okay next we have got uh rhus you have seen a rhino having a very big nose like this not a nose I think that is a uh that is a very big horn which it has so that is rhino rhino having a horn like this called as rhinal sulcus within that the gyus is u-shaped right so you call it as u-shaped gyus here next what is this medial frontal medial side this is frontal side so medial frontal and why paracentral because on either sides of the central side that is Central sulcus you call it as Paras Central right so this is all the important things which you see onto the medial side hello guys uh so now uh we shall be discussing regarding what are the structures that are present in the base of the brain okay so what are the things we have basically discussed guys we discussed first of all what are the gy and suai that are located in the superolateral surface okay after that we have discussed what are the gy and suai that are located on the medial surface along with that we have discussed some structures some structures of the medial surface like Corpus Calum and all now what we shall do is that we shall discuss now the base of the brain so this is the brain right this is the brain right now this is a superolateral area of the brain now when I'm lifting the brain and showing it to you this is called as a base of the brain right so so this will be your base of the brain okay so let us discuss what are the structures that are located in the base of the brain only then we can discuss what are the gy and sukai that are present in the base of the brain okay first we have to know what are the structures that are located in the base of the brain because this would cover up a lot of mcqs for you okay so first important thing regarding the structures that are present in the base of the brain let me draw the base of the brain first so this is your base of your brain right now uh all of you know that here we have got your midbrain you know that this is your midbrain right and here you have got your pawns and down you have got medo oblongata like this medo oblongata and finally down here you have got your spinal cord so this is the overall just rough picture of the base of your brain okay now let us see what are the structures that are located down over here the first important thing first important structure is here we have got a bulb like this okay so this particular bulb which we have got over here is called has all Factory bulb so on both the sides we have got such bulbs like this these bulbs are called as all Factory bulbs okay now from this all Factory bulb you see a tract that is coming down on both the sides so this tract which is coming down is called as all Factory track okay so uh what are the names over here one by one this particular structure is called as all Factory bulb okay and by the way we are discussing structures present in the base of the brain structures present in the base of the brain okay so first we have got your all Factory bulb next we have got your all Factory tract all Factory tract all Factory bulb and all Factory tract okay next after this all Factory bulb and all Factory tract down here we have got a very important structure okay so what is this important structure here this is called as all Factory trigone okay so what is this particular structure called as this structure is called as allory trigone so we have got all Factory bulb we have got all Factory tra and we have got all Factory Trion okay now exactly here in front of this allory track okay in front medial to this olfactory track we have got these two structures here this is called as pre perform area okay so what is this area called as this particular structure is called as pre perform area so we have got something called as pre perform area and perform area these are the parts of Rin and sephon I will tell you I will I will discuss these things later on but the important thing you need to know is here we have got pre perform area after that attached to this down here we have got three important structures like this what are these three important structures these three important structures are called as stri right so how many stri do we have over here we have got three important St what are these three important St so one is called as the medial Str because these two are medially located these two are called as medial Str next these two Str are laterally Loc Lo at like this so these are called as lateral Str and the Str located in the center is called as intermediate Str so how many Str we have got medial Str lateral Str and intermediate Str these are the three important Str which we have got over here okay so the Str which we have got over here are what are these first of all these are called as Str okay how many ster we have got over here three important ster we have got what are this three important Str one is called as lateral Str another one is called as medial Str and next we have got intermediate stray lateral stray medial Str and intermediate stray after that after that we have got another important thing what is this important thing see here these structures which I'm drawing right now these three important structures which I'm drawing right now over here these three important structures over over here are called as anterior perforated substance okay so what are these three important structures over here these three important structures are called anterior perforated substance okay these are called as anterior perforated substance when I tell anterior perforated substance there will also be posterior perforated substance okay now the next important structure we have got over here is you can see that here we have got a structure these structures over here are called as optic neres see this is right optic nerve this is left optic nerve what is happening here the right optic and left optic nerve they cross each other okay and finally the resultant whatever we have over here is a optic track okay so first we have got two optic nerves and optic nerves join and cross over each other forming optic tracks so these are called as optic nerve and this one over here is called as optic tract optic nerve and optic track next important thing is the center point which you can see over here the center point is the place where both the optic nerves are crossing each other so this Center Point over here is called as optic kayma this is called as optic kayma so what are the structures we have got we have got optic nerve we have got op optic track we have got optic kayma okay now after that now behind this we have got another important structure over here where behind your optic Asma this is called as Tu scenarium what do you call this as you call this as tuber scenarium we have we call this as Tu scenarium okay now after this tuber uh scenarium repeat after this tuber scenarium back here you have got two very important bodies like this okay back here you have got two important bodies these two important bodies over here are called as mamary bodies okay these two important bodies are called as mamillary bodies behind the mamillary bodies we have got another important structure like this so this structure which is located behind your mamary bodies is called posterior perforated substance so there was something called as anterior perforated now I'm telling you about the posterior perforated substance we have got anterior perforated substance we have got posterior perforated substance now this anterior perforated substance is supplied by anterior and middle cerebral arteries okay keep that thing in mind so anterior perforated substance is supplied by anterior and middle cerebral arteries so what are the structures that are located in the midline guys yes tell me what are the structures that are located here we have got something called as all Factory bulb right we have got all Factory tract we have got all Factory Dron all these are the structures that are located in the base of the brain and here what is this pre perform area next anterior perforated substance optic kayma and we have got what what is this Tu scenarium next we have got this is called as post perforated substance and remember one thing if you look at the midbrain okay so let me uh draw this midbrain much more clear here so if you look at the midbrain actually this midbrain is is actually in this way so this is your midbrain now in the center of the midbrain what is a duct you have got you have got a duct called as we have already talked this is called as cerebral Aqueduct cerebral Aqueduct or Aqueduct of sylvus this is the structure that is present here now if I ask you what are the structures located in the base of the brain these are all the structures that are located in the base of the brain if I ask you what are the structures that are located in the midline of the base of the brain what will you tell what are the structures that are forming the midline tell me see if this is a midline what are the structures that are touching this midline here is the all Factory bulb touching the midline no all Factory tra no all Factory trigone and St no anterior perforated substance no directly it hits what optic kayma so to highlight here optic kayma for forms what the midline okay midline of the base of the brain next another structure is tuber scenarium okay tubber scarium is the second structure now tell me mamary bodies they are in the midline no and what is in the midline again posterior perforated substance is in the midline and finally midbrain is in the midline OR cerebral Aqueduct see midbrain is having midbrain is divided into two halves see two halves this is called as a right crust cerebri this is called as a left crust of the midbrain okay this is your right CR left crust Beach what is in the center you have got cerebral Aqueduct so cerebral Aqueduct so these structures which I've highlighted here these are the structures that are present in the midline okay so let us just write base of the brain is different and the structures that are present in the midline are different structures present in the midline structures present in the midline what are the structures that are present in the midline first we have got optic kayma first we have got optic kayma after optic Asma what do we have got tuber scarium we have got tuber scarium okay after tuber scenarium what do we have got we have got posterior perforated substance okay we have got posterior perforated substance and fourth important thing we have got is cerebral Aqueduct cerebral aquid duct so these are the structures that are present in the midline okay now if uh if such picture any I mean the 3D animated picture whatever is there if they've given it to you then it will be very easy to identify but nowadays they're giving you directly this cavic image and they're asking you to identify the structures okay so how will you identify the structures first of all what are the things that are present over here one by one we will discuss now okay so first important thing first important thing here is that this one what is this structure over here let me use black what is this particular structure over here this is called as all Factory bulb all Factory bulb next what is this track over here this is called as all Factory tract all Factory bulb and all Factory tract and what is this Center Point point over here this is called as your optic kayma okay this is your optic kayma okay now what did I tell you behind optic kayma you have got tuber scenarium here you cannot see tubber scenarium but behind behind this tuber scenarium what do you have two mamillary bodies right so here you can see very clearly here you can see very clearly the two mammilary bodies over here right so these are the two mamary bodies mamillary bodies mamary bodies and next important thing I want you to remember here however I will tell you this thing but for now what you have to remember is you see this artery over here right on both the sides this artery over here is called as internal koted artery IA what is this internal koted artery and next important thing here you can see that there is one artery that is going up here also there is an artery that is going up both the arteries they join together and form a single artery you see right so what are these arteries that are going up see this artery is called as your right vertebral artery and this artery over here is called as your left vertebral artery both the vertebral arteries join together and form a single artery called as basilar artery we will discuss about it in a minute okay basilar artery and you see there are some nerves that are coming out right so these are the cranial nerves which we'll be discussing later on and by the way this is your cereum what is this cerebelum and what is this this is your spinal cord this is your spinal cord okay so these are the structures that are present in the base of your brain okay these are the structures that are present in the base of your brain now second important thing after discussing the structures that are present in the base of the brain now what I will do is that I will discuss what are the gy and salai that are located here so for that we can we have to draw another picture I mean similar picture right so all of you just look at this right so look at this now and obviously you have got your midbrain over here right and the center here what is this cerebral Aqueduct okay and I'm not drawing all the things over here but a few important things you have to know few important things you have to know that here in the orbital region I'm drawing a sulcus like this okay so what is this sulcus which I'm drawing here this is present in the all Factory region right so you call this I mean where the all Factory bulb all Factory track are there there the sulcus is there so this sulcus is called as all Factory sulcus okay so what is this sulcus over here this particular sulcus is called as all Factory sulcus okay this is called as all Factory sulcus after all Factory just lateral to all Factory sulcus you have got one more sulcus like this and this sulcus is in the form of a h shaped okay so this H shaped sulcus which I'm drawing over on both the sides it will be there okay this is called as orbital suai orbital suai is what H shape so orbital sukai is which shaped orbital sua is your H shaped okay next important thing next important thing is that uh you have got one more sulkus over here now this sulcus goes all the way from the occipital and by the way guys you know that this is your frontal pole because it is frontal L and all of you know that this is your temporal pole temporal pole because here we have got temporal L and this is your occipital Pole now if I'm drawing a line all the way from the occipital Pole to the temporal pole here like this okay so what this sulcus should be called as oxy temporal sulcus okay what this sulcus should be called as Oxo temporal sulcus so this one is your Oxo temporal sulcus okay this is your oxy temporal sulcus now next important thing here is that medial to oxy temporal sucus you have got a gyos over here see there is a gyus where is this gyus located this gyus is located medial to Oxo temporal sulcus okay here also you see a gyus that is located medial to Oxo temporal and you see another gyus that is located lateral to this oxy temporal so this entire thing is that gyus so what is the name of this particular gyus and this gyus and by the way not to forget that this gyus obviously it is present on both the sides okay okay now what is this gyus named called as yes see this gyus that is present medially medially to what medially to this oxpo temporal sulcus is called as medial Oxo temporal guus what is this medial oxy temporal gyus and what will be this one what will be uh this one called as lateral oxy temporal gyus okay so I'm writing it here itself this is called as lateral Oxo temporal gyus okay and this one over here is called as medial Oxo temporal gyus lateral oxipor temporal gyus and medial oxipor temporal gyus okay and by the way the next important thing I just wanted to tell you over here is that here you have got what is this what is this called as this is called as your optic kayma so this particular structure over here is called as your optic kayma over here okay and by the way you know these structures right one more important structure I just want to highlight it backside here you have got two mammary bodies now end of this optic tract whatever is there here you have got here you have got a body this particular body over here is called lateral geniculate body okay it is present on both the sides now when I tell lateral geniculate body mean medially you will have two more bodies these two bodies are called as medial geniculate bodies so here two bodies we have got this body is called as lateral geniculate body this is called as lateral geniculate body and this one is called as medial geniculate body okay lateral geniculate body as well as medial geniculate body so we have got two important bodies lateral geniculate and medial so these are the gy and sukai that are present in the base of the brain and these are the structures that are present in the base of the brain and these these structures are that is present in the midline of the base of the brain and by the way guys not to forget that I've shown you that I what did I tell you fibers connecting one cerebral hemisphere to another cerebral hemisphere is called commissural fibers right one of the commissural fibers is Corpus calm right so now you can very clearly see that this is your right Cal hemisphere left BL spere and this is your Corpus kosm okay if you clearly remember if you clearly remember I told you that this entire Corpus kosm this entire Corpus kosm is divided into what one is called as Rostrum you remember that one is called as your Rostrum then you have got ginu then the largest part is called body and last is called splenium the fibers you see there are fibers that are coming out of guino this fibers that are coming out of Gino what are they called as forceps minor you remember next the fibers that are coming here we we discussed right forceps major and in between this is called as tum right so these are the this is the real image over here now this is from the lateral aspect and again nothing to worry so this part over here is called as what this is called as your ginu the last part is called as what that is called as a splenium the remaining part over here is called as a body or trunk of Corpus calm right and by the way you see this cavity over here this cavity is the cavity of your fourth ventricle okay this is the cavity of your fourth ventricle I hope you're clear with these structures over here right all right guys so now we shall be discussing blood supply to the brain okay so now guys we shall be discussing blood supply to the brain okay so blood supply to the base of the brain blood supply to the base of the brain now remember one thing uh when I'm discussing this blood supply to the base of the brain one thing you need to remember that the brain blood supply is mainly done by two different arteries okay it is mainly done by two different arteries I mean two different systems okay the first system is called as vertebro I will explain this I will draw and explain this okay vertebro basilar system first system is called as vertebra basar system second system is called as internal koted system okay internal koted system so two systems what are the two systems one is called vertebra basil system another one is called as internal koted system so these two systems they join together and completely Supply the base of the brain so actually the topic which we are discussing right now is nothing but called as how do you form circle of willies how is circle of willies formed Okay so how it is how it is formed the vertebra basil system and the internal koted system both of them join together and form circle of willies okay now let us start from the complete Basics okay for you to understand let us say this is your heart okay this is your heart now here uh let us say you have got your right ventricle and this is called as your left ventricle okay now from your left ventricle the artery the left ventricle the artery which is coming here this is called as your iota right now this Iota is called here we have got an arch of Iota and finally we have got the descending Iota like this this is your descending Iota now here uh two important things you need to understand over here what are these two important things here there is there are some branches and on the right hand side also there are some branches okay so for example the branch that is coming out here is called as brachio calic trunk what is this BCT okay that is your bra balic trunk next this particular brachio falic trunk will further divide okay will further divide into right subclavian one is called as your right subclin artery and another one is called as your common coted artery this is your common coted and this is your right subclin this is your right subclavian artery this is your common koted artery but if you look onto the opposite side onto the opposite side you have got one common koted artery here this is called as left common koted artery and you have got left subclavian artery they both are separately emerging these are some of the very basic things which you know now what I'm telling you is now what I'm telling you is that if you can see here from the right subclavian artery actually from the right subclavian artery you see a branch that is going up this branch is called as what is this branch called as this is called as vertebral artery right vertebral artery from the left subclavian artery also you see a branch that is going up this is called as left ver veral artery okay one we have got is a right vertebral artery left vertebral artery now this right and left vertebral arteries they both of them join together like this okay right and left vertebral arteries they both join together to form the main artery called as basil artery so if you remember on the cavic image on of the brain I was teaching you the right vertebral Ary left ver vertebral artery joining together to form Basel artery you remember so this is called as right vertebral artery and this is called as as left vertebral okay so what did I tell you here I told you one system is called as a vertebra BAS system vertebra basilar system okay so this is your vertebra basilar system and another system is called as the internal koted system that I will teach you later on okay for now let us discuss about the vertebra basar system now what did I tell you this is the blood supply of the base of the brain so let me draw the base of the brain over here let us say this is your base of the brain and all of you should know that here yeah here you have got your midbrain like this right this is your mid brain over here and after that here you have got your pawns okay here you have got your medul oblata and down here you have got what this is your spinal cord okay midbrain pawns metal o and spinal cord and let me put this picture little bit down yeah and remember one thing that behind the pawns and medo oblata what is this this is called as your cereum okay so this part over here is called as your cellum this part over here is called as a cerebellum right now next important thing what is the next important thing over here is that as I already told you as I already told you that this part over here is your midbrain this is your midbrain this is your pawns this is your medo oblata and this is your spinal cord okay now as I already told you that we have got two important branches what are these two important branches see this is called as your right vertebral artery this is called as your left vertebral artery okay now this right and left vertebral artery they ascend upwards like this they ascend upwards like this and exactly near the Ponto medular Junction they both join together and form an artery here this is called as your basil artery okay now this basill artery this basill artery what will happen it will go completely to the extreme and start giving two branches onto the either side clear now the branches are not yet done so what we are discussing the two vertebral I will label the names later okay so two vertebral arteries they join together and form a basil artery and this artery divided into two arteries okay just beneath these two arteries okay just beneath these two arteries there are two more arteries that are given here okay what are these arteries I will tell you in a minute okay what are these arteries I'll tell you in a minute now before that before that two few more important things you need to know is that this is your pawns and down we have got is your medal oblong now in the Pawns in the pawns you see an artery that is coming over here this is called as labyrinthine artery what is is labyrinthine artery just above the labyrinthine artery there are small branches in the pawns these are called as pontine arteries okay what are these pontine arteries now after this uh there are two more branches I just wanted to draw over here see one branch look here now one branch supplies to the cerebelum like this okay and another Branch supplies to the cerebelum down here okay how many branches are there there are two branch BR is one branch supplying to the cereum from the top and the other Branch supplying to the cereum from the bottom now before I tell you the names of all other branches first I will start telling you the names of this Branch what is this Branch over here and what is this Branch okay now what is this structure this is your base of the brain right for example if a person is sitting facing towards you I cut down his skull right now when I remove the skull cap I see the brain now I'm lifting the brain now when I'm lifting the brain this is the lower surface of the brain now I'm showing it to you when I'm showing it to you I'm actually showing you the base of the brain can I also call that I'm actually showing the lower surface or the inferior surface of the brain right now in this inferior surface in this inferior surface now again again I'm telling you just pay attention to whatever I'm telling you over here for example let us say let us say that this is a brain I have lifted the brain now okay now this is a frontal L of the brain this is the occipital Loop of the brain this is the base of the brain now I have lifted the base of the brain towards you when I lifted the base of the brain towards you again this is called as a frontal L this is called as a occipital L this is the base of the brain now in this base of the brain there are two arteries one artery on the top one artery on the bottom so what are these two arteries called look here now these two these two arteries and these two arteries are located where in the inferior surface of the brain so these two are called as inferior and they are supplying your cereum so cere are arteries but one artery one one pair of arteries they are towards the frontal lobe it means they anterior and one pair they are back they are posterior towards the oxital L okay so so what should I write over here that this particular Branch over here is called as anterior inferior cere artery this is posterior inferior cere artery so both of them are called as inferior cere arteries but one is anterior one is posterior I hope you understood okay need not to byard this okay and next important thing the artery which you can see over here is called as labyrinthine artery labyrinthine artery and these small branches over here are called as pontine arteries pontine arteries okay and this basell artery divided into two branches I told you these this branch is called as Superior cere artery Superior cere artery okay next uh once after two Superior cere arteries now what are these two branches these two branches I will tell you later on so for now what did you understood guys what did you understood here you understood few important arteries over here these are you understood few important arteries over here these are uh two uh what are these two these are two vertebral arteries joining together to form what two vertebral arteries joining together to form basil artery where did they join in the Ponto medular Junction where pawns and medulla both of them are present that Junction there okay and it has given two branches this is called Superior cere artery it FR it went little bit forward anteriorly and given two more branches I will tell you the name of this and from this in to the pawns we have got pontin arteries and labyrinthine artery next we have got anterior inferior cere posterior inferior cere AA and paa okay now this arterial system whatever I've explained you this is what this is the vertebra basil system now I'm teaching you the internal koted system now when it comes to the internal koted system first of all I have to draw the internal koted artery you see this artery over here is your internal koted artery this internal koted artery gives few branches see one branch it is giving to the anterior side anterior it is giving one branch like this right in the middle also it is giving one branch here you're getting it right so these are the two branches now apart from this there is one more Branch also that is given now look here look here now if I tell you that this this one and this one 1 2 3 these are the three main branches which is anterior this is anterior can I call it as anterior cerebral artery yes what is this called as middle cerebral artery then what is this one called as posterior cerebral artery so how many cerebral arteries you have got this one is called as your anterior cerebral artery this one is called as middle cerebral artery this one is called as posterior cerebral artery anterior artery middle cereal artery and posterior cereal artery and all of these all of these cereal arteries they are coming from where this internal coted artery now posterior Cal arter is a branch of internal koted artery no it is a branch of basell artery okay keep that thing in mind from internal car artery both anterior and posterior anterior and middle now if I have to connect these two anterior branches right I have to connect actually these two anterior branches how will I connect these anterior branch es I have to attach a branch over here this branch is called as a communicating Branch it communicates between two anterior cerebral arteries so that is the reason why you call this artery over here as anterior communicating artery anterior communicating artery in the same way in the same way you see there are two branches that are coming from internal koted artery one on one side one on the other side what are they doing they are acting as a communication Junction between internal coted artery and posterior C artery so if this is called anterior communicating artery then what would be this one called as so can I call this one as posterior communicating artery yes this is posterior communicating artery so one we have got is an anterior communicating artery over here one we have got is a posterior communicating artery over here so because of this all communicating arteries you can very well right you can very well see a what do you say you can very well see a triangle right a a