Mexican War of Independence Summary

Overview

The Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821) was a conflict that led to Mexico's independence from Spanish rule, initiated by local uprisings and culminating in the creation of the First Mexican Empire.

Background and Causes

• Tensions grew due to economic reforms, racial hierarchy, and exclusion of Creoles from top positions.
• Religious, cultural, and social differences fueled dissatisfaction with Spanish rule.
• The Napoleonic invasion of Spain (1808) destabilized Spanish authority in its colonies.

Early Challenges to Spanish Rule

• Sporadic early revolts (1542, 1624, 1642, 1692, 1785, 1808) showed growing unrest but didn't lead to independence.
• Local and racial grievances contributed to periodic violence and calls for autonomy.

Outbreak and Phases of the War

• Miguel Hidalgo issued the Cry of Dolores (1810), sparking a widespread but unorganized revolt.
• After Hidalgo was executed, leadership passed to José María Morelos, who organized the movement and declared independence in 1813.
• Morelos was also executed, leading to guerrilla warfare under leaders like Vicente Guerrero.

Path to Independence

• Military stalemate continued until 1820, when liberal reforms in Spain alarmed Mexican conservatives.
• Agustín de Iturbide, a former royalist, allied with Guerrero under the Plan of Iguala (1821), uniting insurgents and royalists.
• The Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City in September 1821, ending Spanish rule.

Aftermath and Legacy

• The First Mexican Empire was established, with Iturbide briefly as emperor.
• Spain recognized Mexican independence only in 1836 after failed attempts to reconquer the territory.
• Independence Day is celebrated on September 16 (Grito de Dolores) and September 27 (triumphant entry into Mexico City).

Key Terms & Definitions

• Cry of Dolores (Grito de Dolores) — Hidalgo’s 1810 call for revolt against Spanish rule.
• Plan of Iguala — 1821 pact establishing independence, equality of Criollos and Peninsulares, and Catholicism as state religion.
• Army of the Three Guarantees — Unified military force supporting independence, religion, and unity.
• First Mexican Empire — The short-lived monarchy in Mexico after independence (1821–1823).
• Treaty of Córdoba — 1821 document recognizing Mexican independence.

Action Items / Next Steps

• Review causes and phases of the conflict.
• Memorize key figures and their roles: Hidalgo, Morelos, Guerrero, and Iturbide.
• Study the significance of the Plan of Iguala and the Treaty of Córdoba.