Good morning or afternoon or evening or whenever it is you get around to getting started with this assignment. As you follow along with this presentation, I do hope you will take notes. Your notes on this presentation will be graded. I have provided a guided notetaking worksheet. You're welcome to pick up and use. Um or of course if you can write your own notes, you do a good job of that, you like how you take notes, go forth and do that. You can take your own notes. Absolutely. And for the grade, I'll be looking for two plus pages of notes. Again, keep it short, concise, the main ideas, main examples. That's what I'm looking for. Y'all know the drill. So, let's get started. Today, we are going to learn about organism diversity. Okay, let's break it up. Organism is any living things. Diversity is the differences throughout. Okay. So, the diversity of organisms and we're going to cover all of them. Okay. Taxonomy is the study the branch of science concerned with classification of organisms. Taxa means category. Nomi means name. So, the categorization and naming or the naming of the categories um is a whole field of people that are particularly militant. They like to have infight. They like to fight over who named what. They like to um fight over who's most closely related to who based on what evidence. So, this is a very uh contentious group of scientists, the taxonomists. I got there first. No, I got there first. I get to pick the name. No, I get to pick the name. That's what it is. Um but let's start with our most specific category of classification, the species. This is any population that can interbreed and mate and have viable offspring and are distinct from any similar organisms by not breeding with them. Um whether that's for geographic or physiological or um chromosomal reasons. Okay. Um, so all as you go through, you know, as you become a scientist, you you learn about the different species and you learn how to identify them and then maybe you name your own species. Okay, there is a system of nomenclature. Okay, and then there is a system of classification. So the nomenclature, the naming, the classifying, putting it in a category to whom is it most closely related? These are the two kind of things we're going to be thinking about today. Okay. Um, so you can remember this acronym. Did King Phillip come over for good soup? Um, we're going to work our way down. The very general is the domain, uh, kingdom, film, class, order, family, genus, and species. Okay. Today, we're going to get down to classes. We're going to learn all the well, yeah, we're going to learn all the classes of um, the film Cordata today. Um, so we're going to get kind of specific. Um, and then we're even going to mention some orders and even some families. Um, but as you do your research on a certain animal species, you're going to be working at this very specific level that that interbreeding group of uh organisms. Okay, that species. So, of course, my first big category, the domain, the big overarching category. Every living thing is in a domain. There are only two domains. There's procaria and ukareot. Okay. So, proarotes is almost pre chromosomes. the DNA just floats around in the cytoplasm of the cell. Because of that, the DNA is very prone to damage, breaking. So, bacteria cannot have that big of a genome. They found kind of the limit of how much DNA they can um contain and therefore they can't encode large complex organisms, you know, because that DNA is going to break before we get to that point of um information processing. Meanwhile, your ukareotes can do that level of processing. So they have a nucleus protecting the DNA and because the chromosomes those carotypes are protected um we have the many different chromosomes um we can contain more information right so we start duplicating those those chromosomes and multisellular organisms. So it's a wonderful wonderful adaptation that led to this difference between the two different domains. Okay. So, of course, when we're talking about our proarotes, they're important, but we are going to leave them behind. We're going to move on. This is not microbiology class. Um, RK and just regular bacteria. Um, have been around the longest. They're the most simple organisms. They can reproduce really quickly and they live everywhere. Okay? So, they live in your gut. They live on your eyeball. They live in your skin. They live on this table. They live on the floor. They live in the air. They live in the clouds. That's your bacteria for you. Okay. They live in volcanoes. They live at hydrothermal vents. They live in the deep seafloor. They live in hypersylene lakes. They live everywhere. Got it? But they are strictly unicellular and you do not see a nucleus in those cells. So of course see a nucleus, it is a ukareote. Okay. Parramium is an example of a protest. This is the first ukareote to emerge. The protest. Okay, that's your single cell ukariote but easily distinguished from your proarotes because of that nucleus. All right. and then of course gave rise to everything that came after but it started out with your first kingdom the protista. All right so we're going to focus on the do domain ukaria. Now we live in the domain ukaria and we're