circle in the center here right so this is called as circle of wheelies what is this called as this is called as circle of willies C W circle of willies now there was a question once asked circle of willies which artery do not take place in the formation of Circle of willies what is that artery that is your middle cerebral artery very important question to keep in your mind middle cerebral artery will not um I mean it is not taking place uh in the formation of Circle of willly so this is what you need to understand so this is all the blood supply of the base of the brain now let let us discuss some important parts important mcqs over here after that I will draw this arterial system once again and teach you extra additional more arteries over here okay so first important thing is that which arter is not a br of Circle of V these are some of the mcqs which will be asked which artery is not a branch of Circle of willies what is that anterior middle and posterior that is your middle cerebral artery middle cerebral artery next important thing next important thing is that guys if if you just look at these arteries over here if you look at these arteries I'm telling you two more arteries here coming from vertebral arteries see this is your vertebral artery right now from this vertebral artery two branches are coming like this and they pass in the center of the spinal cord so this is called as anterior spinal artery what is this anterior spinal artery in the same way we have got posterior spinal artery also keep that thing in mind okay now now important thing compare compare paa and anterior spinal AR now where is anterior spinal artery it is in the center or it is laterally located second question is where is paa pica is in the center or laterally located you see paa is laterally located and where is an an spinal artery medially located in the center so if I ask you if I ask you what is lateral medular syndrome what is medial medular syndrome lateral medular syndrome is because of occlusion of artery which is located laterally or medially laterally so what is the artery that is located laterally here paa so paa occlusion will lead to what obstruction or occlusion will lead to lateral medular syndrome and the artery in the center is anterior spinal artery which is in the median plane so medial medular syndrome is caused by the occlusion of your anterior spinal artery okay so remember this thing that paa occlusion as well as anterior spinal artery occlusion paa occlusion will lead to what lateral medular syndrome later on I will tell you what cranial and nucle are affected in lateral medular syndrome okay so lateral medular syndrome AA occlusion leads to medial medular syndrome lateral medular syndrome as well as medial medular syndrome okay these are the two important things you have to know now next important thing is that see where is posterior communicating artery this is your posterior communicating artery now along the posterior communicating artery which nerve is passing that is ocom motar nerve okay so along this you have got the ocom motar nerve that is passing now why am I telling you this why am I telling you this is that for example if patient is having very anism of posterior communicating artery then which nerve will be damaged that is your ocom motor nerve so this is your third pair of cranial love what do you mean by Berry aneurism that is berry shaped swelling you see because of this swelling there is compression on the third pair of cranial now so what you have to write over here is that posterior communicating artery ber and ursm ber aneurism would lead to what would lead to ocom motor nerve damage ocom motar nerve damage it would lead to what ocom motar nerve damage okay so as I already told you there is lateral medular syndrome medal medular syndrome and by the way you know lateral medular syndrome is also called as valenberg syndrome so these things we will discuss it later on okay later on when I will discuss about syndromes of medo oblongata syndromes of Pawns right so anyways you will be taught in the medicine part it is not that important in anatomy over here okay now next important thing is uh next important thing is that there are some more arteries I told you I will teach you right so but before that just tell me fastly what are these arteries okay this would be a just a quick revision for all of you okay so let us say uh what is this artery over here two arteries these two arteries are called as vertebral arteries two vertebral arteries they join together right and they form an artery over here what is this artery basill artery basill artery will give two branches here what is this posterior cerebral arteries what is this posterior Cal arteries next from the vertebral arteries from the vertebral arteries two arteries are joining in the center here what is this anterior spinal artery let me write this down this is your vertebral artery uh this is your anterior spinal artery this is your basilar artery this is your posterior cerebral artery till here I hope you are clear next important thing what is the next important thing I told you here that here we have got what internal koted arteries what are these two internal koted artery internal kot artery branches what are the branches see one branch here this is called as anterior cereal artery another branch on the side is called as middle cereal artery and another branch that is attaching to the posterior cerebral artery let me draw it in this way you will understand this is called as posterior communicating artery now between these two what do you you'll have anterior communicating artery okay so obviously this is your circle of relas okay so let me write this down this is your anterior cerebral artery this is your middle cerebral artery this is your anterior communicating artery this is your posterior communicating artery and this is your internal koted artery on both the sides okay till here I hope you clear now why am I telling you this is that in the brain you will have a very important structure called as internal capsule in this way you see this particular capsule which I'm drawing here is called as internal capsule and this internal capsule is present on both the sides I will teach you when I'm teaching you the basal gangl there I will teach you the internal capsule so this is your internal capsule okay now in this internal capsule there are three parts what are these three parts of internal capsule this is called as anterior limb of internal capsule this is called as posterior limb of internal capsule and this is called as genu of internal capsule what are the three structures we have got anterior limb posterior Limb and genu of internal capsule so who is supplying the blood to this internal capsule look here the first artery the first artery is this one coming from the anterior cerebral artery from anterior C artery you see a branch that is going and supplying to the internal capsule especially which part of internal capsule anterior limb of internal capsule this is called as a recurrent branch of Huber okay so let me let me just write it as a or let me write it as one okay one is recurrent branch of Huber next important thing the second artery arises directly from internal koted and this artery goes and supplies all the way to the ginu this is called as artery to the ginu of internal capsule next another also directly arises from internal capsule and supplies to the posterior limb of internal capsule what is this artery anterior choroidal artery so 1 2 and three what are these three arteries artery number one is called as recurrent branch of Huber recurrent branch of Huber next we have got artery to ginu or of internal capsule okay third important thing we have got what is artery anterior choroidal artery so where is this particular Branch going this is supplying your anterior limb of internal capsule this is supplying to your posterior limb of internal capsule and this is supplying to your guu of your internal capsule and this branch is coming from where anterior cerebral artery whereas these these two are the branches of internal koted artery so this is the important you know very very important mcqs are framed from this previously and this is very very important I want you to know it at any cost okay so this is the blood supply here so let us just very quickly revise this blood supply so what did I tell you regarding the blood supply I told you that we have got two important systems one is called as vertebro basilar system another one is called as internal koted system vertebra basar system in the sense two vertebra latas joined together in the Ponto medular Junction to form what a basilar artery this basilar artery will divide okay divide into posterior cereal artery down to that Superior cere artery not cerebral cerebr artery okay and here we have got pontine arteries and here we have got labyrinthine artery we have got AA paa this is anterior spinal artery so P occlusion will lead to what lateral medular syndrome IA occlusion will lead to what medial medular syndrome lateral medular and medial medular syndrome clear all of you and coming to this uh just now I've taught about this particular part right so this is all the important things you need to know regarding this circle of willies right guys so now we shall be discussing one of the very important topic that is called as basil ganglia that is your basil ganglia first of all what is a function of basal ganglia basil ganglia is responsible I mean it is involved in the control of voluntary movements okay it is involved in the control of voluntary movements it is involved in the control of voluntary movements okay that is a function of basal ganglia so can I tell like this that within the basil ganglia if any nucleus or whatever it is I mean within the basal there are many structures so if any of these structures are damaged then there will be problem with the voluntary control it means right now my hands are neutral right see they are not moving if I wanted to move I can move with the help of my basil ganglia but if the basil ganglia is Disturbed don't you think my hands they move involuntarily yes or no so that is the function of Basil gangle over here first of all let us discuss what are the structures present in basil gangler later on I will draw and explain you all the structures okay so first of all um basal ganglia okay basil ganglia is mainly divided into four important structures basil ganglia is mainly divided into four important structures one 2 3 as well as four so there are four important structures within the basal ganga one is called as Corpus strium one is called as Corpus strum another one is called as claustrum another one is called as claustrum third one is called as substantia one is called as Corpus rum claustrum substan NRA and last one is called as subthalamus last one is called as subthalamus okay so we have got CL corrum claustrum substanti as well as subthalamus these are the four important structures we have got within the basil gangria okay now out of these four important structures out of these four important structures we will mainly concentrate on Corpus trium now this Corpus trium is in turn divided into two important structures what are these two important structures one is called as a lens shaped nucleus lens shaped nucleus in the sense this nucleus is like this okay this is lens shaped nucleus so this lens shaped nucleus is called called as leny form nucleus leny form nucleus and another nucleus is called as cordate nucleus okay one is called as lentiform nucleus lens shaped nucleus another one is called as cordate nucleus now this particular lentiform nucleus is again divided into two important structures lentiform nucleus is again divided into two important structures what are those two important structures one one is called as pamin another one is called as globous padus so when I draw all these structures you will understand it clearly okay right now you just write down the notes along with me next when it is coming to Globus pelas again globous pelas is divided into two important things what are those two important things one is called as Globus pelus externus okay another one is called as Globus peladas internas so we have got two Globus peladas externus and Globus pus internus so this is the entire structure of your basil ganglia now let us draw the structures and let us see what are the structures of Basil ganglia right what are the written structures in the picture of the basil ganglia and what will happen when there is a damage to any one of this structure okay so in the basal ganglia so this is the entire part over here now now in this in this particular part in this particular part when I make a section of your brain when I make a section of your brain this is how it looks okay now here what are the important things that you have to focus on the first important thing what is the first important thing the first important thing is that here you have got a capsule okay first important thing is here you have got a capsule like this so this particular capsule which I'm drawing over here is called as internal capsule you remember I told you about internal capsule previously right so here on both the sides you have got what internal capsule like this so this is the internal capsule which we have got when I tell internal capsule there will also be another thing called as external cap capsule and next important thing is that this internal capsule is having three parts this is called as a anterior part of the internal capsule right what is this anterior limb of internal capsule posterior limb of internal capsule and this is called as a ginu of the internal capsule after this internal capsule the next important thing is I told you there is a lens shaped nucleus what is that lens shaped nucleus called as that is called as your lentiform nucleus now look here this particular one this particular nucleus over here he is your lens shaped nucleus this particular lens shaped nucleus on both the sides is called as what lentiform nucleus and what did I tell you here this lentiform nucleus is divided into two pamin as well as globas pelas right so it is divided into the outermost structure called as pamin see this particular structure over here is called as pamin and innermost structure is called as globous peladas within this globous peladas again there are two division I told you okay so what are the two divisions one is called as globous pelus externus and another one is globous padus internus clear all of you right after this the next important capsule I have got over here after internal capsule the next capsule which I've have got over here is called external capsule so on both the sides here internal capsule and you have got external capsule after that the last important structure I have got over here is called as claustrum so this particular structure over here is called as claustrum okay so the last important structure here is claustrum now all these structures are located in a single line okay next important thing is that there is one more structure that is located over here like this okay what is the structure that is located over here this is called as Thalamus okay what is this called Thalamus okay we have got thalamic nuclear this is called as Thalamus and above above this internal capsule also you've got one more structure like this what is this structure called as cordate nuclei what is this cordate nuclei so C stands for Quad now what I'll do is that I'll just label all these important things okay so first of all what is what is this particular thing this is called as your internal capsule this is called as your internal capsule okay after that what is this this is called as your leny form nucleus leny form nucleus in lentiform nucleus I told you there are two important things what are those two important things outer side you have got as pamin and inner side you have got Globus peladas within globous peladas again there are two important things what are they globous peladas external globous peladas internal externus as well as internus okay next this particular part over here what is this particular part this is called as external capsule why because it is externally located this is called external caps and finally you've got this called as claustrum this is called as claustrum and by the way this is your cordate nucleus cordate nucleus and this down here you have got your Thalamus okay that is your Thalamus okay now in the internal capsule what are the things I told you anterior Li poster and ginu you also know what is the blood supply for that okay now you also know what is a blood supply for that right now I'm telling you another important clinical Point what is the clinical point is that see for example if for example if there is a damage to this cordate nucleus okay if there is damage to this cadate nucleus patient will end up having a problem called as Korea okay for example let us say if patient has damage to cordate nucleus if there is damage to cordate nucleus patient will have a problem called as Korea patient would have a problem called as Korea now in Korea what is the important thing you see there will be distal see in Korea what is happening is that uh if you take a limb this is a proximal limb this is a distal limb so in this patient the the the distal limbs will move like this you see this is the fast movement okay so this is a distal fast movement this distal fast movements these are happening purposefully or without any purpose yes these are semi- purpose movements okay so these are happening in water Vol so these movements which are very fastly moving right this is called as Korea so what is your Korea Korea is nothing but the distal limbs Korea is the distal plus fast movements distal limbs with fast movements is called as Korea okay now how does Korea occur because of damage to your cordate nucleus you see normally cordate nucleus all these basal gangle everything they're responsible for uh the normal voluntary m if that is damaged your invol body is moving involuntarily I told you right without your voluntary control your hand is trembling like this so that is what is called as your Korea over here next important thing is that for example if globous peladas is damaged in globous padas I told you globous padas external and internal if globous peladas is damaged that would lead to a condition called as ethot Tois that would lead to a condition called as ethot Tois now in e Tois again what limbs are involved distal again distal limbs are involved but this time it is fast movement or slow movement they are slow movements they're not fast movements they are what slow movements it means this way the patient will be moving very slowly okay these movements are called as writhing movs okay what are these movs called as writhing movements these movements over here are called as rthings because of globous pus damage next important thing there is a third important thing that is subthalamic nucleus you see here this is Thalamus below the thalamus you have got a nucleus over here below the thalamus if you get a nucleus this nucleus over here is called as subthalamic nucleus because it is below right so for example if subthalamic nucleus is damaged if subthalamic nucleus is damaged that would lead to a condition called as hemiballismus Hemi bisas now what is what is Hemi bisas hemisus is nothing but both your proximal limbs both your proximal limbs as well as distal limbs start moving and this movement is what this movement is localized like this no this movement is a wild flinging so patient will be moving like this okay patient will be moving like this so proximal limb right the proximal Limb and the distal limb you see proximal is moving and the distal is also moving right these movements are localized no these movements are wide like this okay so these are called as wide flinging movements so these are called as wide flinging movements wild flinging movements this is because of the damage of subthalamic nuclear now next important clinical condition what is the next important clinical condition over here if if I get a chance I'll show you the videos also what is the next important clinical condition over is that see for example example inside this lentiform nucleus this entire lentiform nucleus inside this lentiform nucleus If copper gets deposited not only lentiform nucleus even in the liver also so both in the lentiform nucleus and in the liver If copper gets deposited right this kind of degeneration is called as hepato because liver lenticular because lentiform nucleus degeneration this is called as hepatolenticular degeneration okay so what do you mean by what do you mean by hepato lenticular degeneration what do you mean by hepatolenticular degeneration in hepatolenticular degeneration the copper gets deposited okay the copper gets deposited in two specific locations what are those two one is in the liver one is in the liver another one is in the Len form nucleus Len form nucleus now because of this deposition of copper because of this deposition of copper what is going to happen patient is going to have a specific type of disease the name of this disease is Wilson's Disease Wilson's disease and by way remember that this is a autosomal recessive condition okay that is Wilson's Disease and all diseases will have a pathognomonic sign okay so what is this pathognomonic sign of over here the pathognomonic sign pathognomonic pathognomonic sign over here is that in these patients even the copper starts depositing within the eye okay so when the copper starts depositing within the eyeball there you would see a specific type of ring called as kaser fleser ring okay so what is this ring called as this is called as CER fler ring okay this is called as cazer fler ring okay so this CER faser ring is very pathognomonic for what for this Wilson's disease okay so these are some of the very important clinical points which you have to know regarding this particular topic over here okay now the next important thing before we move on is I just just wanted to have a quick review of Basel gangle over here guys so again I'm telling you basil ganglia is divided into how many parts four parts okay so we discussed Corpus we discuss claustrum we discuss subthalamus I mean subthalamic nuclei okay and the black substance is called as substanti you know what is substanti right substanti is present within your midbrain all of you know that so Corpus triom is divided into two parts lentiform nucleus and cordate nucleus okay so this particular part over here is called as your lentiform nucleus and this is called cordate nucleus both of them together you call it as claustrum next we have got internal capsule and all of these structures you know Len form has got an outer part called as um what is this outer part is called as your pamin lower part inner part is called as your globous spers within the global spelers two parts Global spelers external and internal so these are the things very very important things guys what is Korea C for Korea C for cordate nucleus okay and next look here uh remember this this way remember it as Gap okay what is gap here G stands for globas ethot Tois P stands for pelus okay next sub Amic uh um nuclear here Hemi basus it will result in hemmas hepatolenticular degeneration that is your Wilson's this is pathognomic sign okay let us look at some of the signs over here see here you can see the signs over here right now these signs this is slow movement or fast movement this is slow viting movement okay slow Vol involuntary writhing movement what is this called ethot Tois now is is is this proximal limb moving or only the distal limb you see only the distal limb is moving here once again let me play this you see slow brething movement now compare this with the next one okay compare this with the next picture now see is it a slow movement or fast movement you see the fast movement right so this is called as what this is called as your Korea what is this called as this is called as Korea okay so these are the two important examples which you need to know now apart from this what we'll do is that we shall specifically study about this particular part that is your internal capsule okay specifically we'll study about internal capsule and let us see what fibers are running through this internal capsule what sensory fibers what motor fibers are running through this internal capsule we'll see that okay so first of all uh let me draw this internal capsule over here so this is your internal capsule this is your internal capsule now within this internal capsule and inside this internal capsule what is this nucleus lentiform nucleus right so inside this internal capsule the nucleus which you have which is lens shaped is called lentiform nucleus and again I'm telling you lentiform nucleus is divided into two parts this is called as Globus not globous pelus what is this called the outermost part is called as yeah that is called as uh what is the outermost part called as that is called as your putamen right yeah so this part over here is called as pamin pamin and this is called as glob Globus pelas globous pelas both external and internal okay now in this I'm dividing this entire part into limbs so this part is called as your anterior limb of internal capsule this part over here is called as your posterior limb of internal capsule and in between both of this this part over here is called as your ginu of your internal capsule so anterior limb posterior Lim and ginu clear all of you right now within this there are some sensory fibers there are some motar fibers also okay first of all what are the sensory fibers we will discuss now after that we'll discuss the motar fibers but before that one more structure we have to draw what is that be behind this internal capsule what is the nuclear we have got we have got Thalamus right so behind this somewhere here yes we have got this particular structure over here this is called as your Thalamus so this is your Thalamus and remember one thing that Thalamus is having two important bodies okay you see there is one important body over here there is another important body over here what are these two important bodies in the thalamus one body is called as medial geniculate body and the other body is called as lateral geniculate body so this is called medial geniculate body and this body over here is called as your lateral geniculate body later geniculate body so if I ask you basically what are the different parts of internal capsule what are the parts will you tell guys yeah so by the way this is your lentiform nucleus Ln lentiform nucleus what are the different parts of internal capsule one is yes tell me what is the first one this is called as an anterior limb this is called as a posterior limb this is called as a ginu right now I will tell you two more parts so what are these two more parts look here now one part one part start starts all the way from the medial geniculate body and this part is passing beneath your lentiform nucleus so this actually there are a group of fibers that are passing beneath the lentiform nucleus so this part whatever is passing beneath the lentiform nucleus is called sub lentiform part anything below is called Su lentiform part now another part here another part with the red I'm drawing here this part passes behind the lenti form you see exactly it is passing behind the lentiform so can I call it as retr lentiform part so two parts here one is called as sub lentiform part another one is called as retr lentiform part so what kind of fibers are this Su lentiform part consisting of see this is your Su lentiform part suen form part and this is your retro lentiform part retro lentiform part okay so can anyone tell what fibers is the suen form part consisting of it is consisting of auditory fibers I mean all the fibers they're radiating like this so auditory radiation you call all these fibers together as auditory radiation and this one you call it as optic radiation optic radiation so you need to remember two important things auditory radiation originates from where medial geniculate and optic radiation starts from the lateral geniculate okay now uh now we are good to go so let me write down all the parts down here so first let me write down the anterior limb so let me write down here the anterior limb anterior limb okay after anterior limb we have got the ginu and after that we have got what we have got posterior limb posterior limb after posterior limb we have got the Retro what is that retro lentiform part retr lentiform part after retr lentiform part we have got the Su lentiform part subl lentiform part so these are the different parts we have got anterior limb ginu posterior limb retr lentiform part and subl lentiform part right so what I will do is that I'll just draw a box over here and this box is very very very important to know okay so what is this now let us see let us see through this internal capsule okay through this internal capsule what are the motar fibers that are crossing what are the sensory fibers that are crossing okay through this what are the motar fibers what are the sensory fibers that are crossing first what we will do is that we will write down all the sensory fibers because they are easy and after that we will write down the motar fibers okay now coming to sensory fibers in the anterior limb what sensory fibers you have got okay so in the anterior limb I have got a sensory fiber like this this sensory fiber is called as anterior thalamic radiation what is this anterior thalamic radiation next in the ginu in the ginu and posterior limb you see in the ginu as well as the posterior limb like this what is this kind of fibers what is this radiation this is called inferior thalamic radiation so two types of sensory fibers you have got what are these one is is called anterior thalamic radiation another one is called as inferior thalamic radiation so let me write down these things this is called as anterior thalamic radiation okay next what is this called as inferior thalamic radiation anterior thalamic radiation and inferior thalamic radiation so now look at the structure and tell me down here where is anterior thalamic radiation located anterior thalamic radiation is located in the anterior limb so here we have got anterior thalamic radiation and these are sensory fibers radiation so this is your anterior thalamic radiation which is a sensory fibers right now we are discussing they are present in the anterior limb right now tell me in the ginu what are the sensory fibers you have got in the Geno what is the sensory fiber what is this inferior thalamic radiation right now and in the posterior limb what do you have again inferior thalamic radiation so in the ginu and posterior limb you have got inferior thalamic radiation right so here also in the posterum you have got inferior thalamic radiation inferior thalamic radiation now tell me the next important thing in the retr lentiform part what are the sensory fibers you have got where is the retr lentiform this is your retr lentiform because it is located back of your lentiform nucleus the radiation which you have here is optic radiation okay retr lentiform part you have got