Good day everyone and now let's proceed to the discussion of quantitative research and qualitative research. So let's talk about what the difference is between quantitative and qualitative research. These are the table of contents quantitative versus the qualitative. what are the different types of quantitative research and finally what are the different types of qualitative research okay so as you can see on the screen there are uh points or key points that we need to uh understand in terms of the quantitative and qualitative but first and foremost we start with the quantitative in the quantitative a research approach grounded in the positivist traditions So that is focusing on measurable data and statistical analysis to understand the phenomena. So there are a key characteristic we have the numerical uh data which is collects data in numerical form and then his focus here children is investigates the concepts construct and variables. And the reasoning here is employing the deductive reasoning from general to specific hypotheses. And then the control here we use controlled conditions to minimize bias maximize validity and precision. And then the empirical evidence that relies on observable objective data gathered through the senses. And then the setting here is conducted in a natural or contributory environment. While in the qualitative research, a research approach grounded in naturalistic inquiry aiming to explore and understand the human experiences and meanings through the rich descriptive data. So these are his key characteristics that is collect narrative description interviews, observations, written text and focus. Its focus is to investigate phenomena and concepts in depth. And our reasoning here follows an inductive reasoning from specific observation to broader generalizations. And uh subjectivity embraces subjective perspective to enrich understanding and analysis. And the purpose is to gather insights and meanings that guide further inquiry and uh development. And then the setting here is conducted primarily in the field within a natural context. Okay, last time we talk about the world views in research and one of the world views in research is the positivist right so positivist tradition in research rooted in positivism which emphasizes that knowledge should be based on observable measurable facts the truth is objective absolute and universal there is one reality that can be measured and tested. So the researcher's role here is that we must remain neutral and detached. Research is conducted without personal bias or influence and that the data is collected through empirical evidence. Example the numbers and measurement and analyze using statistical or mathematical methods. So our main goal here in the quantitative is to explain, predict and control the phenomena. While on the qualitative part we have the naturalistic inquiry in this research so that is rooted in constructivism which views uh knowledge as constructed contextd dependent and subjective so the view of truth here is embraces the concept of multiple realities truth is not fixed or universal but shaped by individual's experiences perceptions and social context so the role here is that the researcher interacts closely with the participants acknowledges their influence on the research process and then the data derived from narratives observations and lead experiences and explore through the themes patterns and meaning so the goal here is to understand the human experience from the perspective of those living it. Okay. Quantitative research uses numbers to collect and analyze data. So it answers questions like how many or how much. So for example uh we have a survey that asks how many hours do you sleep? While in the qualitative research we use words or descriptions to understand experiences or feelings. So it answers questions like why or how. So for example an interview that asks how do you feel about your sleep routine? So in short quantitative is numbers and qualitative is words or descriptions. Okay. The other one we have in the quantitative uh research studies specific things that can be measured. So like the concept, constructs and variables. So for example, measuring how stress affects the blood pressure. So our concept there is measuring how stress and our variable that is affects the blood. Okay? And then in the qualitative research explores phenomena and concepts to understand how people experience or feel about something. So example here is exploring how patients experience stress. during hospitalizations. So in short, quantitative measures and tests you can count and qualitative explores and describes things you can feel or observe. Another one uh quantitative uses deductive reasoning. So starts with theory or hypothesis then test it with data like saying uh exercise reduces stress then collecting numbers to prove or uh disprove it. Okay. And then the qualitative is we use inductive process. Start by observing or exploring. Then develop ideas or what is discovered like asking how do people feel about exercise and then listening to their stories and building inside from them. So let's repeat what we deductively do: theory to data. while in inductive mga anak is data to okay next one uh uses control in quantitative so research set strict rules and condition to reduce the bias and get accurate reliable numbers yes like doing an experiment in a love where everything is carefully measured and monitored while in the qualitative part we use subjectivity. So researcher allows person uh personal experiences and feelings to deepen understanding of the certain topics. So like listening to someone's story to understand their unique point of view. So in short quantitative controlled for accuracy while in qualitative open to personal meaning and dep next one uh quantitative that is more on the empirical evidence so from the objective reality collected through the senses and in the qualitative that is gathering informations and insights that lead to search for further evidence Okay. In quantitative takes place in a natural as well as contriv laboratory settings. So this type of research can happen in real life places. So like hospital or controlled environment. So that controlled environment like the laboratory to measure and test the things accurately while in the qualitative takes place in the field. So this research is done where people live, work or interact to understand their real experiences like at home, in communities or workplace. So in short quantitative in love's or natural setting to measure while in qualitative in real life settings to explore their experiences. Next one, let's proceed to the different types of quantitative research. And then the first one we have is your descriptive research. So descriptive research is to describe what is happening. Okay. So it focus look at the characteristic of a person's groups or situation or how open something happens. So