going to zoom in closer. We're going to learn about some kingdoms. We're not going to learn about the different kingdoms of bacteria or archa. We're not diving into that. We're not bothered but we are going to dive into the four kingdoms of ukareotes. And you are expected to be able to um recall this. You should be able to know these four. Um, protest, fungus, plants, and animals. You're probably very familiar with the fungus, plants, and animals. Um, so allow me to take a moment to talk more about the protest. Um, very often the single-cellled ukarotes is as a rule, they're your protos, okay? We don't have any single-sellled um fungus, at least not for the duration of the whole lifespan. Right? In our gametes and and um spores we are single-sellled but we tend to then multiply and become multisellular creatures. Okay. Um but proise on the other hand there are some single-sellled protest. Pictured here are datoms. They are a silica coated photosynthetic um they're not all photosynthetic but a lot of the datoms are photosynthetic um single cell proise. Okay they're beautiful. That silica shell leaves like a crystallin structure um that you can see here is very geometric very beautiful. They are alive. They're um producers and consumers. Protests is a very diverse group. Um so not only can they be producers and consumers and decomposers um but they might even be multisellular. So your sarasm and your kelp are famously um your multisellular proise. So pros do have increased complexity from just being single cellled. Okay? So that's not the rule. Um they can be multisellular. Um but let's take a look at the sargasm here. I do see what look like maybe little leaves and stems. And these are called balloons. They're they're what help the little airfeld sacks that help it float around in the ocean. Um and the sea turtles appreciate that cuz they love having some salad out in the middle of the sea on their long migratory journeys. So these are very important producers and food sources. They do photosynthesis. You might guess it's a plant and that's a valid guess, but it is a protest. It is not a plant because it's not quite complex enough to be a plant yet. So this looks a lot more like the ancestors to plants, okay? Without the true it's a vascular system. So like a circulatory system. So like the the roots, stems, and leaves, the veins that connect every part of the plant and really do the circulation for the plant. Um, this guy doesn't have it. Kelp doesn't have it. They look like plants. They're actually prous. They are not quite as advanced as plants. All right. Um so the protista very big group including those true algae's the kelp and the sarass among among others. Okay my second kingdom we're going to talk about is fungus. Luckily for us we don't have to get into it because aquatic fungus are not that common. Fungus did not emerge until life you know moved on land. Um so after the Cambrian explosion, after um plants um started to diverge and colonize the land, um you've got your plants, animals and fungus um start to come about. Now animals did emerge in the water, but fungus and plants did not come around in the water. They emerged on land. Um now some fungus have returned back to the to the sea. Um, but as far as aquatic fungus goes, um, there's a lot of research that needs to be done. They're more rare, um, and very, very interesting. Um, very, very important to terrestrial habitats, very important decomposers. Fungus are everybody's friends. Um, they're the best neighbors to have. Probably don't eat them. A lot of fungus are poisonous to consumers. Um, but what they do is they actually just do chemistry to the world around them. So um they're breaking down whatever dead stuff detritus is in the environment and releasing nutrients and making them available to the soil. So it's not just that they're consuming dead stuff, which they are. They are consumers. They don't do photosynthesis, but they are also just doing chemistry to the world around them to make nutrients available to allow the ecosystem to be more productive and to recycle dead stuff back into um the soils. So, we love our fungus, but that's where I'm going to leave them behind. Plants, the keystone, the foundation keystone of terrestrial ecosystems. Without plants, colonizing the land, nothing else would colonize the land. Um and so when you cut down a tree, you're not just cutting down a tree and reducing carbon sequestration and reducing um oxygen production, but you are taking away this keystone habitat, you know, for for insects to live in, for insects to eat, for birds to live in, for mammals to live in, for rodents, I mean reptiles to live in, for amphibians to live in, tree frogs. I mean, everybody loves um plants. So the more plants is always the marrier. Um, less plants. Pulling out and killing plants is never good. Um, unless they're invasive and you're replacing them with native plants. Okay. Um, coastlines totally depend on plants. Here, pictured here is your marsh biome, your marsh, salt marsh habitat. Um, these are the critically endangered whooping cranes. Um, hunted nearly to extinction by European colonists. Um, the San Antonio Zoo has played a pivotal part in their recovery of