what type of sensory fibers optic radiation sensory fibers optic radiation now tell me in case of subl lentiform part what do you have auditory radiation okay in case of suen form part you have got auditory radiation so these are all the sensory fibers which we have got now coming to motar fibers before I discuss motar fibers you have to know that in the anterior limb ginu posterior limb retr lentiform part and subl lentiform part in all of this one motor fiber is constant right one motar fiber is constant that is your corticopontine fibers so here I have got cortico pontine fiber okay I'm just writing a cpf okay in the ginu also youve got corticopontine fibers in the posterior limb also you've got poster limb also youve got corticopontine fibers in the Retro part also youve got corticopontine fibers in the subl lentiform part also you have got corticopontine fibers in all of this corticopontine fibers are there okay now apart from these corticopontine fibers what are the other fibers you have got now look here in the ginu from ginu onwards we will start okay now in the ginu I'm drawing a fiber over here in the ginu I'm drawing one motor fiber next another motar fiber I'm drawing in the posterior limb right this is another motor fiber here this is another motar fiber now tell me how many motor fibers are present within the posterior Lim three how many motar fibers that are present in the ginu one so what are these names I'm just writing down these names as uh a b C and D what are these a b c and d all of them all of them are called as corticospinal fibers what are these called as all of them are called as all of them are called as corticospinal fibers corticospinal fibers okay corticospinal fibers so here also uh here also have to write corticos spinal fibers here also only in the posterior limit right do we have corticos spinal in the anterior did I draw this red color thing in the anterior part no did I draw this red color thing anywhere else only in the ginu and the posterior part did I draw this red color thing in the subl lentiform part and retr lentiform part no I did not draw here right I did not draw here and here also so only only the ginu and posterior limb is having this corticos spinal fibers then why did you write it as AB c d why did I write it as ABCD is that you see cortico cortico spinal fibers from where do they start they start from the cortex all the way they go go down to the spinal cord okay any fibers that are descending down these are your motor fibers right now there are some cortico fibers corticos spinal motar fibers which Supply the I mean which inate your head and neck they control the movements of head and neck some corticos spinal they control the movements of Upper Limb some corticos spinal they control the movements of your trunk some corticos spal they control the movements of your lower limb so first corticos spinal control the movements of your head and neck then Upper Limb then trunk then lower limb okay so what is a over here a is the corticos SP corticos spinal fiber which will control your head and neck corticos spinal fibers of head and neck then what about the remaining what is BCD see B is responsible for Upper Limb C is the corticospinal responsible for trunk D is the corticos spinal responsible for lower limb okay so it means corticos spinal spinal fibers for Upper Limb trunk and lower limb Upper Limb trunk and lower limb okay Upper Limb trunk and lower limb then do we have any other motar fibers in retroland only one type of motor fibers you have got that is cpf and cpf that is corticopontine fibers Okay so once again guys uh I know this is little bit hectic and confusing part so the topic over here is your what is this internal capsule topic over here is your internal capsule so in this internal capsule I was just telling you one thing that you have got the anterior limb you have got your anterior limb you have got your posterior limb and you have got your ginu okay so anterior Lim is having what fibers both sensory as well as motor ginu and poster Lim are also having a sensory as well as motor okay now coming to the sensory fibers here we have got anterior thalamic radiation here we have got inferior thalamic radiation so anterior thalamic inferior thalamic okay and optic radiation auditory radiation so I hope you understood all these important parts which I talked here regarding the blood supply I already discussed in the circle of willies right hello guys uh so now we shall be discussing regarding the thalamus as well as the hypothalamus okay first we shall discuss about the hypothalamus and after that we'll discuss about the thalamus and we will also discuss what are the borders that this Thalamus and hypothalamus is consisting of so first I will draw the picture on the medial surface of the brain okay on the medial surface of the brain you can see both the thalamus and hypothalamus actually you can see the third ventricle okay you know the cavity of then seon is called as a third ventricle right so you can see that actually within that only there is Thalamus as well as hypothalamus anyways when I draw the picture you'll understand it right so these are the structures which are located on the medial surface okay not the inferior not the anterior posterior superolateral it is located on the medial surface okay so I hope now you understood what does this medial surface mean okay so the first important thing is so let me enlarge this picture a bit right so this here I'm going to draw the um uh the structure of what the structure of the medial surface I mean this is the medial surface now if I have to call this as a proper medial surface right so first of all right if I have to call this particular structure as a medial surface then what should I draw additionally to this I have to draw Corpus CM right I hope all of you remember that thing right so there is another important structure that I have to draw that is your corpus callosum so you know on the medial surface you have got a structure like this right and this particular structure in the medial surface is called as your Corpus cism so this is your Corpus cism okay so let me bring this Corpus cism bit down over here right Chell this is your Corpus calm now in this Corpus calm you know the parts now tell me what are the different parts of Corpus cism see this part over here is called as your genu of Corpus cism okay and the last part over here is called as your splenium of Corpus Calum one is genu another one is splenium now after genu and splenium uh this part of the Corpus cism which I'm highlighting right now with the green right what is this called This is called as a body or the trunk of the Corpus calm so we have got the Geno we have got the body and we have got what is this this is called as your splenium of Corpus Calum now attaching both the ends right attaching both the ends here we have got another important structure this is called as fornex I told you if you remember this is called as your fornex okay now apart from forx between between the forix and Corpus cism you have got a network like structure like this okay so this particular Network like structure which you can see over here what is this called This is called as your septum pisum where is septum pelum present septum pelum is present between the Corpus cisum as well as your fornex between the Corpus and foric you have got septum pelum right so these are some of the structures which you know right I also uh this is like half moon shaped right I've stretched it out and then I've shown you the fibers also that are connecting both the ends like tap for steps minor for steps major right now another important thing I want to highlight over here is that anterior to this ginu right below this ginu you have got a stock like thing this particular stock like thing which you can see over here is called as what this is called as your rostrom what is this called as rostrom just beneath the rostrom you have got a commiss here this commission is called as anterior commission what is this anterior commission okay below I think these things have already discussed in the starting beneath this anterior commissure you have got another important structure like this what is this this is called as your linear terminalis if you remember right this is your linear terminalis below this linear terminalis you have got another important structure so this structure goes all the way till here right so this structure that is present beneath the linear terminal is over here is called as optic kayma what is this this is called as optic Asma I will write down all these structures in a minute okay wall by wall so till here we have finished the anterior wall okay so let us write down the structures that are present in this particular anterior wall okay so let me use another color for this yeah so what are the structures here see this part over here is called as genu okay and this part over here is called as your rrum this is called as rrum so right now we are discussing exactly about hypothalamus as well as Thalamus okay so instead of telling hypothalamus and Thalamus let me put up the heading because uh in the cavity of third ventricle in the cavity of third ventricle I can see both Thalamus as well as hypothalamus so it is better I will write down the walls of third ventricle okay third ventricle walls okay walls of third ventricle now anterior wall is consisting of what ginu Rose and and what are the other structures over here if you see this is called as what anterior commissure what is this anterior commissure this is your anterior commission beneath this anterior commissure what is the structure over here this is called as linear terminalis this is called as linear terminalis below this linear terminalis what is this structure this is called as your optic kayma optic kyazma okay now from optic kayma onwards whatever structures I'm going to draw over here they form what they form the floor okay now you tell me you tell me behind this optic Asma what structure we had okay look at this picture over here look at this particular picture and tell me uh yeah this picture now what are the important things over here this is your optic Asma behind optic Asma what was there what is this this is called as tuber scenario behind tuber scenarium what was there mamary bodies were there behind mamary bodies what was there posterior perforated substance behind that we have got cerebral Aqueduct and the midbrain okay again I'm telling optic kayma after that we have got tubber scenarium then we have got two mamary bodies then we have got posterior perforated substance then we have got the midbrain and the cerebral AC these are the structures located behind the optic Asma so now the same structures I'm writing it here uh just tell me one by one behind this optic Asma what was it just now I told what was that tuber scenarium behind optic Asma you see this particular structure over here is called tuber scenarium behind Tu scenarium what do I have mamary two mamary bodies you see see this is one mamary body now regarding this tuber scenarium uh one very important thing I'm telling you here is that this tuber scenarium together it forms an eminence this Eminence is called as me medial Eminence whatever it is it's not important to remember remember that this is tuber scenarium hanging down from tuber scenarium you see a stock over here this stock is called as pitutary stock okay or infantum this pitutary stock or infantum is having two important structures one is called as anterior pitutary and another one is called as posterior pituitary so anterior and posterior pitutary both of them they present in what cellia sphenoid bone so it means I'm right now discussing about your pitutary gland so optic kayma after optic Asma what is this tubber scenarium attached to tubber scarium what do you have here pitutary stock and then what are these these two are anterior and posterior pitutary next next you have got what mamary body behind the mamary body what did I tell anterior perforated substance or posterior perforated substance you have got a substance over here right behind this mamary bodies and this substance you called it as as what this is called as your posterior perforated substance okay you see there are perforations here this substance is called as posterior perforated substance after posterior perforated substance directly you add what mid brain if you remember right so after this you have got your midbrain okay now after the midbrain what is the next structure you have got pawns after the pawns what do you have got medo oblongata after the medula oblong down here what you have got spinal cord this is your spinal cord clear now now if I highlight this entire thing let us say let us say if I'm highlighting this complete thing over here so let me highlight this complete thing okay now what I'm trying to do is that I'm trying to create an opening right I'm trying to just create an wide opening all the way down here now can anyone tell what is this wide opening which I'm just drawing right now this is nothing but called as your cerebral Aqueduct okay so can I tell that cerebral Aqueduct is dividing your entire midbrain your entire brain stream into two parts right so this is one part and this is another part yes or no so what is this particular part called as this particular part you call it as tegmentum of the midbrain see this part over here you call it as tegmentum of midbrain what do you call it as segmentum of midbrain and you see this particular part over here right you see this particular part this particular part over here which I'm drawing with the pink this is called as what this is called as subthalamic tegmentum of the mid brain what do you call this subthalamic tegmentum of your midbrain so this one is called as sub thalamic tegmentum of your midbrain clear and by the way not to forget this is your cerebral Aqueduct cerebral Aqueduct or Aqueduct of syus right now what are the other important structures so all these structures whatever I have drawn over here they form the floor yes or no they form the floor so what is this you'll understand everything when once I finish up the picture this is called as tuber scenarium this is called as tuber scenarium and this one over here is called as your pitutary stock pitutary stock and this one over here is called as your pitutary gland okay now after this what is this particular structure over here this is called as your mamary body body mammary body and this particular structure over here is called as anterior perforator posterior posterior perforated substance posterior perforated substance so here you have got is a posterior perforated substance okay right now look at the structures which I'm drawing from the back now here here especially there is one very important structure over here right this particular gland over here is called as your pineal gland what do you call it as this one is called as pineal gland okay now this pineal gland obviously it will have a stock this stock is called as pineal stock now this pineal stock is dividing into two lamin okay you see it is dividing into a superior lamin another one is inferior lamin okay now what will happen with the inferior lamin this inferior lamin is coming all the way down and it is attached to the midbrain here okay then what is happening with the superior lamin this particular Superior L will first go anteriorly forward okay then it will go posteriorly backward again it will go anteriorly forward and goes and attaches to your Corpus calm so what did I tell you there are two lamin one lamin comes down all the way attaches to the midbrain whereas other lamin goes anteriorly forward posteriorly backward again anteriorly forward goes attaches to your Corpus calm now here you need to understand two important things what are those two important things for example here this commission what did I tell you this is called as anterior commission what is this commissioner anterior Commission in the same way there will be another commission called as posterior commissioner so here we have got a commission like this right so this particular commission over here is called posterior commission okay so what is this particular Commission posterior commission okay so this commission over here which I'm highlighting with lello is anterior and this particular commission over here is called posterior Commission on the top here also you have got one more commission here okay so what is this commission I know it is boring but still but still this is how you study with the picture so this commission over here is called as habin commission what is this habin commission so let me write down the names here before I proceed on so this particular commiss over here is your posterior commission posterior commissioner and this commission over here is called as your habol commiss if you remember these words have already talked already talked in case of white matter Topic in the starting if you remember right so this is your habin commission now where the pineal gland divided into two lamina where the pineal gland divided into two lamin if you closely observe over here here you can find a recess a gap right so this particular recess which you can see over here is called pineal Rees above the pineal Rees you can also see one more Rees here so can I call this as sua penal recess one is called penal recess another one is called Supra penal recess so this one over here is called penal recess and this one over here is called as this one over here is called as Supra pineal Rees pineal recess and Supra penal reses okay now now here in the center in the center can you see a cavity yes or no in the center can you appreciate a cavity over here you see this cavity right so what is this cavity actually which I'm drawing right now this is a cavity of your third ventricle right so what is this this is a particular cavity of your third ventricle so cavity of your third ventricle is called what your dianon right so cavity of this dianon is called as your third ventricle so this is your third ventricle what is this this particular cavity over here is called as your third ventrical now what I'm doing is that I'm dividing actually okay so I would divide this third ventricle into 2 halves in this way now when I divide the third ventricle into two halves like this yeah when I divide the third ventricle into two halves like this the upper part whatever is there is called as Thalamus the lower part whatever is there is called as hypothalamus so that is what I was telling you that in this single picture itself you will understand both what is Thalamus and what is hypothalamus okay and don't forget I just do not write this this part is called as your splenium okay this part is called as your splenium and this part is called as your septum pisum septum pisum and this part over here is called as your fornex fornex okay so and don't forget again that within the cavity of dlon is a third ventrical having both the thalamus on the top and hypothalamus below okay so these are the structures which I want you to see so if I ask you the anterior wall of third ventricle is made up of what will you tell you will tell all these structures if I ask you floor of third ventricle is made up of all these structures if I ask you the posterior wall of third ventricle is made up of all these structures will come under the posterior wall of your third ventricle okay and if I ask a roof it means all the structures form the roof if I ask you floor all the structures form the floor okay so how many we have got we have got roof we have got floor we have got anterior wall we have got posterior wall yes or no so let us write down one by one what are these first let us start with the roof right now tell me what is roof consisting of so exactly above exactly straight above this you see this exactly above what is this this is your fornex along with fornex also remember one thing remember one thing that any ventricle you see right if you remember this particular uh topic which I've taught you that is the ventricles of your brain right so in here we have got third ventricle the roof of the third ventricle is consisting of what are these structures where your CSF is secreted what is this choid plexus so any ventricle it might be third ventricle first ventricle second ventricle the roof there it is consisting of the the choid plexus okay so this is a choid plexus over here right so the roof what is the roof consisting of over here roof is consisting of one is your fornex and the other one is called as your choid plexus forx and choid plexus after the roof the next important thing you have got is the floor let us say what is a floor consisting of so what are the structures that are present in the floor so first what do you have here I have got optic chasma I have got what is this tubber scenarium right then I've got what after this pitutary stock as well as your pitutary gland okay but what we'll write is optic chasma and tubber scenarium is present right next behind that what do you have you have got your mamary bodies and you have got your posterior perforated substance so structures all the way till here they form the floor so what are the structures that are forming the flow yes what is the first structure that is your optic kiasma after that you have got your tuber scarium tuber scenarium next after that we have got what mamary bodies mamillary bodies okay next you have got is a posterior perforated substance posterior perforation substance okay these are the structures you have got next after that you have got your anterior wall okay what is anterior wall consisting of see all of you look here what is anterior wall consisting of tell me see what is this particular structure that is rrom after rrom what is this this is anterior commissure after that what is this particular structure this is called as linear terminalis okay so three structures right so what are those three structures in the anterior wall one is called as rrom okay after that you have got got anterior commiss and then you have got your linear terminalis linear terminalis so rrom anterior commission and linear terminalis so after anterior wall we have to write about the posterior wall now tell me posterior wall has got many so what are the structures that are present in the posterior wall from the top so first what is this habenular commission after that what is this Supra penal Rees and after that what is this this is called as pineal recess and pineal gland then what do we have here posterior commission okay so once again habin commission suprarenal Rees pineal Rees and pineal gland and here we have got posterior commission these structures form the posterior wall of the third ventricle okay so these structures form what posterior wall of third ventricle so habin commiss and actually what is habenular Commission in the right C hemisphere you have got one habenular nuclei okay actually what is habenular Commission in the right C hemisphere you have got one habenular nuclei left calisphere you have got another habenular nuclei connecting both of them uh the commission what you have is habol commission after habenular commission the next one is Supra penal Rees Supra penal recess next you have got what is the pineal recess okay next you have got is pineal recess after that you you back of that you have got your pineal gland pineal gland and finally you have got is a posterior commission finally you got is a posterior commission so these are the structures which you have over here so all these whatever structures i m mentioned here these form what the wall of the third ventricle very very very very important right so I don't think so um it would be difficult for you to remember after looking at this picture Okay study from the picture I'm telling you that is that is going to save a lot of time for you okay so that will actually save a lot of time for you so these are the structures which you have over here okay now after this we shall right now discuss about the thalamus okay we shall discuss about the thalamus we shall discuss what are the walls of Thalamus basically Thalamus has got a superior wall a lateral surface medial surface inferior wall so let us see what are the different kinds of walls of Thalamus which we have so here what what are the structures you can see anterior posterior roof and floor right so now we shall discuss about the superior surface lateral surface medial surface and all the surface of the thalamus now here can you see lateral surface no can you see the middle surface no right so if this is a picture here see this will be the lateral this will be the medial but I have shown you this picture you can see anterior posterior roof floor right you cannot see lateral surface and medial surface so remaining surfaces of the thalamus we will discuss now so how do you discuss this is that uh I'll draw a picture over here remember the thalamus okay so what is the picture over here is that see Thalamus and hypothalamus so both of them together we'll discuss over here Thalamus as well as hypothalamus together we shall discuss right now all of you look at this picture so here we have got this particular structure I hope all of you know this is your cortex this is your cortex over here now next important thing is that you know this thing you know this thing that connecting from one end to another end if there is a fiber that is going what can be this fiber called as Kamer right and what kind of Cher is this connecting two cerebral hemisphere this is called as corpus callosum what do you call this as you call this particular commiss as corpus callosum Corpus CM okay now if you remember if you remember from the picture Okay attached to Corpus cazome what do you have you see if this entire thing is Corpus calm okay below the Corpus Calum what is this you have you have got what fornex So Below the Corpus cism what do you have forx it means here if this entire thing is a corpus cism behind below this Corpus cism here what do you have this this is called as your forix not pituitary gland okay this is called as your fornex this is called as your forix okay now now where is your Thalamus and where is your hypothalamus located see this is the location of thalamic nuclei anything below the thalamus is called hypo see this is the location of hypothalamic nuclei okay now below the hypothalamus what do you have below the thalamus and hypothalamus what do you have see here this is Thalamus this is hypothalamus below that what do you have you have got your midbrain right below that you have got your midbrain So Below th and hypothalamus over here I am drawing the midbrain okay so this all of you just look here so this part is your midbrain okay so this part over here is called as your midbrain now midbrain will have a duct in the center what is that that duct is called as what is that cerebral AC duct see this Gap in the center is called as your cerebral Aqueduct cerebral Aqueduct and by the way this is your thalamus Thalamus hypothalamus and hypothalamus clear now between the thalamus and hypothalamus the cavity whatever you have is the third ventricle right okay fine even if you're not understanding that but you at least should understand this one very important thing that let us say if I'm WR drawing this as the first ventricle okay let us say this is your first ventricle then where is the second ventricle on the opposite side let us say this is your second ventricle that is first ventricle and this is your second ventricle then once first and second ventricle are there connecting both these ventricles another ventricle will be what is that third ventricle so where is third ventricle see this part is your third ventricle you see this this is your third ventricle so what I'm trying to tell you is that this is the first ventricle second ventricle and this is the third ventricle okay you see this is the place where the third ventricle is present and there only Thalamus and hypothalamus are present on the top Thalamus down hypothalamus see here on the top Thalamus here also in this picture down you have got hypothalamus clear next important thing look at look at this particular picture here here you have got Thalamus below the thalamus you will have hypothalamus you know that right side to the thalamus what is this which you have side to the thalamus internal capsule right so side to the thalamus I have to draw internal capsule so it means side to the thalamus here I have got what internal capsule so this is the internal capsule that is located on side to the thalamus so this is your internal capsule clear all of you internal capsule right now now let us discuss all the structures which are present over here okay so first important thing first important thing this is a structure this is not from the medial side okay so when you make a section of your brain right when you look at that section so this is how it looks okay now second important thing I want to tell you here is that second important thing you have to know is that if this is Thalamus if this is Thalamus above the thalamus you have got a nucleus if you remember here you see if this is thamus on the you have got internal capsule above the thalamus what do you have got cordate nucleus you remember that so above the thalamus you have got a nucleus called as cordate nucleus so it means if this is a Thalamus here I have got internal capsule it means here I will have a nucleus called as what nucleus cordate nucleus so this particular nucleus over here is cordate nucleus quate nucleus is having a body right it is having a trunk and the tail of the cordate nule nucleus here is having a very good body a very specific body and this body over here is called as igalo body what is this body amygdaloid body so what are the structures over here so this particular structure which you can see over here is called as your cordate nucleus cordate nucleus and this particular structure over here is called as igalo body aoid body now very important thing I want to discuss here is that from this part of the igid body you see fibers that are running out many many many many fibers that are running out right so all these fibers all these fibers are called as triat terminalis all these fibers together are called as Tri terminales where are these Tri terminales going now tell me what is the structure that is present beneath your Thalamus tell me here beneath your Thalamus what do you have hypothalamus so all these structures are finally ending up in your hypothalamus hypothalamus and these group of fibers are called as Tri terminalis what are these group of fibers called Tri terminalis and what is this nucleus called quate nucleus now if I ask you what is a superior surface made up of what will you tell so this is a Thalamus this entirely is your Superior surface Superior surface is made up of what one one name you will tell is quad nucleus next name you have to tell is stri terminalis okay and third important name you have to tell is see here here you have got a vein here a small Vein on both the sides okay you know what is an vein that is located on the superior surface of the thalamus this vein over here is called as thalamostriate vein what is this Thal