Overview
This lecture discusses the experiences and hardships of Hmong refugees who fought for the United States in the secret war in Laos, their subsequent flight to Thailand, and the challenges they face in seeking resettlement, especially in the United States.
Background: The Secret War in Laos
- The U.S. fought a covert war in Laos from 1960–1975 using Hmong tribesmen as proxy forces against communist Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese.
- The Geneva Agreement of 1962 required withdrawal of foreign military, but both sides ignored it.
- The CIA recruited, armed, and paid Hmong soldiers, led by General Vang Pao.
- Hmong soldiers and families suffered high casualties—over 10,000 killed from a population of 350,000.
Refugee Crisis and Persecution
- After the U.S. withdrawal in 1975, the North Vietnamese took control of Laos, triggering mass Hmong exodus.
- Refugees crossed the Mekong River to Thailand, often facing attacks, chemical weapons, and harsh conditions.
- Many died from gunfire, chemicals, disease, malnutrition, or exposure during escape.
- Thousands remain in Thai refugee camps, with inadequate resources and overcrowding.
U.S. and International Response
- The U.S. promised support to Hmong fighters but resettlement slots are severely limited.
- Refugees with family in the U.S. or who worked directly for the U.S. are given priority; most Hmong are considered indirect employees and have lower priority.
- The number of Hmong admitted to the U.S. is small compared to those in camps; France accepts more on a proportional basis.
Resettlement and Adaptation
- Approximately 8,000 Hmong have resettled in the U.S.; 50,000 remain in Thai camps.
- Hmong refugees in America generally adapt well, taking available jobs and showing appreciation for opportunities.
- Many refugees are separated from family members, with uncertain prospects for reunion.
Ongoing Issues and Ethical Questions
- The U.S. refugee program faces expiration, raising concerns for thousands still in camps.
- American officials and aid workers believe the U.S. owes a moral debt to the Hmong for their wartime support.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Hmong — An ethnic minority from Laos, recruited by the CIA during the Vietnam War.
- Secret War — Covert U.S. military operations in Laos (1960–1975) using local forces.
- Pathet Lao — Communist political and military organization in Laos, allied with North Vietnam.
- Geneva Agreement (1962) — International accord requiring military withdrawal from Laos.
- Mekong River — Major river marking the border between Laos and Thailand, crossed by refugees.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review U.S. refugee policies and quotas for Hmong and other Indochinese refugees.
- Read further on the history of U.S. involvement in Laos and its aftermath for local populations.