the whooping crane. You can go see a mating pair at their zoo. Um now luckily they're protected and people have really rallied around their conservation. So it is a success story. We are seeing numbers start to um increase um one of only two species of crane in North America. Anyway, salt marshes are wonderful coastal ecosystems but all over the land plants are very very important plants emerged on land and then some of them have adapted salt tolerance like those marsh grasses and these mangroves here um in order to return back to the sea. But we actually don't see plants as the most foundational part of our aquatic ecosystems. I'm sorry, our marine, our ocean ecosystems um as we do in freshwater. Okay. Um and on my ocean ecosystems, we have the phytolanton serving as the most important base of the food chain. And then a lot of our aquatic plant-like proise actually have already kind of filled that niche of that foundation keystone. Um so, uh we love our plants. The more plants, the marrier. mangroves, coastal marshes, and then any terrestrial plant you can think of. And here's some truly aquatic plants. Pictured here are two freshwater species. Not that there aren't any saltwater, you know, floating plants. But again, not as common, but in your lakes, ponds, and rivers. Critical critical importance. This is duckweed, the smallest plant that exists. It is a vascular plant. It's not a protest. If you look really closely, I spy. You can see a little root. These guys do have the root, and these are leaves. Um, not much of a stem there, but the vascular system is fully developed. This is a plant, a true plant. Um, and then the horn wart here, you don't really see roots roots like you would in a land plant, but they do have those structures. If you dissected it, you would see um roots, stems, and leaves, those true um components of a real plant. Okay. Now, once the plants colonized the land, then your invertebrates um started hunting for them, and then your vertebrates started hunting for them. All to say that animals love to eat plants. So plants are strictly producers. Fungus are a lot of decomposers definitely consumers not producers. Produce mix of everything, right? Some producers, some consumers, some single cells, some multi- cells. Let's get to our final kingdom that is animals. All right, the animal kingdom contains approximately 36 different filyla or so. Um and of course we are vertebrates a subfila of the filo cord of the phylm cordata um cordates right with the spinal cord. Okay. Um but there are a lot of other invertebrate animals. So we are going to dive deeper now into our classification our story of classification. Kingdoms be gone. We're done with plants fungus proise. my my four kingdoms of your ukareotes the domain and let's get into the fila of animals okay we are not going to have to memorize all 36 different fila but I do want you to be comfortable identifying a few so let's talk about them in order to talk about different fila we need to be able to describe the fila so here are some ways that you here momentarily are going to describe your fila we can describe them based on their symmetry typically Typically a whole pho will have a similar pattern of symmetry which you'll see um the three different kinds of symmetry. The vocabulary you need at this point is your bilateral that's two sides. If I'm correct this is your lat right the outside of your arm um that side of your arm right lat so the sides. So bilateral twosided. So arthropods are an excellent example of a bilateral organism. So am I. Draw a straight line down the middle. I got two symmetrical sides. Maybe not perfectly. This isn't the uglies, but nonetheless, two-sided. Nidarians are your jellies. They have a radial symmetry. The word is radial, like the radius of a circle. That's a circular pattern of symmetry. You could cut them up like a pie, and those different pieces would be symmetrical. Um, and then asymmetrical, similar to anoxic, no oxygen. Aphodic, no light. Asymmetrical, no symmetry, no pattern of symmetry, just random willy-nilly. Cool. The other thing we need to be able to describe is the methods of reproduction. To review from your biology classes, there is asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. and always worth getting into the off rearing of the offspring. Okay, so there are various different forms of asexual reproduction. Fision you're only going to see with your unisellular organisms. Budding is a very intentional um creating of a clone that's going to be maybe a smaller version and come off. Um and then the fragmentation like your starfish, a lot of starfish can do this where if you rip off an arm, that arm can actually grow a whole new organism. Okay, so these are going to result in a clone. There's no genetic mixing here. Mutation aside, um, some other cool things, parthnogenesis, the generation of a gameamt, which is neat. It ends up being a clone. Um, it's this, you know, singular, I'm going to just make a baby. Very cool stuff. Hermaphroditism is when you express both sexes. Very common in the animal kingdom. Um, so either at the same time, maybe you have both kinds of parts, or maybe at different times in the life cycle. Maybe some Monday