striate vein okay in the same way in the same way apart from this thamos r v what is the structure that is is present Superior to it tell me see first of all let us list on all the structures here first you have got cordate nucleus that is present Superior to Thalamus next stri terminal is that is present Superior to Thalamus next in this picture in another weave you see Thal State vein yes and not only Thal vein can I tell the uh what is this flow floor of which the lateral ventricles floor of first ventricle and floor of second ventric V for the right Thalamus it is a floor of first ventricle for the left Thalamus it is a floor of the second ventricle I mean right lateral left lateral ventricle so floor of the lateral ventricles is forming the roof or the superior surface of the thalamus yes or no right now if I ask you what is the lateral surface of Thalamus made up of laterally laterally what do you have internal capsule in internal capsule there are two limbs anterior limb posterior limb specifically speaking which limb posterior limb of internal capsule forms the lateral surface of Thalamus then what is a medial surface forming medial surface is forming your third ventricle medial surface is forming your third ventricle okay next medial surface is formed by a third ventricle next what is the inferior surface forming what is inferior surface consisting of inferior to Thalamus you have got hypothalamus yes or no and you have got another important part what is that see all of you look at this see this is Thalamus inferior to Thalamus what do you have you have got hypothalamus next look at this inferior to Thalamus you also have got one more important structure this particular structure over here located exactly below the thalamus is called subthalamic tment of midbrain okay inferior to Thalamus you have got two structures see one structure you have got is hypothalamus other structure okay one structure you have got is hypothalamus other structure down here which you have got is subthalamic tment of midbrain these are the two structures located inferior right so I hope you understood all these structures over here right so these pictures I know it might be difficult but if you practice again and again they are going to be really easy I'm telling you so first let us write down the superior surface Superior surfaces consisting of what what are the structures that form the superior surface first you have got the cordate nucleus you have got the cadate nucleus after the cordate nucleus what is the next thing stria terminalis stri terminalis and third important thing is thalin what is this vein over here theate vein so you have got theal vein the vein and the fourth important thing what do you have floor of the lateral ventricle what do you have you have got the floor of what lateral ventricle floor of lateral ventricle this forms your Superior surface now coming to the lateral surface coming to the lateral surface coming to the lateral surface what are the structures you have got laterally what you have got you have got the posterior limb of internal capsule laterally you have got the posterior limb of internal capsule internal capsule posterior limb of internal capsule next important thing is what do you have medially medial surface is consisting of yes what do you have medially see medially I have got medial surface is consisting of what medial surface is consisting of third ventricle okay can I tell like this that these are called as a lateral walls of third ventricle why because this is the anterior wall this is a posterior wall right these are called as a lateral walls of third ventricle so what is medially located medial to the thalamus there is lateral wall of third ventricle medial surface is having lateral wall of third ventricle lateral wall of third ventricle next what is the inferior surface having inferior surface consisting of what is the inferior surface consisting of inferiorly just now I told you see inferiorly you have got what inferiorly you have got hypothalamus inferiorly you have got midbrain part what is it subthalamic tegmentum of your midbrain so inferiorly you have got two parts one is called as what hypothalamus hypothalamus next is your subthalamic subthalamic tegmentum of midbrain subthalamic tegmental or tegmental region of midbrain okay s thalamic tegmental region of your midbrain so these are the surfaces which you come across the thalamus okay so these are some of the surfaces in the thalamus which you have got hello guys uh so now we shall be discussing in regarding the Misan seon or the mid brain okay we shall be discussing regarding mlon or midbrain now regarding this mlon or midbrain uh first what we shall discuss is that we shall discuss the external features of midbrain after that we will discuss the internal features of midbrain okay first external then internal features now coming to the external features of midbrain what are the external features external features of midbrain so what are the different kinds of external features and remember one thing remember one thing the picture which I'm about to draw now right I'm going to draw you know even if if you take spinal cord midbrain pawns whatever it is you have got two surfaces right one is called anterior Surface or vental Surface another one is called as posterior surface or dorsal surface you know this right so now I'm going to show you the vental surface or anterior surface ventral or anterior surface so in this ventral or anterior surface I'm going to show you all the components of the midbrain only the external features not internal features okay right so let us draw the picture here so let us say that this particular part over here is called as your Superior culus right so what is this this is your midbrain now in this midbrain here two important parts you can see so let me uh little bit correct this part two important parts you can see what are these two important parts over here uh let me even correct this part also I just wanted to make sure that this is in the midline here right so uh what was the thing which I was telling you yeah I was telling you that in this midbrain if you exactly look in the center of the midbrain right so this center of the midbrain whatever is there here this is called as Aqueduct what is this called This is called as cerebral acqueduct now surrounding this cerebral Aqueduct whatever gray matter you have got over here this is called as per aqueductal gray matter because it is surrounding so that is called as per aqueductal gray matter and you have this is your midbrain I agree but at which level did you make the section I have made the section at the level of what at the level of superior culus okay so what are these structures over here what are these structures over here these structures over here are called as Superior ccul okay so I have made the section at the level of superior culus so we'll write much more parts over here culus okay Superior culus so what is in the center over here this is called as ser cerebral Aqueduct cerebral Aqueduct and what is this one called as this is called as per aqueductal gray matter this is called as per aqueductal gray matter okay now next important thing you have to uh know here is that here I'm drawing a black color substance like this okay so here I'm drawing a black color substance so this black color substance which I'm drawing here is nothing but called as substantia okay so what is this particular black color substance this black color substance is called as substantia this is called a substanti nigram okay now down here down here let me draw the parts over here so let me just duplicate this part right so if you can see here this is the complete section which you can see from this is the complete I will draw the complete section now so as you can see here this is a picture which I'm drawing that is showing your what that is showing your ventral surface okay that is showing your ventral surface okay so that is showing your vental surface and let me also draw some more important things over here right so what are the things which you can see over here now you see this part which I'm draw which I've drawn over here this is called as the right crust of the midbrain what is this called This is called right crust of the midbrain and what is this part over here called as this part over here is called as the left crust of the midbrain so we have got one is called as a right crust of the midbrain left crust of the midbrain after this right and left crust this center part whatever you can see here right you know what is this this part between the right crust and the left crust you call it as a posterior perforated substance right so yesterday yesterday we discussed the structures that are present in the base of the brain right so where is that picture over here I think this is the yeah so here here we have discussed the structures that are present in the base of the brain what did we discuss see this is your midbrain just in front of the midbrain what do you have here posterior perforated substance right so can I tell that this is the right crust this is the left crust in between both the crust you have got posterior perforated substance right so in the same way in the the same way the picture which I'm drawing right now in this particular picture over here here uh you have got some openings like this so these openings are nothing but called as what these are called as your perforations so tell me now this is anterior perforation or posterior perforation between both the crust this is your posterior perforated substance okay so what is this posterior perforated substance in the same way in the same way you have got two important sukai okay what are these two important see here you have got one very important sulcus and here you have got another important sulcus in the same way here you have got a sulcus just side to that or lateral to that you have got another sulcus okay so what is the name of this particular sulcus and this particular sulcus over here so which sulcus is medial this sulcus is medial so this is called as medial sulcus actually from this medial sulcus your ocul motar nerve comes out that is why you also call it as ocul motar sulcus ocom motar sucus in the same way this particular sulcus over here is called as lateral sulcus so two sulai we have got one is called as a medial sulcus another one is called as a lateral sulcus so this was the thing which I was telling you this is your medial sulcus and this is your lateral sulcus and and where is your nerve here you see the nerve that is coming out from this particular sulcus right so this is your third pair of cranial nve third pair of cranial nve now when you go down right and by the way not to forget that this particular part over here is called as the right crust cerebra and this part over here is called as a left cross cerebra right and left cross cerebri okay right and left cross cerebri next important thing is that down to this crust down to the right and left crust over here down here you have got a very important structure on both the sides I mean on the right crust as well as on the left crust so these structures which are located on the right and left crust is called as a tenia pontis what is this structure called as tenia pontis this is called as tenia bondes so if I ask you overall what are the structures that are located over here what are the structures that are located over here guys so one by one one by one that we have we have made the section right now we are discussing about the external features of midbrain ventral or anterior surface at the level of superior ccul at the level of superior cular so here we have got this duct called as cerebral Aqueduct surrounding that we have got per aqueductal gray metal next here we have got a substance called as substantial okay next important thing next important thing is that uh here what is this this is called as your right crust cerebra and this is called as left crust cerebra now between right and left cerebra actually the right and left this is right this is left between that you see a fosa here right so this fosa present between two Crosser or two pedal is called as inter peden fosa it means this particular fosa is called as inter pangular fosa this fosa is called as interpedicular fosa next important thing next important thing two important sulka you have got one is called as a medial sulcus another one is called as a lateral sulcus okay medial as well as the lateral sulcus so Guys these are the external features right external features of the mid brain in the ventral or anterior surface okay so these are the external surfaces I mean these are the external features now we shall be disc discussing regarding the internal features okay so guys now we shall be looking at the um internal features so previously this was the same picture I drawn right so I've drawn the same picture almost like this and I've told you that at the level of superior cicular so here also right now I'm drawing right now I'm drawing this thing that this is your Superior culus here so right now I am making a picture at the level of superior ccul only so this is your Superior cicular so at the level of superior ccul right this is a section of your midbrain and previously what did I do what did I do previously is that I've just made some extensions over here if you remember these are some of the extensions which I made over here right these are the extensions you remember these extensions like this right I called I called that this part as post perforated substance this is called as a right cross cerebri this is called as a left cross cerebri right so now we shall discuss this internal features which are present over here okay so previously we discussed only um Superior ccul periductal gray matter and cerebral Aqueduct right so now we shall discuss much more structures so what are these structures over here first important thing you have to pay attention that you should know that this particular part okay is a picture cross right right Chell whatever it is yeah so first important thing you need to know that this particular part over here is called as inter pular fosa guys I'm rubbing this out okay so to write down these names over here so this part over here is called as interpeduncular fosa interpeduncular fosa and you know this is right crust this is called as left crust right now just above this inter fosa you have got actually a nerve sorry you have got a nucleus exactly about this inter pular fora you have got a nucleus this is called as interpedicular nucleus what is this nucleus the name of this nucleus is interpedicular nucleus inter pular nucleus okay now on either sides of this inter peden nucleus on either sides of this interp nucleus here you have got a very specific substance now tell me what is this particular substance over here you see on either sides you have got a very specific substance which I'm drawing on both the sides over here this this particular substance which you have got is completely black in color okay so this structure which is completely black in color is called substantia okay now remember one thing that this particular substantial is actually divided into two parts okay it is actually divided into two parts what are these two parts see one part of substanti is very dark and other part of substantial is very light right you see one side I'm drawing it very Darkly and on the other side it is completely light so this particular structure first of all let me write it down that uh this particular structure over here is called as your substantia substantia okay now this substantia has got two parts in turn what are these two parts here one which is very dark that is called as pars compacta pars compacta it is very compact dark the other the light part is called as pars reticularis par par reticularis so we have got parse compacta parse reticularis so as I already told you parse compacta as well as par reticularis now what is parse compati containing par compati containing dopaminergic neurons lots and lots of dopaminergic neurons and what is parse reticularis containing that light part parse reticularis is containing gabic neurons okay gabic neurons so all of you know that these G iic neurons or what these are inhibitory neurons right so two parts you have got one is called as dopaminergic Parts Compact and pars reticularis compacta has got dopaminergic neurons and reticularis has got the garic neurons but first of all first of all how do you divide this midbrain see now we got a perfect way of dividing the midbrain okay so if I'm drawing this doal Lines Just anterior to Superior ccul like this now I can divide the brain into three parts what are those three parts see this is one part this is the second part and you see this one is called as a third part how many parts are there three parts so you divide you divide the midbrain into three parts now what are these parts so from here till here this part is called as tectum what is this stum where your Superior ccul are present next the remaining part okay this part over here is called as tegmentum tum and next part is called as tegmentum after that here you have got this part called as cross cerebra what is this this is called as cross cereb okay where is Cross cereb located anterolaterally just think why I told anally why did I tell anol laterally yes because the these two are anteriorly present and facing lateral sides not facing medially right they are facing what they are facing laterally that is why Antero laterally you know the upper part is the dorsal all of you know and the ventral part this is called as a dorsal area and this is called as a vental area dorsal or you can call it as posterior ventral you can call it as anterior that is why anterolateral clear all of you right now just above this uh particular part what is this subst anra here you have got a nucleus here you have got a nucleus like this this particular nucleus is called nucleus rubar or red nucleus okay what do you call this nucleus as this is called as red nucleus but by the way we forgot to draw the main important thing what is the most important thing here here you have got what this particular thing is called as your cerebral Aqueduct and surrounding your cerebral Aqueduct what is this per aqueductal gray matter right I hope you know this so this entire thing is your per aqueductal gray matter and center part is called as your ca cerebral Aqueduct now surrounding this cerebral Aqueduct or per aqueductal gry matter you have got some very very important nuclei for example if you can see here on either sides of this per aqueductal gray matter you have got a very specific nucleus you know what is this nucleus this is called as Edinger westall nucleus where the parasympathetic fibers will come out what is this Edinger westall nucleus anterior to Edinger anterior to Edinger westall nucleus you have got another nucleus over here this is called as a nucleus of cranial nve number three what is this nucleus of cranial nve number three so what are the nuclear you have got over here let me write this down yes what are the different nucleus see what is this particular nuclear over here this is called as Edinger Westfall nucleus okay and after that what is this nucleus this is the nucleus of the third pair of cranial nerve third pair of cranial nerve nuclei okay where it is present anterior to this Edinger wall nucleus now from this third pair cranial nerve nuclei you see the cranial nerve is coming right so this cranial nerve passes down like this you see it is passing through what it is passing through your red nucleus okay so this nerve is coming down passing through the red nucleus and it comes down in this way okay on the opposite side also it passes through the red nucleus and comes down in this way what is this line that is coming down this is your third pair of cranial nerve this is your ocom motar nerve that is your otar n nucleus from the nucleus this otar n is coming along with that the parasym fibers also pass along with this okom motar nerve in this way okay they also pass along with this in this way clear now apart from that there is one more important thing you have to appreciate over here that exactly at this location right exactly at this location right above this red nucleus here you have got a fulus called I will tell about this later on but just remember that inside to this um third pair of cranial nerve you have got a facius called as medial longitudinal facul later on I will tell you that medial longitudinal vulas is responsible for the Gaze right so it will integrate the movements of head and the eyes now for example if I have to fix my eyes onto you and rotate my head how will I how will I rotate see I'm fixing my eyes on to you and just rotating my head now my eyes are rotating there no my eyes are looking to the front and my head is uh my head is tilted to the right right so this and next time next if I if I have to tilt my head to the left again I'm fixing my eyelid so this this kind of integration between the head and the eyeballs and the eye musles is basically done by this medial longitudinal physic I will tell about this later on okay so this is your medial longitudinal phicus medial longitudinal fulus what is this medial longitudinal phicus next after this medial longitudinal facular you have got three important types of Lemonis Sky Guys now you understood what are tracks what is Lemonis Sky what is fular right so you basically have got three different types of Lemonis sky over here okay you see uh let us say let us say that here you have got one kind of Lon Sky just beneath that another lemon Sky just beneath that a third lemon Sky okay here also the same uh the same onto the opposite side I'm not drawing this because I don't want to disrupt these lines okay so what are these Lemonis Sky called as okay so one is called as TL TL stands for trial lonis Sky another one is called as SL standing for spinal Lemonis Skai another one is called as ml ml is standing for medial Lemonis sky so what are these what are these trial lisai trinal lisai second one is spinal Lemonis sky and third important thing is medial Lemonis sky so how many lisy you have got three important lonis sky where are they located they are located in in the tegmentum okay next important thing what is the next important thing I have to discuss you see right cross cerebra and left cross cerebra within this cross CRA there are some fibers that are passing okay so let me uh differentiate these fibers with three different colors okay let us say here here exactly here I mean the complete lateral part complete lateral to this cross cerebra you see here there are a group of fibers that are passing actually three types of fibers are passing next in the center in the center another group of fibers are passing here okay in the center over here the next group of fibers are passing and finally here we have got a third group of fibers that are passing now let us see what are these groups of fibers so first important thing is that coming to the lateral most part of your cross cerebra the fibers which are passing all most of the fibers they pass to the pawns these fibers are temporal from the temporal L to the pawns from the paral L to the pawns from the occipital L to the pawns okay temporal lob peral lob occipital L from all these lobes these fibers go to the pawns so what will you tell one is called as temporo yes what is called temporo to the pawns means pontine temporo pontine fibers next you have got is the perito perito pontine fibers temporo pontine periop pontine and third one over here is oxto pontine oxy pontine so these are the three types of fibers that are present after that after that in the middle part what are the fibers that are going here one Fiber goes all the way from the cortex to the spinal cord goes from the cortex to the brain stem nuclei okay so cortex to the spinal cord is cortico spinal tract cortico spinal next one we have got is a corticon nuclear corticon nuclear corticon nuclear and next another track from the frontal Lo see we are done with temporal L we are done with peral L oxital what is the L that is left frontal lob so from the frontal lobe also Fibber should go to the pawns so they are called as frontop pontin fibers what are they called as frontop pontine fibers okay so what are the things we have discussed over here so one last thing I will mention here after that we shall just recap all the things which we have discussed over here so what is this thing is that here exactly anterior to anterior to what anterior to Superior ccul you have got a nucleus over here this is called as molic what repeat you have got a nucleus over here this is called as pretectal nucleus okay so what is this particular nucleus located and anterior to Superior culi this is called as pretectal nucleus pretectal nucleus next uh up here up here you have got one more nuclei you know what is this nuclei that is located here this is called as molic trial nuclei so this nuclei is called as me iic trial nuclei you just have to remember the structures that are located over here guys this is very important okay so once again let us just have a recap coming to the internal features okay internal features we have made a section at the level of superior ccul so these are your Superior ccul second part your entire midbrain is divided into three parts this upper part is called as your tectum the middle part is called as your tegmentum and the lower part here this one is called as your cross cereb okay so where is your substanti nigran located in the tegmentum of midbrain where is your red nucleus located you know why this nucleus is called as red nucleus why it is red you know because of excess deposition of iron because of excess iron deposition this looks red okay because of excess iron deposition this looks red right whatever it is so where is red nucleus and um what is this substantial located located in the M tegmentum of the mid brain done next important thing all the structures important structures are present within the tegmentum only in the tegmentum we have got three important structures here one is called what is this called as this is called as trial liscus next we have got spinal liscus and we have got medial liscus next what are the uh in the per aqueductal gray matter what are the structures that are running out one is the third pair of cranial along with this from the Edinger vest fall nucleus the parasympathetic fibers are also running okay next important thing here what is this this is called as mphil trial nucle after that what is this this is called as your pretectal nucleus so these are the structures that are passing through this particular part so this completes your midbrain uh where I have discussed where I have discussed both the external features of midbrain as well as the internal features of your midbrain so now we shall be discussing after the midbrain uh now we shall be discussing regarding the pawns okay so in the pawns what we'll discuss again the same important things we'll discuss we shall discuss the external features of the pawns okay so we shall discuss the pawns from the front and from the back also okay then why you did not discuss the midbrain from the back from the back it is not that important there are only four structures to know that I will cover up right now in the pawns itself okay but when it comes to pawns uh uh in the pawns we will discuss about the vental surface of the pawns I mean anterior surface and backside the dorsal surface also okay so we will discuss the external features we will discuss the external features of the pawns okay first we will discuss about the ventral surface ventral surface and after that we'll go to the dorsal surface okay so first important thing first important thing let us start drawing from the midbrain itself okay let us start drawing from the midbrain itself now all of you look here so what is this particular structure over here you see this this particular structure over here is called as your midbrain okay so this particular structure over here is called as your midbrain now you know midbrain is having two cross right cross cerebra left cross cerebra and the center this is called as Aqueduct right cerebral liquid next after that after the mid brain what do you have you have got a structure like this this particular structure is called as your pawns okay this particular structure is called as your pawns now beneath the pawns what do you have you have got medula oblongata so let us say this part is your medo oblongata and all these images whatever I'm drawing right now this is which surface your ventral surface keep that thing in mind okay so this is your medula oblongata right so this is your medula oblata over here this is your medula oblongata so what are the structures which I have drawn over here the first important structure over here is this is your midbrain okay and this is your pawns and and this is your medula obl now behind the midbrain pawns medula obla three of them is called as your brain stem now behind this what is the structure you have got you have got your cereum right so behind all of this you have got what you have got your cellum like this so behind all of this you have got cereum so this is your cereum here this is the cereum now another important thing is that on the sides of the cereum over here right not not on the sides of cereum on the sides of the pawns you've got this particular structure this is called as middle cere pinkle what is this called as middle cere predal so what I'm trying to tell you is that for example if this is your central nervous system this is your midbrain pawns medular oblongata and spinal cord like this right remember one thing remember one thing that on the back side here you have got what on the back side here you have got your cereum okay so this is your cereum now how is cereum located behind midbrain ponon Med oblata see here from the midbrain the fibers are coming a pinkle is coming and attaching here this is called a superior cere pinkle from the pawns you see middle cere pinkle from the middle obong inferior cere prangle so these three prangles together they attach to the cereum and hold the cere position so regarding the pawns what is that pangle called as middle cere pangle so this is the one that is your red one is called as your middle cere prangle okay so let me write this part over here so this part over here is called as your middle cere panle so this is called as your middle cere prle next important thing is that you have got many cranial nerves I'm not drawing any cranial nerves here but I have already told you what are the cranial nerves that are originating from midbrain pawns and midle oblong if you remember right now next important thing I want to tell you over here is that if you mainly concentrate on the pawns right so this surface of the pawns is called as a superior surface or Superior border of the pawns okay now if that is a superior border of the pawns then this particular border over here is called as a inferior border of the Pawns one is called as the superior border another one is called as the inferior border now where is the inferior