for example nak no ba you can see on your screen there are a lot of example very but in in my example we have your study that measure how many nursing student experiences stress during exam okay so in short descriptive research answered question what is going on by using the numbers to describe the so that is descriptive Another type of qualitative quantitative research is correlational research. in correlational research that is to explore the relationship between two or more variables. The key point we need to remember here, children, is that the researcher does not intervene or manipulate the variables. Just observe them. So we focus or see if there are changes in one variable that are associated with changes in another. So our example here is studying whether there's a relationship between study time and exam score of nursing students. Okay? So always remember in correlational research like this. Are these things connected without proving the cause and effect? But the best way for us to remember correlation research is interrelationship. Okay, another type of quantitative research we have quasi experimental research. So to examine the effect of a treatment or intervention which is the independent variable on an outcome which is the dependent variable. So our key features here in the quasi experimental knock are lock full control. So researchers do not randomly assign participants to groups. So the settings here open use in a real world settings like hospital or schools where randomization is not possible. So for example uh testing the effectiveness of a new hygiene protocol into different hospital wards without random assignment of nurses. So that is more on the quasai uh experimental. So in short, researchers measure the cause and effect but without full experimental control. Another one we have is the experimental research. So to examine here the cause and effect relationship between an independent and independent variable. So what is changed or controlled and dependent variable what is measured. So our key feature there is we use random assignment and highly controlled conditions to eliminate the bias. So the setting here is often conducted in laboratories or controlled clinical settings. So example randomly assigning uh patient to receive either a new drug or placebo to test the drug effectiveness. So in short experimental research is the gold standard for determining whether a specific intervention causes a particular outcome. And now let's proceed to the different types of qualitative research. We have the phenomenological research. So it focuses or explores the live experiences of individuals to understand and how they perceive and make meaning of those experiences. So our purpose here is to gain deep insight into what certain experiences feel like from the person's own perspective. So our approach here should be that researchers open use in-depth interviews and analyze narratives to discover shared meaning. So example studying how cancer survivors experience hope during the treatment. So in simple terms children, phenomenological research helps us understand how people experience and interpret important events in their lives. Another type of qualitative research we have is the grounded theory research. So this is the understanding processes, actions or interactions in a social setting by generating a question grounded in data. So our main purpose here is to build an aury that explains how things work or why they happen based on what is seen and heard from the participant. So our approach here, the researchers collect data and analyze it at the same time constantly comparing information to develop categories and eventually a core concept or process. So an example of what we are grounded in is studying how nurses cope with workrated stress to develop a stress adoptions in clinical settings. So in simple terms, grounded helps create new explanations or about how people behave or interact in a real life based on what the data reveals. Okay. The third one we have is the ethnological research. So a qualitative research approach rooted in anthropology that studies the beliefs, behaviors and customs of a specific cultural group. So our main goal here is to gain a deep holistic understanding of how people in a cultural group live, think and interact in their natural environment. So the approach here is the researcher open spending extended time immersed in the culture so observing interviewing and participating in their daily lives. So in simple terms again ethnological research is used to understand how a group of people live and what their culture and means to them by being part of their environment and learning directly from them. So our best example is a nurse living in a remote village to study the community's traditional health practices. And then we have the fourth one. In the fourth one, we have the historical research, a qualitative method that involves the systematic collections, evaluations, and interpretations of data related to the past events. So our most objective here is to analyze and understand past events, trends or people's experiences and how they influence the present or future. So the data sources here are included in your documents, records, letters, diaries, artifacts and oral histories. In simple terms again historical research tells the story of the past by studying and analyzing the old records or experiences helping us understand how past events shape current practices. So example uh researcher is studying how nursing roles evolve during the World War I using an old military hospital records and nurse interviews. Uh tip one type of qualitative research is the case study. So that is an in-depth examination of a single individual, group or event or community in the context of the real life situation. So especially when the boundaries between phenomena and context are not clearly evident. So the main purpose here is because NAC is to explore complex nursing issues or problems deeply and hostically open uh over an extended period. So the focus, the uniqueness of the cases and how it relates to the important nursing concern for both the client and then the researcher. So let's just use simple terms for a case study. It's like telling the full story of the patients or group to understand everything about their conditions, environment and care. So helping nurses learn more about how to solve the real life problem. So our example here is studying the recovery process of a stroke patient in a rural area to understand barriers and successful strategies in home-based care. Okay. So that is uh the difference between the qualitative and quantitative research. Sooner or later we will discuss the different types of research and different types of quantitative and qualitative research and there you will choose what you want to study sooner or later in your nursing research and thank you for listening and have a good day. M.