you feel like being male but then on Tuesday you switch over to being female. Um there's various different you know fish and all kinds of stuff that can do this. Simultaneous hermaphroditism can result in the self- fertiliz selfertilization. So you can be be your anyway. Uh sexual reproduction very easy to parents um will result in genetic mixing and we have the internal fertilization like most mammals do. spawning is a release of the sperm and the eggs, the gametes into the water column where they mix and match up. Um hopefully resulting in some pairing up in the in the creation of gametes out in the water column. Um and then of course more to do with just any kind of reproduction, but specifically I guess with these um like parthnogenesis um is your ovarity like a oo vegetarian. They lay eggs and then viarity. They have live young um like invivo like viva la vida like live your life like alive. So v vip paris I like I prefer to say viperus. Okay. O viperus. O viparity. Viparity. Okay. Um and then always worth get, you know, is there nest? Is there any parental involvement? Which parent is do they stay in a pouch? Do they swim around? All kinds of stuff you could talk about with that. And so based on what tissues are present, what organ systems are present, is there segmentation in the body or not? Are there different zones in the body? Um symmetry. I didn't mention kind of the developmental process, but looking at kind of the fetal development, we see a lot of similarities and that we can kind of distinguish relatedness from. Um this word basil is a good one. It's how basic something is. So basil is like basic. So it's like a basil organism is like a more ancient more simple organism. So your protests is your most basil ukareotic kingdom. Okay. Um closer to that ancestral end of the phoggenetic tree but maybe still around today, right? Um and then of course we can run genetics. So now we can do genetic analysis. that technology continues to become better and better um to be able to determine relatedness and classification of organisms. All right, so let's get into it. Let's dive into our fila. Again, we're not going to cover all 36 and taxonomists still fight whether there's 36 or 32 or 34 or 38 or 40. Um we're going to say 36ish um different fila and we're not going to get too deep into it, but we will talk about a few. So the most basil fila of animal alive today is your sponges otherwise known as periphera. You will see I have typed a lot of the Latin names because it's very scientific and academic and professional but um I will be saying the English term too and either is fine. However you want to refer to them would be would be the best way. So, there's approximately 5,000 different species that we've identified of sponges. They've been around a long time. Um, we do use them for a lot of different products and have historically, and by we, maybe not our society, but maybe other more water, more marine bound um, societies. They are filter feeders. So, they're named after the pores that you find throughout their body. So they have some pores in the lower part portion of their body where water goes in and they have little fugella on each of their cells kind of like how you have little hairs on the um like on the insides of your ears that kind of push ear wax a little bit. Anyway, the similar similar thing but a fugella of the actual cells not hairs but fugella of the s cells that kind of pull water in. And so there's a unidirectional motion of this filter feeding mechanism and they're kind of sticky on the inside so the cells kind of adhere to whatever phytolanton or plankton they pull in. Um so yeah your sponge is very very cool. Um they can produce sexually and asexually. Um they can do the budding thing kind of release a little chunk off a baby. Um and they have no symmetry. They are asymmetrical. your nidarians named for the nidocytes otherwise known as nematoscysts the stinging cells. Okay. Um there's 11,000 species that we've classified. There's probably many many more. Um known for their radial symmetry and the fact that you don't want to encounter one up close. Um they have various different means of reproduction. They've got a complex lifestyle with different um shapes and forms throughout the life cycle. Um but here's four examples of your nidarians. Okay, you've got your Medusa jellies. They're called Medusa. Medusa, I think is the um King Phillip class is your Medusa. Your hydra, your anemmones, and your corals. Um, siphonaphor is another um, class of nidarians. Um, those are your Portuguese manow. These are especially neat because they are actually a whole community. So, this is a multi-organismal, it's a colonial um, community of organisms that are called a nidarian. It's very very neat how they have the different components of their body are actually made up of different organisms. So that's a multi-organismal animal. Very cool. Um your corals, each one of these polyps in here looks a lot like the anemmones. They kind of reach their little tentacles out and filter feed, pulling food into their little stomachs. Again, animals, they're going to eat, right? So these guys have a stomach. What goes in must come out. Um they they trap and paralyze