border present can I tell this inferior border is present between the pawns and Med oblata so I'm calling inferior border as Ponto medular Junction what is this Ponto medary Junction the inferior border has Ponto medular Junction okay next important thing if you exactly look in the center I did not draw this but in the center you you have got a sulcus okay this sulcus is called as sulcus basilaris in the center over here in the center over here actually you have got a sulcus so this is a pawns like this with swellings on either side with swellings on either side and in the center you have got a sulcus like this this sulcus is called as sulcus basilaris why are you calling it as sucus basilaris because whenever teaching you circular if you remember this is your right vertebral artery and this is your left vertebral artery both the vertebral arteries they join together at the Ponto medular Junction I told you and then they ascend up as a single artery what is this this is your basil artery so that is why this is the sulcus for the basill artery so you call it as sulcus basilaris okay sulcus basilaris okay now next important thing so these are some of the features I mean not much features on the vental vental surface Sur and moreover there are also nuclear over here cranial n nuclear if you remember there are cranial n nuclear which I told you in the midbrain right in the midbrain I told you in the pawns also I told you in the middle oblong also I've told you right so these will be the cranial n nuclei over here clear right the next important thing is that if you look from the posterior side from the posterior side there are many structures that are present okay so let us say if you are looking at the pawns from the posterior side okay if you're looking at the pawns from the posterior weave posterior weave or ventral or dorsal dorsal weave so this is how it looks okay you see here this particular part over here is called as your midbrain okay and this particular part over here is called as your pawns and this part over here is your MBL and down here you have got your spinal cord okay now on the posterior surface of the midbrain as I told you I will tell you here you see four swellings 1 2 3 4 right so in this out of this four swellings swelling number one and two are called as Superior culi Superior culi are responsible for what they're responsible for vision keep that thing in mind next three and four are called as inferior culi inferior culi and they are responsible for auditory action auditory hearing audit hearing auditory sensation right for hearing so four of these together you call it as corpora Quadra Jamina so all these four bodies together you call it as corpora Quadra gamina so corpora Quadra Gina is located behind your mid brain so I told you we are making a section at the level of superior cicular right so actually we are making a section here and showing it to you okay so Superior cular inferior cular Superior ccul for vision inferior C for auditory action now when it comes to pawns this is how the pawns from the back looks I mean this image is just gross not that clear we shall discuss all the structures over here okay but remember one thing if you see on the back side on the back side you see a line in the center here yeah closely look here you see a line instead of calling it as line I will call it as sulcus this sulcus is located exactly in the center right and remember this sulcus is in continuous with the sulcus of medo ablang also right so this sulcus over here is called as median sulcus not medial it is median sulcus median n median sulcus so let us draw all these structures over here okay so what are the structures first important thing I told you first important I told you that here we have got two important ccul called as Superior culi down here we have got two important ccul called as inferior ccul you are clear with this now when it comes to the pawns I told you that in the center of the pawns there is a sulcus okay what is this sulcus called as this sulcus is called as median sulcus let me write it down this sulcus over here is called as your median sulcus okay on either side on either side of the median sulcus you have got two more lines see on either side of the median sulcus you have got two more lines what are these two more lines called as this is called as sulcus limitans what is this called as this is called as sucus limitans this is called as sulcus limitans okay now if you actually look at the real picture guys you can you can actually appreciate a swelling here you see I'm just drawing a swelling here I don't know how well it goes but you see there is some kind of swelling here yes or no you see on either side of median sulcus you see there are two bumpy elevation to swelling swollen structures now these two important swollen structures whatever you can see on either side these are called as medial Eminence medial L this is L this is n medial eminence this is called as what medial Eminence now what are the structures that are located over here so first important structure on either on the top on either sides of the medial Eminence over here on either side of the medial Eminence you have got a nucleus here this is called as Locus corus what is this structure called as this structure over here is called as Locus chelus okay this is called as Locus corus corus okay let me corus okay this is called as Locus corus next down if you come down if you come here you have got two more culi okay you see these are two more col where are this col located these col are located on the posterior aspect okay posterior aspect of what posterior aspect on the medial Eminence these two ccul over here are called as facial ccul these two ccul are called as facial culas okay this is called facial ccul next down here down to the facial culas you have got two important structures here what are these two important structures here these two important structures are called as stamis okay these two important structures over here are called as stria medis on either sides of fola right or sorry on either sides of facial cicular you have got a triangular shaped area Okay on either sides you have actually got a triangular shape depression like this you see on either sides you have got a triangular shaped area this particular triangular shaped area on either side is called Superior phobia now when I'm telling Superior phobia there will also be inferior phobia but where it will be I will tell you later so we have got Superior phobia Superior phobia okay so what are the structures we have got guys we have got the structures that are located on the posterior aspect the first important thing is we have got what is this this is called as medial Median sulcus on either s what you have got you have got sulcus limitans okay on either side you have got sulcus limitans next the Eminence which you have is medial Eminence uh down here you have got facial culus below that you have got stri medis on either sides you have got Superior FIA on the top you have got Locus corus and this Junction is your Ponto medular Junction okay so these are the structures that are located over here okay on the posterior aspect now you have to know that what is Pawns in relation with the ventricles first of all tell me PA is related to which ventricle the answer is fourth ventricle how fourth ventricle I will tell you that and next important thing is is this pawns forming any wall of fourth ventricle that also we will discuss now okay so if you look at the next if you look at the next picture over here you will understand let us say that this particular part is your midbrain midbrain and here what is this here you have got Superior ccul on the top here you have got inferior ccul on the bottom right all of you know this next after that you have got what is this this is called as your pawns after that you have got what is this this is called as your medula oblata okay now after this medula oblata down here what do you have got medula oblata continues down as spinal cord spinal cord next you also know this thing on the back side posteriorly what do you have you have got your cerebellum so what is this this particular structure over here is called as your Bellum okay now where is your fourth ventricle if you remember I've taught you in case of Dandy Wacker syndrome right in dandy walker syndrome what did I teach you there is a cyst that is formed here I've also told you there that this is your fourth ventricle over here right now look here carefully for example if I am making a duct in the center here okay what this duct will be called as tell me what will this duct be called as this duct is called as cerebral Aid okay and in the same way if I making another duct over here what will this particular duct be called as this is called as Central canol what is this Central canol and all of you know this important thing that CSF is present in the cerebral aquid duct and from here the CSF will enter into your fourth ventricle and from here the CSF will enter into what into your central canol right so once again let me write these things down so this is called as Central uh sorry cerebral Aqueduct cerebral Aqueduct here you have got is the Central canol Central canol this is your midbrain this is your pawns this is your medul oblata this is your cereum okay where is your fourth ventricle see this is your fourth ventricle okay this particular thing over here is your fourth ventricle now if I ask you what are the walls of fourth ventricle right now here we have got roof as well as the floor see this is called as a roof of the fourth ventricle and this is called as a floor of the fourth ventricle okay so what are the structures you have got one you got is a roof of the fourth ventricle another one you have got is a floor of the fourth ventricle okay now what is this particular roof of the fourth ventricle made up of roof of the fourth ventricle this one is made up of this particular structure over here called as anterior cere Notch you see a notch over here this is called anterior cere Notch roof is made up of anterior cere Notch okay whereas floor is made up of what floor is made up of two important structures now tell me where is the floor see from here all the way till here okay till here this is the flooor floor is consisting involving both pawns and medo oblata complete pawns and little part of medo oblata right so can I tell within the pawns within the pawns this is called as an anterior surface of the pawns and this highlight which I'm doing with the pink right this is called as a posterior surface of the pawns so can I tell the floor is formed by the posterior surface of the ponds posterior surface of the ponds along with that can I also tell it is also form by a little part of posterior surface of Med oblongata posterior surface of medul oblongata so here we have got two things what are these two things see this is called posterior surface of Med obl and that is called posterior surface of the pawns so these two things form what these two things form the floor okay these two things form the floor next important concept I have to discuss over here is a very very very very important angle here and and the contents of this angle and also a clinical point is there that is called as cello pontine angle what is this cerebello pontine angle the angle between cerebellum and the pawns is called as cerebellopontine angle okay so let me very fast draw a picture over here so this is your midbrain Superior ccul inferior culus after that here you have got your pawns here you have got your Med oblata as well as spinal cord over here right so all of you know that this particular part over here is your cereum this is your cereo now what is cereo pontin angle first important thing you should know that this is your pawns this is your medo obl now what I'm doing is that I'm drawing a line now I'm drawing a line like this this is the first line now I'm drawing the second line touching the two surfaces of the cereum here this is the second line now perpendicular to that I'm drawing one more line over here you see this is a third line so how many lines over here you have got so this is the first line this is the second line and this is the third line okay there are how many lines there are three lines over here now another important thing let me put this picture little bit down and then explain you in detail over here okay now you might be confused where from where did this image come Okay so actually actually you know that let me draw this I hope now you are clear right so this part over here is your midbrain pawns as well as medula oang and nothing to worry that you also know that here you have got what what is this this part over here is your brain like this this is your brain now if you look at the bones if you look at the bones tell me what bone do you have here frontal bone what bone do you have here that is parital bone and what bone do you have here you see this bone which I'm drawing here is touching your line number one yes or no can I tell that this is temporal and back back side is your occipital so here I have got a temporal bone which is touching the line number one okay temporal bone that is touching the line number one now this particular angle which you can see over here is called as cello pontine angle okay between the cerebellum and the pawns the angle which you see over here is called as cerebello pontine angle so what are the borders of cereo pan angle we have got we have actually got three important borders what are those three important borders what did I tell you first border is touching your temporal bone exactly speaking which part of temporal bone you know petus part of the temporal bone okay so it is touching the superior border of superior border of which bone petus part of temporal bone petus part of temporal bone so that is the first line and what is the second line second line is pass passing along the upper border of cereum it is passing along the upper part of cereum right so second border is it is passing along the upper part of cerebelum upper part of cereum upper part of cereum now how is the third line passing if you see here this is called as an anterior surface of the pawns this is called as a posterior surface of the pawns but this line which I'm drawing here is a lateral surface on the other side you'll see the medial surface so this line is passing along the lateral surface of the pawns this line is passing along the lateral surface of the pawns lateral surface of the pawns lateral surface of the pawns so all these three things together they form what an angle called as cerebellopontine Angle now if I ask you what are the contents of the cerebellopontine angle what will you tell first important thing I have got an artery over here this artery over here is called as labyrinthine artery next I have got a vein over here this vein over here is called as labyrinthine vein next I have got three cranial loves one is six one is 7even and one is eight these are the three cranial loves so what are the contents here what are the contents of the celontin angle there are three important contents one is called as the uh Labyrinth labyrinthine artery and labyrinthine vein okay we have got labyrinthine artery and labyrinthine vein simply labyrinthine vessels second important content what do we have we have got is a sixth pair of cranial nerve right next we have got seventh pair of cranial nerve next we have got eighth pair of cranial nerve so these are the cranial nerves that are located over here okay 6th 7th and eth now what are the clinical points which you can tell in in this particular thing in this thing is that for example sometimes there might be there might be by chance there might be a tumor of this eighth pair of cranial nerve okay so this particular tumor of this eighth pair of cranial nerve is called as vestibular Sanoma vestibular Sanoma what is this vestibular Sanoma now you tell me if eighth pair of cranial nerve has got a tumor there right don't you think this tumor can easily pass to sixth pair as well as seventh pair so even can I tell patient will also have abducent nerve paly and facial paly also right so along with along with eighth pair of cranial nerve there are two other nerves that are involved what are those two other nerves that are involved in case of vestibular Sanoma one is your abducent nerve so there will be abducent paly abducent nerve paly and next you will have a facial paly facial paly okay so you know how will the patient come to the clinic the patient will come the patient will come to the clinic complaining of DVT DVT in the sense DVT in the sense not deep Vin thrombosis it is dizziness disiness it is Vertigo Vertigo and tinitus disiness vertigo anitus so when a patient is complaining of disiness tinitas only this is not called as vestibular Sanoma in vular Sanoma what is the important thing cranial nerves are involved so along with these complaints along with the DVT along with DVT if patient is also complaining of cranial nerve paly cranial nerve paly in the sense either sixth or sth or eighth either of these three cranial NES or all all these three cranial NES now you call this particular condition as what vestibular Sanoma and remember the other name for vestibular Sanoma is acostic neuroma acostic neuroma so what if a patient is coming to the clinic complaining of only DVT he's complaining of only DVT no cranial nerve abnormality okay he's complaining only of DVT and I asked him I asked him how much time is this vertigo lasting he is telling vertigo last from minutes to hours vertigo check so this vertigo is lasting from minutes to hours very very important it is lasting from minutes to hours now if I check for cranial no 678 all these three are perfectly normal then what is this condition where there is only DVT where there is a vertigo lasting from minutes to hours this condition is called as minor disease what is this condition called as minor disease so remember Minor's disase minin is minutes minutes to hours okay so if a patient is having such thing Minor's dises what is the next important thing I will give right I will give procor perzin Pro chlorin or I can use cin Pro chlorin whatever it is so these are the basic medications which I prefer to the patient okay right whatever it is let us go back to this topic so if a patient is compl explaining of disiness vertigo tinitus and I check the cranial nerves Sixth sth and eighth are damaged so it means I will confirm that this is acostic neuroma or vestibular Sanoma but what is a proof that this is acostic neuroma or vestibular Sanoma immediately what you need to do is that you need to do an MRI scan okay tell me MRI of what MRI of this celop pontine angle so you need to order a MRI of CP angle cerebellopontine angle so there you can see a tumor there okay so this is all uh you need to know regarding this cereo pontine angle we are done with the midbrain we have done with the pawns okay now we shall be discussing regarding the medula oblongata so what are the external features of medula oblata on the ventral side as well as on the dorsal side medula oblata now regarding this medul oblata what are the external features of medula oblongata first we shall discuss about the anterior surface or ventral surface again we will discuss the posterior or the dorsal surface okay now in this anterior or ventral wave what you can see see first important thing first important thing here is that you know you know that here what is what is this picture over here you see this is uh this is your midbrain from the back okay this is your midbrain from the front Okay so this particular part over here is your midbrain from the front midbrain is having two parts what are these two parts right cross cerebri and left cross cerebri okay next down over here what is this this is your pawns what is this this particular thing over here is called as your pawns so you have got your midbrain youve got your pawns now beneath the pawns is the main topic now that is your medula oblongata now here here if you see you got two struct es like this you got two structures in this way okay so let me uh put it up as a single line you got two structures like this and on either side of these structures two more structures are present here right now this entire part which I've drawn right now is your medula oblongata so medo oblata might look little bit diff different from the others but it is very very easy okay so this part over here is called as medula oblongata now in this medula oblongata what are the different parts which you can see so first important thing is that these green color Parts which I'm highlighting right now these two green color Parts over here are are called as what olives what are these two green color Parts called as these are called as olives okay now after this you see this Center Line here right okay leave that before that before that this particular structure over here is called as your right pyramid what is this right pyramid and this particular structure over here is called as your left pyramid right and left pyramid okay right and left pyramid next important thing this Center Line you see this Center Line This center line is called as anterior why because we are discussing right now the anterior so anterior anything in the center is called median so this is called anterior median fissure anterior median fissure anterior median fissure okay next the structures that are located on the side you see these two here as well as here these two are called as anterolateral sulcus what is this this is called as anro lateral sulcus so anterior medium fure and anterior lateral sulcus okay next important thing what is the next important thing is that here in the in the in this pyramids on the surface of this pyramids you can see some Ark shaped fibers there are arches like this you see there are some Ark shaped fibers these Arc shaped fibers over over here are nothing but called as what these are called as arcuate fibers what are these arate fibers but these arate fibers are present anteriorly so these are called as anterior rate fibers so these fibers over here are called anterior arate fibers now what is this particular Junction guys The Junction that is present between pawns and medula this is your Ponto medular Junction okay this is your Ponto medary Junction so what are the structures which we have got over here so here we have got these fibers called as anterior arate fibers this is called as Antero median fissure right this is called as anterior median fissure on either sides this is called as anol lateral sulcus after that you have got uh the right pyramid over here this is called as your left pyramid and here you have got these fibers called as rq8 fibers what are these fibers arced fibers on either sides you have got these structures called as olives these structures are called as olives so what are these structures all these here and by the way this is your pawns this is your midbrain that is your right crust of the midan left cross of the mariban what is this this is why am I going fast is that these things have already discussed right so this is your cerebral Aqueduct cerebral Aqueduct okay so these are the things which youve already discussed only the new part is this dorsal features over here right uh sorry the vental features the vental features or the anterior features of your medula oang now after and you know one important thing that here here if I talk only about medo oblata here you see posterior surface of medo oblata is forming the floor of the fourth ventricle keep this thing in mind okay now we shall be discussing about the posterior view so just now we are done with what anterior or vental now I'm discussing about posterior or dorsal wave of medula oblata now we shall be discussing now we shall be discussing ing the posterior weave or the dorsal weave of medo oang okay we shall mainly focus on the posterior posterior or the dorsal weave posterior or dorsal weave of medula oblongata posterior or dorsal wave of medula oang okay now post when I tell posterior VI I will draw all the way from the midbrain posterior to the midbrain what do you see I I told you you see culas Superior and inferior culas you remember right so that is present on the anterior side or on the posterior side that is present mainly on the posterior side right so here if you see this part is your midbrain okay beneath your midbrain whatever you have over here is your pawns okay and here you have got these two structures called as Superior culi these two structures over here are called as inferior culi and what is this this part particular thing over here is called as your pawns this particular thing over here is called as your pawns so guys now we shall be discussing regarding the dorsal or the posterior weave okay so we shall mainly focus on the dorsal or the posterior weave okay dorsal or the posterior weave of your medula oblata we discussed about the anterior weave right now we'll be discussing about the dorsal or the posterior wave of medul oblata okay now in this dorsal or posterior view of this particular Med what are the important things that you need to keep in your mind so yeah again again let me draw from the midbrain itself so that the more I draw the more it will be useful for you only so this is your midbrain and down here you have got the pawns and right now I'm drawing what the posterior surface keep that thing in mind okay poster this was your anterior surface this is your posterior whenever I draw posterior don't forget we have got Superior ccul in the midbrain and down here we have got inferior culas and this is the spawns now posteriorly when you see okay when you look at the medula oblongata posteriorly it is completely different so first let me draw and then I will explain you okay so this is how the medula oblongata looks posteriorly right so if you see here this part this part is not a triangle actually this part is the open part okay so what is that that part is a open part you'll understand everything once I finish up the picture so this part over here is called as your medul obl and important thing is that you know that these two structures over here on either side are called as olives in the front in the front anterior wave the structure that is present here and here these are called as pyramids you remember that right now what is this particular picture over here what is this particular picture is that here we actually this is from the posterior side and if you see here posteriorly we have got this very important thing anteriorly this is how the medo oblongata looks okay this is how the medo oblongata looks now when I'm turning it turning the med oblata posteriorly you can see posteriorly the upper part of Med oblata is open you see as a triangular shape so that is this particular triangular shape here you see this particular triangle is nothing but this open part and the lower part is closed clear so in the anterior side you cannot see open and closed but posteriorly you can see the upper part of medo oblong is open and the lower part of Med obla is closed here I have got what here I have got olives next important thing is that on the posterior aspect of Pawns if you remember on posterior aspect of Pawns I told you I told you this thing that in the center if I'm drawing a line This is called as what this is called as median sulcus you remember right on either sides of the median sulcus what do you have got you have got the uh lateral sulcus right so this was a thing which I've told you previously and next important thing I told you over here is that on both the sides here on both the sides here you have got this elevation bumpy elevation on both the sides I told you what is this bumpy elevation on both the sides in the pawns this is called medial Eminence now why am I discussing again this thing you'll get to know in a minute so you know that this particular part is called as medial Eminence in the same way this particular median sulcus median sulcus of Pawns median sulcus of Pawns is continous with the median sulcus of your medul ablang okay and as usually the same on either sides what do you have got on either sides you have got this part what is this this is called as your what is this the swelling what is the swelling called as Eminence medial Eminence so this part over here is called as your medial Eminence so you see medial Eminence on both the sides okay you see here that there is medial Eminence on on both the sides you see medial amance on both the sides so medial Eminence is in continuous with the medial Ence of the pawns okay now next important thing what is the next important thing if you remember that I told you that I told you the line which is in the center the line which is in the center what is the line which is in the center anterior median fure okay what is this anterior medium fissure then what will be the same line on the back side this is called posterior median not fissure it is sulcus posterior median sulcus one is called anterior median fisure and this is called posterior median sulcus next what is this called as we called it as anterolateral sulcus okay in the same way here this particular structure is called as posterolateral sulcus posterolateral sulcus posterolateral sulcus one is antrom medial anol lateral sulcus and this sulcus will be called as posterolateral sulcus next important thing if you remember uh here I have told you I think yeah where is it uh I think yeah this is a part I told you that midbrain is connected to the cerebelum with the help of superior cerebellar pedal pawns is connected to the cereum with the help of middle cere pedal and down here what is this this is called inferior cere pedal that is the medo oblong is connecting with the cereum right so here what I have to draw here I have to draw the middle cere pinkle okay so now you see this particular pinkle over here this is called as middle cere prangle okay so this is called as middle or inferior I think inferior right so this is called as inferior cere prangle so this is called as inferior cere peduncle inferior cere peduncle the other name for this inferior cere peduncle is restiform body what is this restiform body the other name for this is restiform body so what are the structures you have got the center line over here is called as posterior Median sulcus on either side what do you have posterior lateral ccus next uh here you have got what is this particular thing over here this is called as inferior cere pinkle okay and on either sides over here you have got what is this this is called as olives these are called as olives what are these called olives and what is this sulcus over here yes this is called as median sulkus median sulcus and what is this this is called as medial Eminence medial Eminence medial Eminence so these are the structures that are located on the posterior side actually we are not yet done with the structures there are much more structures so just with the basic I'm telling you that these are the structures later on I won't I I will draw these structures but later on I won't write down all these names okay because we have a lot more things that we have to discuss on the posterior side okay so that