Paralleling the rise of Stalinist extremism in the Soviet Union.
Combined crises of global depression and post-WWI bitterness led to extremist political movements globally.
Doubts about the viability of democracy and capitalism arose.
Alternatives like communism and fascism began to appear more appealing.
Emergence of Fascism and Nazism
Emerged as a third way, different from democracy and communism.
Promised to restore order and address unresolved issues from WWI and economic struggles.
Origins of Fascism in Italy
Post-Unification Italy: Industrialized north vs. agrarian south created social tensions.
WWI Impact: Despite fighting on the winning side, Italy was dissatisfied with the Treaty of Versailles outcomes.
Veterans returned home jobless, feeling that their sacrifices were in vain.
Rise of Benito Mussolini
Background: Former journalist and WWI veteran, disillusioned with socialism and communism.
Development of Fascism: Viewed as an alternative to existing political systems and social unrest.
Philosophy and Symbols of Fascism
Derived from Latin words: fasci (bundle) and fash (axe bound by rods) representing unity and strength through strong government.
Envisioned a totalitarian and authoritarian system with absolute trust in a single leader.
Aimed to shape all of society under state control, sidelining traditional hierarchies.
Principles:
Strong central authority with no opposition or significant social liberties.
Suppression of opposing groups and organizations, even non-political ones like labor unions and churches.
Core Principles of Fascism
Loyalty to the State: Emphasizing immediate, unreflective service to the state, replacing religion with patriotism.
Homogeneity: Encouraged uniform beliefs and lifestyles, suppressed diversity.
Nationalism and Militarism: Promoted racial superiority and territorial expansion, viewing war as noble and essential.
Appeal of Fascism
After World War I: Appealed to those disillusioned with existing systems, especially middle and upper classes fearing communism.
Economic and Social Appeal: Responded to economic insecurity, unemployment, and shifts in traditional values.
Intellectual and Moral Basis: Appealed to those appalled by materialism and the erosion of traditional values.
Growth of Fascism in Italy
Formation of the Blackshirts: Initially called the Fascist Italian Combat Squad, composed of war veterans and the unemployed.
Violent Tactics: Used violence against communists, socialists, and perceived economic exploiters, gaining tacit approval from the government and local support.
Mussolini's Seizure of Power
March on Rome (1922): Mussolini and Blackshirts forced King Victor Emmanuel III to hand over control.
Consolidation of Power: Implemented violent suppression of opposition, press, labor unions, and other political parties.
Vision for Italy: Promised efficient government, economic growth, end of violence, and restoration of traditional order.
Mussolini's Global Ambitions
Sought to build a new Roman Empire (e.g., annexed Albania, invaded Ethiopia).
Focused on military expansion to fulfill fascist political doctrine but saw limited success.
Legacy of Mussolini
Set an example for other nations with his vision of a fascist state.
Left a lasting impact on global politics and the 20th-century history of European extremism.