prey and then they move it into their mouths into their stomachs. Um no teeth, no hard parts, very soft and squishy throughout the throughout this film. Arthropods, my third film we're going to talk about. This includes all of your insects. So everything spiders, bees, ants, your all your least favorite things. Um, my favorite is the crawfish, right? But we love some shrimp and some lobster, too. So, we eat bugs. That's right. Um, very, very delicious they are. Um, this includes those earliest dominators of the Cambrian period, the trilabites, right? Um, they've got the bilateral symmetry. They've got segmented bodies. They've got these hard exoskeletons. So, no internal vertebral column, no bones inside, but they've got this hard exoskeleton made of kitan, kind of like your fingernail stuff. Um, a lot of crabs are scavengers. They have different feeding tactics, some ambush hunters, all kinds of different stuff um going on with my arthropods. Obviously, over a million species identified. We could probably say this is your largest fila on the planet because bugs rule the world. Little did we know, we thought it was us. It's actually the ants. Number four, Mlesca, the second largest fila. Very diverse fila. Very, very diverse. Even though we see circular patterns throughout this fila, just take a look at my shells of the Gulf of Mexico poster over there. And you'll see a lot of radial patterns, this is actually a bilateral se bilaterally symmetrical um group. Okay. um they've got this um feature um the mantle here. This mantle is the part that kind of secretes whatever hard shell. So this is their kind of in a lot of them it's their protective organ. So the mantle creates whether that's your shell for your clam or your shell for your snail. And then your octopus and squid are mollisks. They are more closely related to your snails and your clams than they are other thinking seeing organisms um animals. And they have that mantle artery and then the mantle itself um with this hard um oh I forget what you call it. I mean it just the mantle um kind of that internal shell um that if you ever eat squid, you know, you do have to actually pull that little piece out. It's like a like a needle almost you have to pull out of them. So they do have that one little hard part. Um so definitely different from your nidarians and more similar to mollisks. One of the coolest things about mollisks is the convergent evolution of vision and intelligence. Um, so they don't have a nervous system that's the same as our nervous system, but they can still in this in this fila have become highly intelligent, advanced creatures, very very bright, um, emotional, social, um, with vision um, and other senses that are just completely unique from that of vertebrates. Okay, so all kinds of different examples of these guys. Your by valves, snails, squid, cuttlefish, and octopus among others. All right, very very diverse. Um, the radula, let's talk about snails for a second. Okay, now this radula is connected to their stomach. They've got this digestive system. It's a hard scrapy thing. And so snails are often predators and they go after other mollisks. Um, so like a clam or or an oyster. and they scrape, scrape, scrape, scrape, scrape, scrape, scrape using that scrapy tongue, that regula um until they get a little hole in there and then they suck out the the juices and the goods um in order to eat. So, if you've ever find seashells on the beach with a little um little circle in the middle drilled out of it almost, that's from a snail. And then, of course, you've got your giant squid, which are ambush predators. So we got all kinds of different feeding strategies throughout um the kingdom the fila molesca. It's your echinoderms. Okay. Famous for their radial symmetry. We love to see uh when they do their fragmentation and create new offspring from a separated chunk. Um named for their spiny skin. Okay. um they all have some sort of spiny skin. Sea cucumbers maybe not so much, but they do fall into this classification. So anyway, this includes your um sand dollars, your sea stars, your sea urchins, and your sea cucumbers. Sea stars are predators. They crawl on top of their prey, maybe some mollisks, and they push their stomachs out of their bodies, digest their prey, and then suck in all the goods. Right. Very, very cool. Sea urchins are very notable herbivores, grazing on the kelp forests on the west coast of the US, among, you know, among other different types of urchins doing other things. um they very interestingly will eat all of the kelp if you don't have sea otterters around to eat up all your urchins. And uh so yes, the the sea urchins are kind of a a challenge, a threat to the kelp forest where they are native, but if you remove their predators um then they might take over and eat all the kelp. So these are notable herbivores. And then most many C cucumbers are in fact um scavengers. Okay. Um C cucumbers are the lucky ones where what goes in one end actually does come out the other. So they're starting to get towards that bilateral symmetry but still following this radial pattern. Um here's some fun cucumber facts that you didn't want. So they have their respiratory organs are also part of