is the reason why so this is just like a basic kind of view before I discuss that difficult part okay so let let me clarify this confusion of uh anterior median Fisher posterior median sulkus and all of this so let me clarify this confusion if I'm making a transverse section of your medula oblata this is how the transverse section looks okay so this entire part is your med and down also here you have got down also here you have got yeah so this is the part now here what are the important okay let me let me draw a little more inside like this yeah so this is your medula oblata now in this medula oblata again I'm telling you that if you divide this Meda oblongata into two halves so what is this part called as we discussed Med oblongata in two waves this is called as anterior or ventral this is called as posterior or dorsal right and what is this particular structure over here in the center this is called as anterior median anterior median Fisher but what is this structure on the posterior side this is not Fisher this is sulcus posterior median sulcus anterior median fure poster median sulcus next what is this particular structure which we have got here this is called as posterolateral sulcus what is this postero lateral sulcus okay what is this particular structure over here this is called as anterolateral sulcus Antero lateral sulcus I hope you clear now okay so this is on the posterior side terminology and this is the terminology on the anterior side now if you look at the real specimen how does a real specimen look see this is a real specimen now tell me is this anterior side or post exterior side so first of all let me write down uh the parts here okay so you know that this part over here is called as your midbrain okay this part is called as midbrain next this part over here is called as your pawns this part over here is called as your MBL and down over here you call it as your spinal cord okay now tell me look at the midbrain are there culi yes or no there are no culi so if there are no culi then this surface is called as your anterior surface what is this surface anterior surface and by the way this is your pawns now down here I told you that what are these structures over here these structures are called as what olives these structures are called as olives what is this structure over here called as right pyramid what is this right pyramid so you have got olives on the right you have got olives on the left youve got right pyramid here left pyramid here after that can you see a line in the center over here I'm rubbing it again just look at this can you see this line in the center right I'm just drawing a line just side to that so that it won't disturb you you see this line in the center this line now tell me anteriorly what is this line called this line that is present anterior is called anterior median fissure so here this particular line over here is called as your anterior median fissure okay just side to that you see another line over here and another line over here right so what is this line called as anal sulcus what is this Antero lateral sulcus now I'm now what I'm doing is that now I'm going to show you and by the way this is your anterior or vental W now I'm going to show you the posterior or the dorsal so in this posterior or the dorsal wave you can see swellings you see two swellings here right two swellings here what what are these two swellings over here these two swellings are called as Superior culi and these swellings are called as inferior culi Superior and inferior culi next on the back side directly let us go to the medo oblata if you look at this particular medo oblongata if I'm dividing this medo oblata into two parts you see the upper part of medo oblongata is open but the lower part of medo oblata is closed you see this triangular area upper part open and this lower part is closed in the same way what did I tell you here I told you here on the posterior region the in the pawns you have got the median sulcus the median sulcus in the pawns is in continuation with the median sulcus of the medang so all of you just look at this particular picture the median sulcus of the pawns is in continuation with the median ccus of your med oblata yes or no yeah so this is one of the important thing now you can see small lines on either side right so these lines are not that much visible but just think that these lines one is called as postro median posterolateral sulcus and Center one is postom median sulcas over here okay now what we will do is that we will draw we will draw the same picture there we will draw the same picture there and there are some additional more structures that are present on the medo ablang on the posterior side so we shall discuss what are these additional structures right so we uh discuss regarding the posterior I mean or the dorsal side of the midle oblata right so as I told you uh those things which I discuss there are only few actually there are a lot more things that you have to discuss now I'll draw a bigger picture okay and in that picture I'll explain you all these important structures so again again so let us start from the midbrain so let us say this is your midbrain over here right now beneath the midbrain what do you have you have got your pawns let us say this is your pawns okay this is your pawns over here now beneath the pawns you have got what medula oblongata and again I'm telling you again I'm telling you here this thing that all of you have to remember anterior side the medo oblongata is completely plain right on the posterior side on the dorsal side or posterior side if you look at the medo oblongata medo oblongata the upper part of the medle oblongata is open the lower part is closed okay the upper part is is open and the lower part is closed over here okay so this is your upper part okay so this is the upper part which is open I told you right so this is the upper part which is open like this okay and the lower part is completely closed and by the way what are these two structures over here these two structures are called as your olives okay these two structures over here are called as your olives I'm concerned about if the picture is straight or cross because the structures we won't have space to draw enough structures over here yeah right and let me draw one last line over here right so these are the structures which you can see over here so this is a section clear now here there are a few and by the way let me highlight this this is your Olive on both the sides you've got your Olive now if you look at the posterior side again I'm telling you posterior side in the sense you should have uh two Superior culi and two inferior ccul over here two Superior as well as two inferior culi what did I tell you I told you that the structures in the pawns are in continuous with the structures in the middle obl like median right or like let us say medial Eminence and all right so first of all let me draw a line in the center of the pawns let me draw a line in the center of the pawns what do you call this line as this is called as your median median sulcus n median sulcus okay now in the same way you even have got median sulcus over here even in the pawns also there is even in the middle obl also there is median sulcus right now apart from this Median sulkus on both the sides I have drawn one more sulai over here this can anyone tell what might be this name this is called in the pawns I've told you sulcus limitans what is this sulcus limitans okay next this particular sulcus limit this particular sulcus limitans continues down like this as sulcus limitans on both the sides yes or no next important thing what did I tell you I told you that there is there is a bumpy elevation on both theid sides like this okay you see this bumpy elevation on both the sides so this particular bumpy elevation on both the sides what do you call this you call this as medial Eminence what do you call this you call this as medial eminence okay so what do you call this this particular structure which you call over here this is called as your medial Eminence okay now when I tell medial Eminence so don't you think there is also medial Eminence that is continuing down over here you see there is also median Eminence that is continuing down here also there is median Eminence that is continuing down so so this is the median Eminence that is continuing down over here okay so let me first write down these the names of these structures first so this particular structure over here is called as your median sulcus okay and this one over here is called as your sulcus limitans what is this sulcus limi limitans next this particular structure over here is called as your medial eminence medial Eminence and this continues down along with this particular part right MBL and next important thing I've also told you that here you have got two important structures right on where on the sucus limitans you have got two important structures what are these structures called as Locus coralus if you remember right so this particular structure I told you as Locus corus right Locus corus I told you next important thing is that down here also you have got two important structures here in the medial Eminence right in the medial Eminence uh the inferior part of the ponds on the posterior side down here you have got two structures called as facial ccul right so these structures are called as what facial cicular so these are the structures I just sted in the pawns itself I've also told you that there are two uh triangular shaped structures like this these triangular shaped structures on both the sides these are called as what these are called as Superior phobia what is this this is called as Superior phobia these two structures over here are called as Superior phobia next down here you have got two more structures these structures over here are called as sta medis you see these structures here these structures are called as Tria medis so these structures over here are called as stria medis these structures are called as Tri medis right now these were the structures which I already discussed in the pawns now once when you come to medula oblongata how the structures on the top are different in medul oblongata is that so if you look at medul oblata within this particular medo oblata you will have a ridge okay let us say this this is a neural Ridge which I'm drawing right now you see this particular Ridge which I'm drawing right now is a neural Ridge okay you see this is a neural Ridge now this particular neural Ridge which you can see over here is what is called what do you call this neural rides this neural rid is called as tenia what do you call this this is called as tenia now tenia is having a small separation down here so this particular separation within this tenia is called as Seance what sear funicular Seance okay so what is this particular structure over here this is called as your tenia this is a neural Rich called as tenia tenia and tenia is having you see this small separation over here this separation is called this separation is called as funicular separ funiculus separ this separation is called as funiculus separ next important thing you see a triangular shaped cavity over here because of that because of that you see this particular triangular shaped cavity now this particular triangular shaped cavity over here you call this as area Posta what do you call this area as area Posta where your respiratory Center is present okay so this particular thing over here is called as your area Posta right this is called as area Posta next beneath this area Posta this particular area which I'm drawing here you see this particular area over here beneath the area Posta is called OBEX what is this called as this area is called as OBEX okay right now we will come back to this particular region later on but for now what we'll do is that we'll go down a little bit and discuss few important things okay so we have actually got few important tubercles okay for example here here we have got a tubercle this particular tubercle is called as Cate tubercle what is this Cate tubercle on both the sides you have got this tubercle this tubercle is called Cate tubercle now down to this C tubercle okay you see here down to this particular C tubercle you have got an Eminence like this down to this skia tubercle you have got a Eminence here also down to cunia tubercle you have got a Eminence okay this Eminence over here is called as fle what is this physical so what do you call this as first of all write down this what is this called as this is called as ciate tubercle down to Cate tubercle whatever physical you have got you call this as fulus catus fulus catus so you have got one is called as CIA tubercle and fulus catus in the same way you have got another tubercle over here and another tubercle over here right you know what is this two these two tubercles are called as this is called as this is called as griles tubercle okay so what do you call these tubercles as these tubercles are called as griles Tule griles tubercle and and below the griles tubercle for example if there is a uh Eminence what this Eminence should be called as fasiculus catus or fulus griles fasiculus gracilis so this one is called as fasiculus graciles this thing over here is called as fasiculus graciles okay so we have got CIA tubes on either side medially we have got what grasis tubercle from CIA tubercle we have got fulus CIA from gracilis tubercu we have got fulas gracilis okay now here I told you there is superior phobia you see now where there is superior phobia there should also be inferior phobia yes or no so here I have got a phobia you see here on both the sides over here I have got a phobia this particular phobia is called as inferior phobia okay what is this phobia called this phobia is called inferior phobia and down to inferior phobia you you see a triangle down to inferior Foria you see a triangle here this particular triangle down to inferior FIA is called as a hypoglossal triangle okay here also down to this inferior fobia you see a triangle and this triangle is called hypoglossal triangle so this particular structure over here is called as inferior fobia down to inferior phobia you got this hypo gloal triangle you got this triangle over here this is called as hypoglossal triangle next important thing next important thing is that supero medially superiorly and medially you have got one more structure over here superomedially you see on both the sides superomedially you have got another important structure superiorly and medially you have got another important structure in the Triangular shape this is called as trigonum vei what is this trigonum vei so this is your trionum vei so where is this trionum V located superomedially to inferior phobia okay and apart from that there are two areas which you have here so what are these two areas look here this is one area right and below that you have got the second area over here so what is this particular area which you can see this is called as a cckar area and and down here this area which you can see is called as your vestibular area on both the sides so this area over here is your cckar area and this area over here is called as your vestibular area so clear area as well as vestibular area these are the structures that are located over here so overall overall what are the structures that are located in the Mido oblong posteriorly first in the center we have got this called as medial Eminence right medial sulcus on either sides of the median sulcus we have got these structures called as limitans sulcus limitans next we have got Superior phobia so I have written inferior phobia here down to inferior phia there is a triangle this triangle is called hypoglossal triangle what is this triangle hypoglossal triangle next this kind of tissue over here neural tissue is nothing but called as what tenia right so anterior if you see Tena is having what area Posta your respiratory Center is located in the area Posta next down to that here this substance is called as obix okay area is called as obix next suom medially this triangular area is called trigonum V and two areas Co area vular area that's all we have discussed so far okay so these are all the structures that are located in medulla oblata now uh we shall be discussing everything about the cerebelum okay so as I already told you cerebelum is attached to the midbrain right so you know that this is the midbrain this is the pawns and this is the Meda oblata right now tell me what are these names over here yes this name over here is called as Superior cerebellar pedal Superior cerebellar pedal now I'm telling you the other name for Superior cere pangle is called as brachium Junction okay this is called as brachium jum okay this is called as brachium jum next we have got this one over here is called as a middle cere pinkle middle cere prle is also called as brachium pontis brachium pontis and we have got what inferior inferior cere pedal which is also called as restiform body resti form body so your inferior cere prinkle is called as your rest form body if you look at cereum okay if you look at cereum how many notches it is having how many surfaces how many borders we will discuss so first I will write down then I will show it to you in the pictures so it is having two notches it is having two notches what are those Two Notch anterior Notch posterior Notch it is having two notches one is called as anterior Notch another one is called as posterior Notch so two notches are present one is called anterior Notch another one is called posterior Notch next it is having two surfaces it is having two surfaces what are those two surfaces Superior surface inferior surface Superior surface as well as inferior surface Superior and inferior surface it is having two borders two notches two surfaces and two borders so what are the two borders it is having one is called anol lateral border another one is called posterior border anterolateral border another one is called as posterior border posterior border these are the structures which we have over here right now if you look at if you look at each surface over here so first of all we will discuss about surfaces next we will discuss about okay first let me uh give you a quick recap about what are notches okay okay first we will discuss about surfaces then we will go for the notches and all okay so first regarding these surfaces how many surfaces I told you Superior surface as well as inferior surface so if you are looking at a cerebelum from the Top If you're looking at a cereum from the top this is how the cereum looks see this particular center part of the cereum whatever you can see over here is called as vermis vermis of the cerebellum and this is your cerebellum like this this is your cerebellum as a whole so this is your right cere Hemisphere okay and here you have got your left cere hemisphere how many cere hemispheres are there two okay so this one is called as your right cere Hemisphere and this is called as your left C Hemisphere and this point over here is called as your vermis now whatever surf surface you are looking at right now is called as what Superior surface below this will be your inferior surface next coming to another important part another important part to highlight here see here if I am dividing cerebelum into two parts so what will be this part anterior part and this is posterior part now anterior part if you look at anterior part this part is called as the anterior part and these two structures are located later Al so what do you call this this you call it as anterolateral Antero lateral border okay what do you call this as anterolateral border next after anterolateral border we should have posterior border see this entire thing is your posterior border here also this entire thing is your posterior border posterior border so what are the two borders which we have over here one is called as anterior lateral border another one is called as posterior border okay so you can see here um if this is anterior these two structures are lateral so Anor lateral and the remaining structure this one is a posterior border next what is this particular structure over here see what is this you see a notch here in the same way you can also see a notch here right so what are these two notches over here these two notches are this Notch is called as as anterior Notch this Notch is called as anterior Notch anterior cere Notch and this Notch is called as posterior cere Notch anterior cere Notch and posterior cere Notch so what did we cover we covered anterior Notch and posterior Notch we also covered anterior lateral border and posterior border now the last one that is left over is a superior and inferior okay so by the way uh this surface what is this surface over here this surface is your Superior view what is this this view is your Superior view okay Superior view now what we will do is that see uh important thing you have to understand important thing you have to understand that if I am if I am uh yeah putting this pencil over here let us say I'm putting this pencil over here now whatever you can see over here whatever you can see over here right this is your right C hemisphere this is your left C spere this is your vermis okay this is your vermis next this entire border here is called posterior border this entire border is called posterior border okay anol lateral you cannot see here because it straight is completely so anol lateral is like this here there's one anol lateral here there is another anal so what is this surface you're seeing what is this surface which you're seeing posterior surface or anterior surface or Superior surface you are seeing from the top you are seeing the superior surface which is anterior ior this is anterior which is posterior this is posterior again I'm telling you okay so again once again listen carefully for example if I am completely folding this paper let us say me fold up this paper completely now after folding this paper completely right if you see here yeah if you see here if you see here this is your cereum this is your cereum now this part which is looking at you this is called as a anterior part of the cerebelum okay this is anterior now this part which is looking at me that this part behind this is called as a posterior now what did I draw here I have drawn the top part what is the top part Superior part now in the Superior part in the Superior part if I draw a line like this okay so let me draw a line over here for example if I am drawing a dark line over here okay I'm not sure will you be able to see this see this is Superior part now if I'm showing the Superior part to you like this right you see what is this line in the center this line in the center is nothing but called as vermis okay this is called as your vermis next um if this is your veres right you see this border this is anterolateral anol lateral and what is this this is called as your posterior border clear that is called as your posterior border again I'm telling this is superior this is inferior this is anterior this is posterior now if you have to look at anterior border how will you look yes for example if for example if cereum anterior pole is facing towards me okay it is facing towards me so if this is a superior pole this is anterior this is posterior I want you to see this part how will you see I have to bend it like this right when I bend it like this now clearly you can see the posterior part so this part what you can see over here in this particular picture over here it is like this okay it is like this so anol lateral on both the sides you can see androl lateral back back back of me there is a screen see androl lateral and here you can see the posterior part and this is what what is this this is called as your vermis right now what I'm doing is I'll just rotate the picture like this when I rotate the picture like this how does the image look so when I rotate the picture like this the image looks somewhat same but slightly different okay so for example when I rotate the picture this is how it looks so this part over here is called as your vermis previously I used blue for the vermes right so this part over here you call it as the vermes like this right this part over here is called as a vermes next uh here this is one part of your um cerebral hemisphere like this right and this is the other part of your cerebral hemisphere this is your other part of your cerebral hemisphere like this clear now this is a picture this is a picture you will find when you are looking from the back okay so this is your posterior view this is your post I know it is confusing to you but this is how the posterior wave looks okay now in this posterior wave what things you can see over here what things you can see over here is that in this posterior wave see if uh if if this is your poster this is your Superior W this is your posterior in this posterior wave what things you can see on the top there are two borders okay on the bottom also there are two borders you see here there is one border here there is one border here there is one border here there is one border so these are the four borders see 1 2 3 and four okay so what is this particular border over here this border over here you call it as right this is called as right Superior cere hemisphere this is called Left Superior cere Hemisphere and this is called as right inferior cere Hemisphere and this is called as left inferior cere Hemisphere okay cere hemisphere then what is this Junction in between this Junction is nothing but called as your horizontal Fisher horizontal Fisher this is nothing but called as your horizontal Fisher and Center one is obviously called as vermis right so still if you are confused with this picture another best picture let me put it up to you so that you'll completely understand and I know you are aware of this Superior culi inferior culi this is your pawns and this is your medo oblongata as well as your spinal cord okay okay now look here this is your cereum okay now in this particular cereum what are the important things you can see see first this part is called as anterior Notch this part is called as posterior Notch okay if this is anterior Notch this is your posterior Notch next important thing is that if I am drawing a line in between both of them this Fisher is called as horizontal Fisher it means you see this Fisher horizontal Fisher okay now after that what did I tell you I told you Superior surface of cereum right you see right Superior cere hemisphere left Superior cere hemisphere right so this part over here is called as your Superior surface of cereum okay and this part over here is called as your inferior surface of cereum in the same way this part over here is called as your Superior surface of vermes and this part over here is called as your inferior surface of vermes so this one over here is your Superior surface of cerebellum this is called as your inferior surface of cerebelum this is your super interior surface of uh uh let us say what is this vermis this is your inferior surface of vermis okay this is your cerebelum that is your verus okay clear all of you right now another another way to show these surfaces and all is this is a perfect way I hope you'll understand in this particular view now here where is where is is your cerebellum so you know that this is your cerebellum now very clearly look here all those images which have drawn I'm going to show it to you in this real 3D animation see this part over here is facing your mouth this is your anterior part now what is this part this part is called as your posterior part so anterior part posterior part done from the top what do you call it as Superior part from the bottom what do you call it as inferior part so Superior inferior anterior posterior these are the four surfaces you can see from the lateral side but can you see can you see the uh medial surface let us say this surface which I written over here is lateral opposite side will be your medial surface now what I'm telling you is that I'm putting a camera on the top like this and I'm looking at this particular structure okay let us say this is the eyeball and now what am I doing what am I doing is that I'm just looking at this structure from the top when I look at this structure from the top how does that structure look this is how it looks right cerebral hemisphere left cerebral hemisphere there should be vermes there should be anterior Notch there should be posterior Notch there should be androl lateral border there should be posterior border these are the surfaces that has to be there now let us look at this so this one I'm looking from the top now look at this picture this is from the top now in this top picture what you can see here you can see here you can see this is right Cellar hemisphere left Cellar Hemisphere okay and what is this this part is called as your vermis okay and this Notch which you can see over here is called as anterior cere Notch anterior cere Notch and this Notch over here is called posterior cere Notch next surfac is what did I tell you anterolateral border you see this border over here on both the sides what is this anterolateral border next what is a border we have got posterior see this entire one this entire border over here is called posterior border this is from the top this is from the top now if you look from the back if you look from the back this is how it looks most of you are confusing that okay from the top there is vermis then poster L it means here if I put a camera and if I see why vermes is again there actually actually look here now this is how the vermes is located guys this is how the vermes is located let us say yeah let us say that see this is my this is my cerebellum divided into two parts this is right cere hemisphere this is left see these three fingers comprise right these two fingers comprise the left cerebral hemisphere what is let us take this mouse what is there in the center over here what is this wire in the center this wire in the center is called as your cereum sorry vermis you have seen from the top from the top you can see the vermis here right actually vermis is all over like this you see vermis is present on the top vermis is also present on the posterior surface you see completely you have got vermis front and back everywhere you have got your vermis like this clear so vermis is present all over so that's how the picture is so this is from the top now from the top I'm going to the posterior side see on the posterior side also youve got your vermis clear now here what are the surfaces these two are superior surface this these two are inferior surface and again this is your vermes this is your vermes now if I turn if I lift it up much more right so tell me what is this surface here again don't confuse this is again your Superior surface you see this is vermis this is right C hemisphere left C hemisphere now this is from the top this is from the top view now this is from the bottom wave this is from the bottom wave bottom you see in this way so it means you by now you understood that entirely from here vermis will start all the way down to the posterior side as well as to the inferior side everywhere you have got this vermis like a band