inside of their anus. Um, some sea cucumbers species have developed anal teeth um to ward off potential inhabitants, potential parasites. Um, and many sea cucumbers use this defense mechanism. When startled, they secrete all of their intestinal organs out to scare away their predators. Um, so sea cucumbers, uh, the weirdest looking, most important scavengers of the sea. I mean, yeah, scavengers eating the stuff nobody wants. And they've got these these adaptations that nobody wanted to know about. All right. Finally, my last fila cordata. All right. I have to mention some cordates are not vertebrates. Okay. and then we'll move on. But the the film itself is cordata and then they have the subfila which includes vertebra vertebrate. So you might hear me use these two words somewhat interchangeably. That's just because I really don't talk much about these. We don't care that much about them. My jawless and headless fishes um and my tunicquetss. But um but vertebrate is not the fila here. Vertebrate is a subfila. There are some nonvertebrate cordates. Okay. Okay, they've got the noto cord, but they don't get the head or the vertebral column. Okay, so notice these guys here. Um, sephloordata, uicordata, and myini kind of like an eel, but he doesn't have a skull. He doesn't have a um Oh, he does kind of have a head, but he doesn't have that vertebral column. Okay. Um, anyway, let's look at them. So, uricordates or tunicquets, these are their laral stages, so it's more easy to see their bilateral symmetry. They are consumers. They are filter feeders. What goes in must come out. Um these are like your most basil cordates, right? The syphilic cordata, the lancelith, we start to get a little bit more advanced, looking a little more like fish throughout the life cycle. They actually just kind of hang out on the ground um in their adult form. They've got their tail, they've got their digestive tract, they've got the nodto cord on its way to becoming a full-blown spinal column. Okay. Now, once we get our vertebrae, we do have some fish that don't have a jaw. So, we have various different um classes here. We're going to learn the different classes um various various different classes um and different classes of fish. So, fish are not just one class. All right. So, let's just keep diving deeper. classes of vertebrates of your animals of your ukarotes. So, we've covered domains, kingdoms, and learned some, not all, of the different filyla. And so, now we're just going to focus on our vertebrates, and I'm going to teach you all the different classes. All right. So, where are we at? ukarotic domain kingdom animal kingdom the cordate film and let's look at some classes. So technically we have five different classes of fish. All right one two and then three four five actually three different classes of bony fish. Um one of them is actually not even pictured here but you can group them into these three groups is the easier way of thinking about it. And of course we can call them all together fish. Um but regarding that differentiation, we do have the classes of fish. Okay. So I have my jawless fishes um such as those lancelates. I've got my cartilagynous fishes. Those are my kundrices. I love this word like chomprices, right? That's your class. And that includes your sharks and your rays. Um emerging 430 million years ago. Um 100 million years after my jawless fish. So, it took about 100 million years of evolution to go from uh lampree. Uh, Google this if you want some fuel for your nightmares. These guys have a circular um mouth with teeth and no jaw and they just latch onto their prey and take a circular chunk out and they're very horrifying and they're invading the Great Lakes right now. So, sea lampres, look it up. And then last but not least, 5 million years later, the cartilage um evolved into calcified bone um leading to kind of the rest of us with our bony skeletons. Okay. Um so you had your carlaginous fish and then your bony fish, which we've got three different ones. I think one of them is already extinct, one of the classes of fish, and then these two are the ones alive today. Most of them are this oxy. Okay, so Octinopter is a really ancient kind of bony fish. Um they're called your lobe finn fish. You didn't need to know that. Um, but over 28,000 species of my um osteixes. Okay, which I'm not going to test you on that word. All right, so I got my five classes of fish out of the way. Let's move on to my more terrestrial classes. All right, the amphibians. This is when the fish started to crawl on land. So they are still bound to the water at some point in their life cycle. They do not you do not find these guys in the desert. Okay. Um, they lay their eggs in water. They require that aquous environment. They do metamorphosis. So through their life you see some physiological changes. Um skin um is a secondary respiratory organ. So during certain parts of their lifestyle they actually have gills as tadpoles. Frogs do. Um and of course this includes your salamanders and your noots, all kinds of different amphibians. Um u but they breathe through their skin. Um as well as having lungs. Okay, if you've ever heard a frog singing, you know they have lungs. But they can breathe