right you see vermis is coming here you see from the top vermis is is coming and in the bottom also you see the worm is over there clear all of you right now what I'm doing is that what I'm doing is that so once again uh let me discuss this so all of you just look at this that uh let me put up this thing all the way so I know it's very difficult yeah so let me try something okay let me try something over here yeah so all of you just look at this now this is your entire cerebelum all of you know once again I'm telling you this is your entire cereum because down here I'm going to tell you very very important part in this entire cereum this part is a Superior part okay where this watch is there that is my anterior part okay this part is a posterior watch is my anterior this part fist is my posterior part this is inferior Superior inferior anterior posterior towards you where is vermis so this is a vermis this one over here is your vermis okay so let us say let us say that see this entirely whatever structure you got here is your vermis now is the vermis present only on the superior surface no vermis is also present here you see vermis is also present on the posterior surface here so Superior surface posterior surface and only on these two no even if you go down here on the inferior surface also you got vermis so vermis vermis is present all the way from here top Superior posterior and inferior now if you wanted to study in a single picture the superior surface posterior surface inferior surface in a single picture if you want to study how will you study how will you study is that what I will I do what will I do is that I am going to stretch all these areas okay Superior surface posterior surface inferior surface what I'm going to do see here I'm going to stretch all of them like this when I stretch this is superior surface this is posterior surface this is inferior surface and what did I tell you all the way from the top till bottom you have got your vermis okay top till bottom you've got your vermes clear now how I'm going to do this look at this particular picture now don't get afraid by looking at this picture very very very easy picture so what this is nothing different so what is this this this entirely is your right cere hemisphere this entirely is your left cere hemisphere what did I told I told you have just opened all the structures out like this I've have just stretched it out so even this vermis used to be in a c-shaped I have just stretched this vermis out okay now this center part over here is called vermis you know that next important thing next important thing is that if you see if you see this picture what is this horizontal fure you see where is the horizontal fure here exactly in the center so where is the horizontal Fisher in this picture you see in the center here this is your horizontal fissure over here now vermis is divided into lobules so this is the first lobu second 3D fourth fifth 6th 7th eth and Ninth how many lobules are there nine lobules are there even your right cerebral cere hemisphere is also divided into lobules left cere hemisphere is also div divided into lobules what are these lobules look here look here before you learn these lobules what you should know is that attached to okay again I'm telling you attached to your second attached to your second lobu of vermes there are two fissures that are on either side what is this this is called as posterior Central fissure attached to the third lobu of verm is there are two other Fishers down here what are this Fisher up Prima right attached to four there are two fissures like this now what is the shape of this fissure in the form of a lunate shape so you call it as what posterior lunate fissure okay and at Fifth Fifth between fifth and sixth what is a Fisher we have got horizontal Fisher next between the sixth and seventh also we have got a Fisher over here called as pre pyramidal Fisher what is a Fisher over here preal Fisher next there are two other fishes in the St in and in the back this this fissure over here which you can see on either side on either side of the first lobu is called as posterior lingual fure and down here on either side of the ninth Lil this yellow color fure what you can say is called posterior lateral fissure okay again what are the fissures present here so first lobule is associated with one fure called as posterior lingual fure these things you have to remember it there's no other way next next second lobu is attached with two fissures over here called as posterior Central fissures next third one with fish Prima next fourth one with what is this lunite shaped fissure next between fifth and sixth you have got horizontal Fisher between Sixth and sth you have got what what is this pre pyramidal Fisher there is no Fisher between seventh and eth okay you see there is between no seventh and eth there is no Fisher and again after this ninth you have got the post lateral fure finished now these fissures are dividing each cere hemisphere right and left into lobules see attached to the second one the lobule name is called as AA what is this AA attached to the third the lobu name is called as quadrangular lobu attached to the fourth the lobu name is called as lobulus Simplex attached to the fifth we have got Superior semi lunar lobule when Superior semi lunar down here will be inferior semi lunar and finally you have got here the ventral lul bilateral vental lobule okay these two are your vental lobules right and what is this structure over here attached to the ninth this is called attached to the ninth lob this is called pedal attached to Pedal you have got a structure called fulus so so look here panle plus flus plus this particular ninth lobal together you call it as Flo nodular lobe right FL no lobe so if someone is asking you how many lobes of cerebelum you have got how many lobes of cerebelum anterior lobe I have posterior lobe I have and next FL no lobe how many lobes three loes okay so right now we studied what is FL no l what is flock lobe you have got a structure like this called as pedicle attached to this what is this flus and the ninth one over here again here pedicle attached to this there is flus and the ninth one so all these together you call it as flon no l now let us see what is the anterior L what is the posterior L okay what is anterior and what is a posterior L right so loes of cerebelum first flock no l ninth L ponle and flock lless three of them together you call it as flock no finished now what is anterior L till fish Prima you call it as anterior where is fisha prima yeah see you see the base of the third one this one till here you call it I mean till here you see all this part is called as your anterior lobe okay now from fisha Prima all the way okay let us see where is a posterior L present yeah posterior L is from from fish Prima all the way to posterolateral fissure where is posterolateral fissure where is this posterolateral fure you see this is your posterolateral Fisher it means all the way from fish Prima all the way till this particular posterolateral fure you see this part which I'm highlighting now okay this entire part is called as posterior Loop okay then this part over here is called as anterior L okay this is called as posterior l and this last part is called as flon lobe I hope you understood if they will ask you till where this anterior lobe is present till where the posterior L is present till where this where flol robe is formed by what you have to answer them okay these are very very important now we studied what are the names of the lobules of cereum one you call as Alla one called as quadrangular next lobus Simplex next Superior semilunar lobu inferior semilunar lobu and B lateral vental lobule then what is the names of these structures over here what are the structures called as lobules of your vermis right so what are the names see here lobules of your vermis are divided into two parts Superior surface and inferior surface see Superior surface inferior surface I've stretched it right so the upper part is superior surface lower part is inferior surface Superior surface one is called as lingula it means this one you see tongue shape structure is called as lingula next two is called Central lobu this two is called as Central lobu next three is called calmin four is called deive five is called folium you just have to remember these guys okay calmin deive and folium so this one is calmin deive and folium next below the horizontal pressure the remaining part is called as a inferior surface above the horizontal pressure this part is called as a superior surface below horizontal fure you called as inferior surface so what is there 6 7 8 9 so six is called tuber pyramid uh uula as well as n these are the inferior surface structures so this is all uh you need to remember regarding the cerebelum so guys now we shall be discussing regarding the cranial nerves regarding the cranial nerves so all of you know there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves right not 12 12 pairs of cranial nerves okay so next important thing is that uh you know that this part over here is called as your midbrain first of all let me uh show you the placement of these cranial which is very important here we have got your pawns this is your medo oblata and down here you have got is your spinal cord okay now if you look at these cranial nerves where are these cranial nerves located for example see here there are there are four cranial nerves always follow the rule of four in rule of four there are four cranial noes that are located in the center right so here in the midbrain we have got two cranial nerves over here right which are located in the center so one is called as a third cranial nerve next we called as a fourth cranial nerve okay next after third fourth next we have got the sixth cranial nerve that is again located in the center so this is the sixth cranial nerve over here okay and after that we have got seventh and eight that are located laterally okay okay this is 7th and this is eighth then what about the 9th and 10th see here we have got 9th 10th 11th and again 12th that is located in the center so this is your this is your 9 10 11 and this is your 12 so the cranial nerves that are located in the center are your 3 4 6 and 12 3 4 6 and 12 so 3 4S are 12 4 3 are 12 6 2's are 12 12 1's are 12 however you multiply you'll get the number 12 okay so 3 4 6 and 12 these are the cranial nuclear that are located exactly in the midline and the nuclear that are located laterally are 7 8 9 10 and 11 okay now what about the fifth nerve where is the fifth nerve you know fifth nerve has got two important parts one is your sensory one is your motor okay the motar the motar part is located in the pawns so this is your fifth cranial nerve which is motor okay so that is why I'm writing it as 5m fifth cranial nerve that is motar then where is uh sixth sorry where is the sensory cranial nerve located you told me fifth cranial nerve is both sensory and motor where is the sensory part sensory part is here so sensory part extends all the way from the midbrain right so all the way from the midbrain pawns Meda oblongata all segments of spinal cord till where see here midbrain pawns medula ablang all the way till C1 C2 segment of your spinal cord so the largest nucleus which we have over here is your five sensory right so this is your fifth cranial nerve sensory nucleus has got the largest is the largest one which extends all the way down all the way down till C1 and C2 cervical uh segments okay cervical spinal segment still there it will be uh extended clear all of you right now uh this is your five motar five motar and five sensory they both are also not located in the center they are located laterally now uh there are two important syndromes about these I have talked when I was discussing circle of VES I told you one is called as lateral medular syndrome medial medular syndrome lateral medular syndrome I've talked about this I also told about media medular syndrome if you remember right so what is lateral medular syndrome lateral medular syndrome is because of which artery I told you it is because of paa occlusion occlusion of Pica would lead to what lateral medular syndrome occlusion of anterior spinal artery would lead to what so why anterior spinal artery why P it is based upon the location that I have told you already so that would lead to medial medular syndrome now tell me in the medo oblata in the medo oblata medular syndome means medo oblata right which nuclear located laterally 9 10 and level so can I tell that cranial nuclear 9 10 and level are affected in lateral medular syndrome medial medular in the S medially what do you have got cranial nerve number 12 so can I tell 12th cranial nerve is affected in medial medular syndrome yes so these are some of the very important parts which you have to know now discussing about each and every cranial no the first cranial nerve is called as your all Factory and I don't want to discuss that pneumonic uh as on the occasion of the party right so the this thing to remember these nerves I hope all of you who is watching this video know what is first nerve called as what is second nerve called as right so if you don't know this is the first time you're watching it and by the way this is a rapid revision session obviously you must know enough Basics before you watch this okay so first one is called as your all Factory nerve Okay so so what is alla Factory nerve responsible for all faction smell if all Factory nerve is damaged if all Factory nerve is damaged what function will be lost all faction will be lost next next is optic nerve if optic nerve is damaged what will be lost Vision Vision will be lost very easy Vision will be lost coming to the third important thing third one is ocom motar nerve if ocom motar nerve is damaged then what would happen what would happen is that you have to know this picture let us say this is your eyeball okay now in this eyeball let us say this is your nose over here okay this is your nose now I'm drawing the muzzle this is called superior rectus inferior rectus medial rectus lateral rectus what are these muzzles over these are extraocular musles superior rectus medial rectus lateral rectus and inferior rectus here this is called Superior obl and this muzzle OV is called as inferior obl so this is superior obl and this is called as inferior obl now who what are the nerves that are innervating these muscles remember in neonic S4 lr6 R3 s so4 lr6 R3 what is this pneumonic s so4 in the sense Superior oblique is innervated by fourth pair of cranial nerve that is your trar nerve lr6 in the sense lateral rectus is inated by sixth pair of of cranial nve R3 in the sense leaving these two the remaining all are inated by Third pair of cranial nve so what should I tell if ocom motar nerve is damaged then what will happen your Superior your superior rectus is gone medial rectus is gone inferior oblique is gone inferior rectus is gone yes or no when all these are gone what will happen remember from now onwards whenever you see down out whenever it tell ocom motar nerve two words you have to print it in your mind down and out down and out what do you mean by down and out look at the patient's eye here how is it looking it is looking down and outside so if you see down and outward deviation of I that is because of ocom motar nerve injury clear now next important thing coming to the trar again down and out is ocom motor nerve coming to the trar fourth pair of cranial nerve is what your trar no now trar will inate what super sorry trar will inate what Superior obl okay trar will inate your Superior oblique muszle Superior oblique muszle now remember one thing in trar also that whenever a patient's trar Superior oblique muszle is paralyzed whenever a patient's Superior oblic muszle is paralyzed this patient will be unable to look down for example for example if I now I'm able to look down like this so when I when I'm walking down the stairs right how will I look will I look up and walk down the stairs no obviously I look down so any patient with a trar nerve injury remember this thing he is unable he is unable to look down and out okay see very very very very very very important differentiation don't confuse if a patient is looking look here if a patient is looking down and out that is third cranial no problem if a patient is not able to look down and out that is fourth cranial no problem so here patient is looking down and out so third cranial no problem here patient is unable to look down and out that is fourth cranial no problem okay so in this patient what is the second thing that is going to happen is that he will have very difficulty in walking downstairs as well as reading the book also so patient will give these complaints he will have difficulty walking downstairs walking downstairs and reading the book walking downstairs and reading the book so obviously what patient will do patient starts tilting his head for example see now remember one very important thing right now my fourth pair of cranial on the right side is damaged okay if it is damaged over here then what will happen I'm not able to look down so how will be I able to look I'll be able to look up right so what will I do what will I do is that I start tilting my head like this I start tilting my head so that my gaze whatever is there my sight whatever is there that will be aligned in a proper alignment so if my right eyes has got a problem the tilting will be to the left if my left eyes has got a problem my tilting will be to the right so most of the time whenever a patient with trar nerve injury will come to you he will come with head tilting he will come with head tilting see here now here patient is having problem with the right eye so the head tilting is to the left right so why because the chin tuck and head tilt to compensate that Vision okay to compensate that Vision so all of you understood here what will happen Superior obl muzzle will be gone okay so patient can't look down so where will the patient look up you see here patient is looking up over here so he is looking up see my eyeball is my eyeball here is looking up right and my left head is tilted down in this way okay so whatever it is these are the important things if patient is looking down and out one eyeball is looking down and out it is okom now he's unable to look down unable to walk then it is what trar nerve injury and head tilting is seen in trar nerve injury coming com to trial so these are some of the easy catches in the exam I'm telling you if I have to discuss about Trial n if I have to discuss about toar nerve there's a lot I can discuss but these are something catchy things that will be asked in the exams okay coming to the internal uh sorry coming to the trinal nerve now if trinal nerve is damaged what is going to happen patient will have ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature on your face ipsilateral pain and temperature on your face not only that ipsilateral weakness you know trinal nerve right out of the trial nerve the mandibular nerve is the one which supplies your muscles of mation so weakness of musles of mitigation musles of mastication ipsilateral weakness of the musles of mastication coming to the abducens now okay so what is the abducent nerve here doing so first of all let us go back to this picture so what is the abducent nerve abducent nerve is sixth sixth is lateral rectus this one for example if my lateral rectus is Contracting my eyeball will look to the right like this see only look at my right eyeball not to the left okay look at my right eyeball if lateral rectus is Contracting my eyeball is looking right if my lateral rectus is not working right it mean my medial rectus is normal lateral rectus is not working my medial rectus is normal so what will my medial rectus do my medial rectus will pull the eyeball to the medial side so what will happen my eyeball looks medially towards the nose you're getting it if medial is not working what will happen then the lateral is working so ey ball will be rotated outward right so here patient sixth cranial patient sixth cranial nerve is not working it means lateral rectus is not working if lateral rectus is not working then medial rectus will pull the eyeball towards the nose so if you can see in this picture the eyeball is pulled towards the nose if you see such picture right then always and always think in your mind that patient is having what ipsilateral weakness weakness to what weakness of weakness of abduction or adduction right weakness of abduction of I Abduction of I Abduction of I okay coming to the facial n what will the facial n do facial n is having three most important um clinical Parts which you can see over here first facial n supplies the face so if facial nve is gone then there will be ipsilateral facial weakness ipsilateral facial weakness why because all the muscles facial muscles are supplied by what facial nerve only right next important thing is that facial nerve even is responsible for taking the taste sensations from the anterior two3 of the tongue so if it is damaged then there will be loss of taste loss of taste from anterior 23 of the tongue anterior 2/3 of the tongue next important thing is one of the branch one of the branch of this facial nerve right repeat next important thing is that this particular facial nerve okay this particular facial nerve within in the in the middle ear in the middle ear you have got a musle called as stapedius Muzzle you know what this stus muzzle will do what this stus muzzle will do is that this will decrease the vibration of the OES if OES ear oules are vibrating more it means you can you will be able to listen to more sounds yes or no for example I'm sitting like this I can right now even if you're sitting in an empty room also somewhere far you can listen to The Horn of a vehicle yes or no you can listen to The Horn of a vehicle or let us say uh you can you can listen to the curtains right or let us say you can listen to the cold breeze that is coming out of your uh let us windows and all right so do you usual these sounds do they usually disturb you no because they're very very very minute but if my ear OES are vibrating more to those sounds then what will happen even the sound is very small I'll be able to listen as if the vehicle is just in front of my ear okay this condition you call it as hyperacusis hyperacusis in the sense you are listening the ordinary sounds too loudly that is called hyperacusis so who is preventing this who is preventing the overactivity of the Earles that is your stus muzzle and AG facial nerve is damaged then stus muszle will be gone if stus muszle will be gone then what will the patient have hyper accus what will the patient have hyperacusis hyperacusis in the sense there is increased sound sensation to ordinary sounds ordinary sounds okay increase hearing to ordinary sounds next coming to vestibul C if vular C is gone what will happen this would lead to ipsilateral deafness ipsilateral deafness coming to gloop Fingal what is gloop Fingal doing gloop Fingal is collecting taste ipsilateral taste and sensory Sensations taste and sensory Sensations from the posterior oneir of the tongue from the posterior one3 of your tongue now uh in in a standard website called as radi opedia there they have given only ipsilateral sensory right but in USMLE it is given both ipsilateral taste and sensory Sensations from the posterior 1/3 okay in that radi opedia website so it is given it is given only sensory but still write down that it is both sensory as well as the taste Sensation from the posterior 1/3 coming to the Vagas now now vas nve will cause you have to just remember these functions guys okay vas n will cause ipsilateral patal weakness ipsilateral palatal weakness next important thing is there is deviation of uula deviation of uula so if right veal is damaged the uula will deviate right if left vle is damaged U will deviate to the left and there will also be loss of gag reflex loss of gag reflex these are the three important things that are seen coming to the axero you know axero supplies two muzzles one is this particular muzzle over here called as sternomastoid another Muzzle you it is trapezium muzzle so one is sternomastoid another one is trapezium muzzle sternomastoid what will it do is that if stoc mid is not working can you rotate the head no so patient will have weakness ipsilateral weakness in head rotation so patient will have head rotation weakness ipsilaterally right if trapesium is damaged can you elevate the shoulder no so there is ipsilateral ipsilateral elevation of shoulder loss ipsilateral weakness in elevation of shoulder elevation of shoulder okay coming to hypoglossal now okay coming to hypoglossal no what will hypoglossal no will do is that this will cause ipsilateral weakness of tongue ipsilateral weakness of tongue so what will happen when there is ipsilateral weakness of tongue if my right hypog is damaged my tongue will be deviated to right like this if left is damaged it will be deviated to left so you will see deviation you will see deviation to side of the leion to side of leion wherever there is a lesion that side you will see a deviation so what I will do now is that I will just draw the tongue over here and explain you all the clinical points over here all the nerves that are um important over here so if I divide the tongue into two halves so this part will be the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and this part will be the anterior 2/3 of the tongue posterior 1/3 and anterior 2/3 now anterior most what do you have anterior most here The Taste sensation is taken by what seventh pair of cranial nve I told you right now in seventh pair of cranial the branch is Corda tempani remember this CA tempani which takes the taste sensations from the anterior tooth 23 next from the anterior 23 only who is taking the sensations from the anterior 23 of the tongue that is your fifth pair of cranial nerve in fifth pair of cranial nerve also there is V3 that is what is V3 Opthalmic maxillary right mandibular in mandibular the name of the branch is lingual Branch okay lingual branch and finally as I already told you the uh the sensation the sensory as well as a taste sensory as well as a taste both of them are taken by the ninth pair of cranial Love by the ninth pair of cran clear so these are the important things which you need to know regarding your tongue now second important part second important part is that uh you have to know you have to know that there are four structures see let me tell you this is your midbrain this is your pawns this is your med and this is your spinal cord right what is the first four rule there are four what is the first rule the first rule is that there are four cranial nerves located in the midline this is the first rule so what are the four cranial nerves I told you one is 3 4 6 another one is 12 3 4 6 12 these are the four cranial located in the midline this is first rule coming to the second rule what is the second rule is that there are four structures what is the thing is that there are four structures that are located exactly in the midline and all these four structures are with the letter M there are four structures with the letter M are located exactly in the midline what are these four structures with the letter M that are located exactly in the midline so one by one we will discuss now okay so first important thing what is the first important thing let me draw this picture little bit bigger so how how many structures over here 4 M structures again they are also located in the midline okay so what are the structures first let us say this is your mid this is your uh midbrain you have got your pawns you have got your medula or and here down over here you have got your spinal cord okay let me duplicate this right now I'm telling you one pathway here okay now this pathway starts from the cortex see this pathway is coming in the center starting from the cortex cortex cortex and it is coming down and in the med oblata it is going onto the opposite side and coming down like this here also coming down exactly in the medle of obl it will undergo decoation and it is coming down now where is this pathway pathway is located in the center and this tract coming from the cortex to the spinal cord is called as corticospinal tract what is this C OS spinal tract clear what will happen if corticos spinal tract is damaged I will tell you later on but now I'm just writing what are the structures that are located exactly in the midline okay so what is corticos spinal track it is a sensory or a motar pathway motar pathway so what is the first m m is a motar pathway that is corticos spinal tract next important thing next important thing is that there is a nerve right the sensory pathway that is going up all the way going up going up going up and exactly in the med ablang only again it is deting and going up here also exactly in the center going up decussation is happening and again it is going up now what is this pathway over here this pathway is called as medial liscus pathway medial liscus the complete name is dorsal I'm not writing the complete name just you write it down dorsal column medial liscus pathway the complete name is dorsal column medial liscus pathway you know spinal cord has got vental dorsal it goes from the dorsal side okay dorsal column medial liscus PA so what are the what is the next M I will write down all these again okay what is the next M that is your medial liscus pathway is the next M next the third m is the third m is medial longitudinal fasiculus longit itudinal fulus medial longitudinal fular what do you mean by this medial longitudinal facular what do you mean by medial longitudinal facular is that remember this thing very very very clearly now for example if I wanted to look to the right see I'm looking to the right now when I'm looking to the right tell me what muscles are contracted look here if I'm looking to the right see here I have got lateral rectus here I've got medial rectus if I'm looking to the right my right eye which muzzle is contracted lateral rectus is contracted my left eye which muzzle is contracted lateral rectus or medial rectus medial rectus is contracted okay so my left eye medial rectus my right eye lateral rectus both of them are Contracting at a time so that I can look to the right okay if both of them are Contracting at a time it means the nerve that is supplied to the medial rectus is different the nerve that is supplying the lateral rectus is different it means both these nerves should work together both these nerves should work together they should operate in in in connection with each other yes or no so only then at a time if I want to look right I can look right if both nerves have some kind of communication in between them only then if I'm able to look left if I wanted to look left I can look left and those muscles will contract accordingly and I can look left right so this this communication is brought up by who it is brought up by this medial longitudinal phicus so how is this communication basically happening I will teach you now okay but before I teach you let me put up this picture down here let me uh put up this picture down let me put up this down so that it would save us now so first important thing what you need to know what is the important thing you need to know is that let us let us say let me draw uh let me draw the eyeball over here this is one eyeball this is another eyeball okay these are two eyeballs and this is the nasal part okay now you know the muzzle that is present over here is medial rectus here also we have got medial rectus and this one over here is your lateral rectus this is your lateral rectus okay so this is your medial rectus lateral rectus and remember one thing remember one thing that I will also draw the ear to show you to show you how is this happening because very very important thing if I wanted to fix my gaze onto you and if I wanted to tilt my head how will I tilt in this way now tell me my head is tilted to the right but my gaze is looking at you still how is this happening there should be some kind of coordination right so I will tell you what is that coordination and everything right now so now another important image I just wanted to draw over here is your midbrain okay your midbrain is very very important here here so let us say this is your midbrain okay next after that we have got your pawns so this part is your pawns okay and after that this is your medula oblongata so here you have got your medula oblongata and down here you have got your spinal Cod let us say that this part over here is your right inner ear and this part over here is your left inner ear okay so this is your uh uh right inner ear and this is your left inner ear okay and remember one thing in the Ponto medular Junction You' have got a very specialized nuclei these nuclei located in the PTO medular Junction are called as vestibular nuclei what are these nuclei vular nuclei so these vular nuclei are four how many are there four see here now Superior nuclei inferior nuclei medial nuclei and lateral nuclei okay four nuclear next as I already told you third pair of cranial we have got right so here in the midbrain here we have got third pair of cranial n so this is your cranial n number three okay in the same way down here you have got another cranial nerve over here let us say this is cranial nerve number six clear right now let us look at this part now what I'm doing is what I'm doing is I am I wanted to rotate my head to the right when I want to rotate my head to the right what will happen is that from the right inner ear and nerve is coming here this is called as right vestibular nerve what is this nerve vestibular nerve what is this n vestibular nerve so if I'm if I'm turning my head to the right my right vestibular nerve is contracted if I'm turning uh not contracted it is activated if I am turning my head to the left it means my left West vular nerve is activated so what will happen when I turn my head to the right what will happen is that my right vestibular nerve is uh activated and this nerve this nerve passes all the way this nerve over here passes all the way and enters into your what is this it is entering into your vestibular nucle which vestibular nucle medial nucleus that doesn't matter now so from here what is happening from here from here from the vestibular nucle you see a neuron that is going into the sixth pair of cranial nve what is this neuron this neuron is an intermediate neuron okay and giving out two branches okay what will happen with these two branches see one branch goes directly and supplies to your to your lateral rectus right another Branch another Branch crosses the midline and supplies to a third pair of cranial Lo and what your third pair of cranial Lo will do third pair of cranial nerve starts innervating your medial rectus now you might be confused here why sixth nerve is in inating lateral rectus because I told you lr6 what is lr6 sixth nerve is inating lateral rectus and why third nerve is inating medial rectus R3 the rest of all the nerves are inated by medial rectus I mean the third pair of cranial nerve only you know this right now look here what is happening if my if okay what is this eyeball this is my right this is my left now let us do this action if my right eyeball is contracted right side medial rectus right side medial rectus is contracted my this eyeball looks this way and left side lateral rectus is contracted my eyeball is looking like this see this way okay now look here I am I am turning my head to the right what is happening I am fixing my gaze onto you and I'm turning my head to the right now when I'm turning my head to the right look at my eyeball my eyeball is moving left my my left eyeball is moving left my right eyeball is also moving left how is this happening because my left eyeball which muzzle is contracted here lateral rectus muzzle is contracted right you see there left eyeball lateral rectus contract to and right eyeball medial rectus contract see right eyeball medial rectus contracted so that is how when I'm looking to the right my right vular nerve is in uh activated and this causes contraction on to the left I mean so the deviation will be to the left in the same way vice versa it will happen so here also if I'm turning to the left if I'm turning to the left like this see my right eyeball is looking this way right this way so it means my right side lateral rectus and my left side medial rectus is contracted so how it is done we'll see I hope by now you understood I think so if I'm turning to the left if I'm turning to the left my left vestibular nerve is activated like this okay from here an interneuron will come cross onto the opposite side okay now one side it will directly go and inate your lateral rectus and the other side it will go and activate your third pair of third pair cranial nerve nuclei from here the third cranial nerve goes and innervates your medal rectus this is how the pathway is done okay now where is medial longitudinal facus here see this is your medial longitudinal fasiculus this is your medial longitudinal phul so this is your medial longitudinal fulus okay so if my medial longitudinal facius is cut off do you think when I rotate my head to the right will my both eyeballs look to the left no there is no such kind of communication you're getting it so what is the function of this medial longitudinal facular this will control and coordinate your ey Ms in relation with your head clear so this is very very very important so once again what are the four M's we discussed there are four M's that are located in the midline what are these four M first m stands for motar pathway m stands for motar pathway so what do you mean by this motar pathway that is your corticos spinal tract what is this corticos spinal tract now in this corticos spinal tract in this corticos spinal tract what will happen there is contralateral loss of loss of what power of Limbs power of Limbs it means it means if my right cortical spinal tract is damaged my left side limbs are not working if my left is damaged my right cell limbs are not working next another M what does another m stands for medial limb us what will happen when medial liscus is damaged what will happen when my medial liscus is damaged yes medial liscus will cause contralateral loss of contralateral loss of vibration and proprioception vibration and proprioception of Limbs vibration and propioception of your limbs that is done by your medial liscus next next when it comes to another m m stands for medial longitudinal fasiculus when medial longitudinal phicus is damaged what will happen there will be contralateral or unilateral there will be unilateral opthalmoplegia opthalmo Pia now don't get confused here sir fibers are crossing how unilateral see if this nerve is cut down right then what will happen what is this nerve this is your right right nerve what is this nerve left nerve if right nerve is cut down then right side opthalmoplegia left nerve is cut down then left side opthalmoplegia will be there so unilateral opthalmoplegia and finally what does m stand for m stand for motar nerves what motar nerves are present in the center yes 3 4 6 and 12 so we have got three we have got 4 we have got six and we have got 12 these are present in the center so again four rule what is the four rule here four rule is four M's are located in the midline that is your four rule next another four structures what are the four structures that are located not in the midline right what are the four structures that are located laterally all these structures they start by the letter s okay so some structures located in the midline you called all of these with the letter M now I'm telling structures which are located laterally right all the structures start with the letter m s so it means these structures are somewhere here you see laterally complete laterally like this okay so what does s stands for S stands for spinal cord to cereum what is the tract spino cere tract spinal cord to Thalamus what is the tract spino thalamic tract okay spino camic tract and next important thing is that in the lateral side we have got the sensory nucleus you remember the largest nucleus what was that sensory nucleus of cranial nve number five five sensory I told you and another s stands for sympathetic pathway just remember it sympathetic pathway another one is sympathetic pathway now what does spino cere tract do spino cere tract if it is damaged there will be ipsilateral Axia of Limbs ipsilateral Axia of Limbs all these things which I'm telling you will also be repeated in your medicine very very important okay spinothalamic tract will do that is contralateral loss of pain and temperature of your limbs of your face is your trial nerve of your limbs is your spinothalamic next five sensory if it is lost what will happen there will be ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature not in the limbs in the face why because this is five five is what trial right next what will happen if sympathetic partway is gone there will be ipsilateral Horner syndrome so in the Upper Limb discussion in brachial plexus I've discussed very clearly what is Horner syndrome over there so now we shall be discussing regarding the external features of spinal cord okay so if you can see here right so first of all you need to know one thing that little part of medo oblongata right you can see little part of medo oblata is coming out of foram and Magnum if I ask you what are the contents of foran Magnum medo oblata little part the lower part of medo obl is also the content of foran Magnum and down over here what do you have you have got the spinal cord so if you see what is the length of the spinal cord guys it is around 45 cm in length length of the spinal cord is around 45 cm next hanging down to the spinal cord you see a 20 cm length structure this is called philm terminal what is phm terminal I will tell you at the end in the later on part I'll tell you what is FM terminal okay so within 1 to 2 minutes I'll tell you what is phm terminal but you have to remember the length it is 20 cm next so from where does spinal cord start and where does it end in adults and in children right in the newborn as well as in the adults the spinal cord termination is different for example in adults the spinal cord will terminate you can see don't look at this picture look at this the spinal cord will terminate at the lower border of L1 lower border of L1 or the upper border of L2 or in between L1 and L2 whatever it is so it terminates all the way just below the L1 lower border of L1 or the upper border of L2 okay so look here low either spinal C from where where does spinal cord start spinal cord starts all the way from the lower margin of foran Magnum you see here we have got foran Magnum from here is the from here you have got the spinal cord that is starting okay or you can tell it starts above the first cervical vertebra okay or above the first pair of cervical spinal nerves it means from the spinal cord the nerves whatever are emerging over here just above that you have got the spinal cord starting and you know you have got here vertebra right let us say the first vertebra this is a second vertebra this is a third vertebra above the first vertebra it starts anyways don't keep in mind regarding these things remember from the lower border of foran Magnum anyone no one is going to ask you these things what they'll ask you is this part so it ends at the lower border of L1 or in the upper border of L2 or between L1 and L2 so if I have to do a lumbar puncture then which layer I will puncture guys I will puncture below L2 L2 L3 is sa L3 L4 is much more safe because there we don't have spinal cord but in children it is different in the newborn it is different newborn on this spinal cord extends down to the upper border of L3 if I wanted to do a lumbar puncture I will do at the level of L3 and L4 so whether it might be a newborn or an adult safest location is L3 L4 okay so at the upper border of third lumbar vertebra here the spinal cord will end terminate now this blue color one is your spinal cord you know Spinal card down here as it comes there is a conical projection right I'm drawing it here see this is a spinal cord like this right now the last part of the spinal cord is a cone shaped structure this cone shaped structure of spinal cord is called conus medis and you all know that out of spinal cord you see many nerves are coming and right many nerves are coming so the last part has got a TFT of nerves like this so a TFT of nerves coming from the last part it looks like a horse tail so you call it as Cordina what is Cordina actually these are the nerves these are the nerve Roots actually these are the nerve Roots nerve roots in the sense can I tell they are a part of the nervous tissue yes then what is this philm terminal see every uh the brain the spinal cord the central nervous system is covered by mines outermost layer is Duram middle is aroid and innermost layer is patter so you see the patter is extending down this golden color thing is your patter this patter is covering your spinal cord and down this extension of patter which is 20 cm length is called philm terminal so patter is not a nervous tissue it is just an ordinary tissue okay it is a non neural tissue what is pomatter pom is having any nerves no pom is just the continuation of pomatter sorry sorry sorry phm terminal philm terminal is just the continuation of patter okay what is FM terminal it is a non- neural tissue which is a continuation of P matter okay so what is the length of this FM terminal 20 cm in length now coming to curvatures of spinal cord so these actually spinal cord is not having any curvatures but spinal cord is present within the spinal canol of vertebra vertebra is having curvatures as a result spinal cord is also having curvatures okay so these curvatures of spinal cord are secondary to the curvatures of vertebral column what are the curvatures cervical curvature thoracic curvature lumbar curvature as well as sacral curvature so four curvatures we have got now there are some enlargements within the spinal cord see there are three enlargements what are those three enlargements one is called as cervical enlargement one is called as lumbar enlargement one is called as Kus medis I have already shown you right so this is Kus modularis so inside in the center what is this this is called as your Aqueduct right if it is in the midbrain you call it as equid du later on you call it as a central canol so what is this this is a central canol what is this yellow color part that is your CSF okay now from C5 all the way from C5 all the way till C8 T1 there is an enlargement like this this enlargement is called cervical enlargement why because a tough of nerve start coming out of this part from C till uh C till T1 that is your brachial plexus so braal plexus root value is all the way start from C5 till T1 you remember that next when it comes to uh lumbar enlargement why it starts all the way from L1 till S4 why because from here also a tough tough NES called as lumbosacral plexus starts to originate next if you see Kus medis in the Kus medis you see that this Central canol is dilated over here this dilated Central Canal is called fifth ventricle you remember when I was teaching you ventricles I told not only four ventricles is fifth ventricle also I will tell you later on so this is the fifth ventricle the dilated Central canol in the corus modularis is called fifth ventricle and what is FM terminal what is FM terminal yes tell me see here we have got what what is this this is your P matter this P matter continues down as philm terminal okay is it a neural tissue or a non- neural tissue it is a non-neural tissue what is the length 20 or 25 20 cm okay 20 cm now here you will understand clearly so all of you look here this is your spinal cord this red color layer is called as what this red color layer which you can see over here this is your Pomer just look at the pomet down you see Pomer is extending down all the way that is called as your philm terminal next important thing surrounding that what is this particular layer called as this layer is called as eroid matter okay you see eroid matter is also coming down next outermost layer is called as a Dura matter clear all of you now important thing important thing over here is that where Duram matter now important thing what is the important thing is that this is the exact place if you puncture you will get the CSF without damaging your spinal cord so philm terminal is of two parts okay what are those two parts one is called as philm terminal interum this wide part is called as phm terminal internum this narrow part is called as philm terminal externum okay film terminal externum so there are two important parts over here but anyways uh this part is not that necessarily needed you just need to remember even this entire part is not needed because you know this I've already told you um what are what is the subarid space how does the ventricles flow here and there and all these things so this is one of the important thing that you have to keep in your mind okay so this is regarding this now let us discuss about this part most of you will be confused used that how many vertebra do we have and how many spinal nerves do we have actually okay so let me make a clarification here vertebra cervical vertebra are seven thoracic vertebra are 12 okay lumbar vertebra are five sacral vertebra 5 and you have got this particular Cox cervical vertebra 7 right uh thoracic vertebra 12 lumbar r five sacral r five coxy are four so totally 33 33 vertebra we have got not pairs 33 vertebra we have got but when it comes to spinal nerves here cervical spinal nerves are eight that is why in the braal plexus we start all the way from C5 C6 C7 C8 and T1 most of you think only seven cervical Y8 these are not vertebra these are spinal segment even spinal cord is also divided into segments like C1 C2 C3 and all okay these are spinal segments thoracic the same lumbar the same SA the same but coxy only one pair so 31 pairs because it is coming from both the sides if this is a spinal cord so uh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 from cervical one side 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 so this is eight pairs okay right now let us discuss and one of the very important topic regarding your tracks so now we shall be discussing one of the very important topic regarding this tracks guys so here in this single picture we shall discuss as this is a rapid revision I cannot teach you all the tracks as they're ascending and descending so those will be taught in the detailed lectures here I'm going to teach you what are the tracks which are ascending what are the tracks which are descending okay we will discuss the ascending tracks we will discuss the descending tracks ascending tracks are sensory tracks descending tracks are motor tracks so what I will do is that in the same spinal cord on the right hand side completely I will draw the ascending tracks on the left hand side I will completely draw the descending tracks okay now when it comes to the ascending tracks what are the tracks you have got here so let us say the first track here you have got this is the location of a specific track like this okay the same way you have it on the opposite side also in this way so this is a location of a specific track now I'm just numbering these tracks so this track here is called as 1 a this is called 1 B Okay so so this tract 1 a or 1 B is called as dorsal column medial liscus pathway why dorsal because if I divide the spinal cord this is called as anterior or vental this is called as posterior or dorsal so on the dorsal side only you have got this track so dorsal column medial liscus pathway so the 1 a and 1 B is nothing but you the first track dorsal column medial liscus pathway and if you also remember I told you that there are four M's one m is medial liscus pathway in the center these pathways are in the center so there are two what is 1 a another one is 1 B okay so what is 1 a over here 1 a is nothing but ciate fasiculus Cate fasiculus next another one B is called as fulus one is Cate fulus or fulus catus this is fulus griles you remember this I told you somewhere I told you fulus gracilis and fulus catus right let us just look at that part now where did I tell you fulus catus and fulus griles exactly here you see in the spinal cord here I in the middle obl here I told you these two which are laterally are called as CIA tubercle below that the phicus is called fulas catus these two are called as griles below that you called as f as graes the same things I'm teaching you now so those will be continued down to the spinal cord yes or no those will be continued down all the way till the spinal cord right so these are the two important things what is a function I will tell you later on now coming to the second important thing what is the second important thing second important thing is that you have got a sensory track going all the way from the spinal cord to cerebelum so this is 1 a so all of you look here so this tract is all the way present over here this is one part of the tract and next another part of the tract is present over here again what should I write it as if two are there a and b so this is called 2 a this is called as 2 b 2 a and 2 B now out of this 2 and 2B tell me where is 2b 2B is present anteriorly or ventrally 2 a is present posteriorly or dorsally right so this tract over here is called as spino cere tract spino cere tract whenever I tell cerebelum remember one thing cerebelum is almost dealing with the proor reception okay proor reception the balance part and all okay so spino cere tract has got two parts one is 2 a and 2 B so what is 2 a 2 a is a posterior spino cereal tract 2B is the anterior spino cereal attract or vental spino cereal tract next third important thing third important thing is that you have got another tract over here let us uh look at this tract so again this tract is also in two forms see here is one part here we have got one part and here we have got another part so if two parts are there again 3 a and 3 B okay so what are this 3A and 3B so this track goes all the way till the thalamic so you call it as spinothalamic tract spino thalamic tract now you tell me what is this 3 a and 3B 3 a and 3B what do you think what it might be where is 3 a 3A is located 3A is located dorsally or ventrally obviously ventrally right now exactly speaking I cannot tell purely ventrally right what can I tell 3 a is located laterally 3B is located ventrally right so can I call this as lateral spinothalamic tract can I call this as anterior or vental spinothalamic tract right so 3 a 3 a is your what 3 a is your lateral spinothalamic tract this is your anterior or vental spinothalamic tract and the last one just remember it as spino olivary tract what is olivary tract final cord to olives you remember that right olivary nucleus so where is this olivary tract present this olivary tract is present all the way here the last one this one okay this one is the fourth one that is your spino olivary TR now let us look at the functions of each and everything what is the function of Cate fulus and Cate graus griles means graceful legs it means it will bring all the sensations from the lower limb upward okay what what is phicus it brings all the sensations from the Upper Limb very very easy uh way if I wanted to tell you just remember that let us say this is the uh head over here neck right so let me so let us say that this is the brain over here midbrain pawns middle oblata and the spinal cord so these are sensory Pathways right now what I'm doing is from lower limb from lower limb there are a group of nerves that are coming okay let me enlarge this part you'll understand now so this is a spinal cord okay just for example so let us say uh where is this grasis present by the way griles is present 1 B in the center right see see this track which I'm drawing right now is gril is going in the center it is going all the way from down all the way to the top see from both the limbs so it means can I tell can I tell that this Gris is passing in the center it is taking all the sensations from lower limb what Sensations I will tell you later on okay I will tell you later on next next important thing is that see let me put up this point let me put up this particular point over here that uh let me put put up this point over here that this is T5 okay and down here is T6 So Below T6 below T6 you have got only one track that is what fulus griles what is this fulus graciles okay now look at the other one from T5 from T5 onwards you see another tract from the upper Lim is coming and joining now tell me where it is it is lateral to Gres or medial so G CES is in the center lateral to that you have got catus that is passing so now you tell me lower limb Sensations below T6 are purely lower limb Sensations or Upper Limb Sensations lower limb Sensations okay above T5 are both lower limb Sensations are continuing up along with that Upper Limb Sensations also joined here okay so if I ask you fulas gracilius is receiving Sensations from T6 and below Ficus catus is receiving Sensations from T5 and above clear so I hope you understood this so what kind of Sensations both of them see this one is T5 and above why am I why are you so fussy about this T5 and above this is T6 and Below why because if the level of injury is above T5 then both Ficus gilis is lost if the level of injury is below T6 then only lower limb Sensations are gone Upper Limb is fine okay now what are the sensations it would take fine touch it would take fine touch Sensations from the lower limb it would take vibration sensation from the lower limb right and the Upper Limb it would also take proprioception proprioception these are the three actions very very very important actions coming to spino cere all of them together have only one function that is propioception proprioception okay next when it comes to lateral spinothalamic track this is a important part lateral spinothalamic track is got two parts and anterior spinothalamic track lateral spinothalamic takes the pain and temperature sensation pain and temperature whereas anterior takes the crude touch and pressure crude touch and pressure crude touch and pressure there is something called Fine touch there is crw touch see if I'm touching you like this this is fine touch if I'm touching you like this this is crw touch okay fine touch and crw touch and finally spino olivary not needed to remember proprioception proprioception these are all your ascending tracks what are all these these are all your ascending tracks okay all these are your ascending tracks now let us discuss about where are the motar tracks so first motar tracks all of them and drawing with the red so first motor track is this one here we have got a track right so this this is just called as five repeat this is 5 a and where is 5B where is 5B see here we have got 5B okay here we have got 5B so let us write down what is this 5 a and 5B okay so by by the way by the way you just need to remember that these descending tracks descending tracks are called as your motor tracks you know that descending tracks are called as motor tracks They are divided into two groups okay one are called as pyramidal one are called as extra pyramidal extra pyramidal pyramidal extra pyramidal tracks pyramidal tracks there is only one that's what I was telling you 5 a and 5 b what is 5 a what is 5 a and 5B yes where is 5A 5A is here okay 5A is tell me it is dorsal located vental located or laterally located laterally located so this is called as lateral what is this corticos spinal tract from the cortex it is coming to spinal cord so descending right lateral corticos spinal now tell me what will be this anterior corticos spinal so two important things 5A and 5B 5 a is your lateral corticos spinal tract and 5B is anterior corticos spinal tract we discussed about corticos spinal already you remember they decate in the medo ablang right now coming to extra pomal they are many okay so what are these extra pyramidal tracks which you need to know so just beneath this we have got 6 a over here we have got 6B over here we have got 6 C over here we have got 6 D over here these are the four tracks okay so what are the names of these tracks 6 a 6 B 6 C and 6 D so what is 6a called as 6 a is nothing but reticul spinal track guys you need not to remember these numerical these are just to identify the track okay so you the reos track is not always 6A I'm just kept a random number if you want you can put 7 a 8 a whatever it is right you have to just remember the name of the tract so reticul spinal tract next from the red nucleus that is rubos spinal tract rubos spinal tract from the vestibular nucleus that is vestibul spinal drag you remember vestibul spinal you remember this vestibular nuclear where are they located PTO Junction from the olives down to spinal cord Olivos spinal tract spinal tract so what is a function function is that all these they perform voluntary movement they respon responsible for voluntary movement and all these extra pyramidal are responsible for involuntary movement involuntary movements okay they're all responsible for involuntary movements so involuntary movements for example muzzle tone and all now when it comes to the voluntary movements voluntary movements are these tracks um contralateral they're quatal this thing I've already talked right I've already talked this thing previously when I was discussing the cranial nerves I told you that if one side if it is damaged contralaterally there will be loss of power something like that I've told you you remember that right so that was a thing so these are all about the descending tracks guys so uh this is all the important Concepts which you have to come across in neuroanatomy so most of the mcqs will be asked from these Concepts which I taught you I know NE Anatomy is a little bit difficult but trust me for the first time if you're looking at it it is very difficult but still if you if you are able to draw all these pictures and then learn I'm telling you this will be the easiest of all okay so this is all you need to know regarding the neuro Anatomy guys so thank you so much for watching my video goodbye