through their skin. But unfortunately that makes them very very sensitive to chemical pollution. So my amphibians are very very good indicator species. They will tell you all about the quality of a waterway. I have my sixth seventh class um because again five classes of fish, right? My marine reptiles. We have other much more terrestrial reptiles that include the extinct lines of the dinosaurs. So, there are many other orders of reptile out there, but we're going to talk about four that I'm going to kind of the four orders of reptiles. I'm going to start at the bottom. Spenidonia. These are your monitor lizards and your komodo dragons. And there are no marine. They don't swim. Now, your crocodiles do. So, these are reptiles. They breathe air. They have hardened eggshells. They could live on land if they wanted to. They decided they prefer the aquatic environment. Um, your crocodiles, fresh and saltwater crocodiles, different species of crocodile, and your alligators. Okay. Skamata, that is your lizards, your scaled lizards, um, including your snakes. Um, there's only one marine lizard. That is your galapagos marine iguana. He's just a weirdo. Very cool creature pictured here. Um, breathes air. He eats underwater. and he shoots salt water out of his nose. Um, shooting a lot of salt out of his nose. That's how he gets rid of all the salt water he drinks all day long. And so he has a method of excreting salt and he shoots it out of his nose. And so they're crusted in salt on their faces sitting out on the hot rocks enjoying their warming up. Um, and then testines. There are seven different species of sea turtle. There are various other different species of freshwater turtle. Um, but our testadines are your turtles. Okay. Um, very very cool. Four orders. And then when we get to the testadines, we don't even have to talk about families. There are grouped into families, but there's only the seven species of sea turtle. You've got your water birds. Birds, another class a right. I'm going to say no more. Emerged relatively recently. Um, and we know over 11,000 different species of bird. My last and final class is your mamlia. They emerged relatively recently, just under 200 million years ago. They are all viviperous besides a few exceptions. Um, and we're going to talk about three. There are other orders of mammals, but the three um pictured here are going to be your aquatic mammals. So, I have your whales, your manatees, and then seals, sea lions, bears, sea otterters, and I have dogs here just to put it all in perspective. they're in your family in your um in your order with with your seals, sea lions, sea otterters, walruses, etc. Um so we've even gotten into some families, right? Three different families of my order carnivora of my classmia, of my kingdom, Anamelia, of my domain ukaria, etc. Very good job. Look at us. Um citation is an excellent word to know. Satation that includes your dolphins, whales, and porpuses. Okay. Um, Serenians. We love them. They're named after mermaids. And I don't think they look anything like mermaids, but supposedly from a boat looking down, they mistook them for ladies in the water. So, they're called serenians, your manatees and your dongs, the sea cows. Um, they graze on the seagrasses and are wonderful little creatures. We love those. Um, and then of course even some rodents we can say are aquatic. We're going to look at more of our freshwater um rodents, my beavers and platypus, not rodents. They're very, very weird. If you want to get into some interesting taxonomy, you'll dive deeper into your platypus. Very, very cool. So, of course, mammals are found in all kinds of different habitats. Um so I have to conclude by mentioning then when you finally get to a species that interbreeding group um exclusive interbreeding group we give them a name and we name them based on their taxonomy. So the first name of a species is the genus. The second name of a species is the species itself. So pantherra tigress panther is the genus. Tigris is that very specific species. the fox. Vulpace is actually the genus and vulpace is also the name of that uh species. Homo is our genus. Sapen is our species. Homo erectus is a different species of homo genus. Um so when we get into choosing actual species to research or you want to list some examples of species, you can always use the common name and you should also use the scientific name. Okay? Um cuz if you just stick with common names, things can get very very confusing. So that's that. It's up to you to learn, you know, all these different species around you. I'm learning all the different species of bird in my neighborhood. Um now it's your turn. You're going to choose a fililem. So we're not getting into a specific species. You're going to study a film, a nonvertebrate film. So your choices are periphera, nidaria. I didn't talk about tennaphors, but you can choose tennaphors. Very interesting. Mlesca, arthropata, and aodermata, those spiny skins. So, choose one of those. Um, and go ahead and get started on your fila poster. You have two days to do the research and then design your poster. Okay. Um, and then challenge mode. See if you can't find an example of your fila that lives in fresh water.