hi ap human geography students this is mrs wildey this is going to be a video lecture um that will probably be done in three or four different parts over unit one or chapter one mostly this is just an overview of geography in general certainly we'll talk about um the way that maps work map projections map scale we'll also talk about um the tools that that geographers use and we'll finally discuss the five themes of geography and with a little more detail on culture i do want to give credit to this teacher who made the slides the wording and the the images and all of that are um are done by this teacher daniel island i'm just recording some information that might go along with it so um i do want to give credit to this teacher um as i said just a second ago this unit has three main sections sort of an introduction to geography the tools that geographers use and then the five themes of geography so in terms of our just general information we need to first off start off with it with it with a definition of geography um so this sort of textbook definition is geography is the systematic study of spatial patterns of all phenomena on or near the earth's surface i want you to pay special attention to the word spatial i think that this throws you off sometimes and it shouldn't but we're going to talk about the spatial interactions or the spatial distribution or um phenomena within spatial areas and that just means an area of space or or it can be something very local like like the um spatial distribution of students at peachtree ridge and can also be global in terms of the space spatial interaction between um religions around the world those would be both sort of examples of this phenomena but you're going to be discussing those studying them and we'll talk a little bit more about you know what that's about in just a second so scientific descriptive study of the earth's surface geography literally means like the earth studying study of the earth certainly we'll get into both the physical and the human aspects of that so it's the interactions between people in their environment it is the study of spatial and local variation and so again we've got that word spatial it's it's it's the widespread as well as or global versus local making those connections between those two things is a part of it study of spatial patterns how things um that are similar show up on the earth's surface as well as how those patterns differ from you know other aspects um you oftentimes in ap human we'll talk about or that the exam will talk about the the why of where so again um the geography certainly has that where aspect taken into consideration where something is located or um you know the location of something but why it's there or why people have gathered at that place or where it is all of those kind of questions are what we talk about within human geography so for example here's one of those questions that i want you to consider what is the above a picture of and i'm referring to the one on the left obviously why might it have been built the way that it was and so the one on the right sort of gives you a little bit more um visual um look at it on a map but what is it of and why do you think it was built that way so i want you to consider that and then we'll discuss that within class in terms of this image this is a night satellite image of earth why are some areas brighter than others i think that's probably fairly obvious how would it have looked 200 years ago another concept i want to really bring into your um into your thought processes is the idea of globalization and that concept that we're no longer separated so much from the rest of the world because of the communication and transportation networks that we have we're we're really very interrelated interconnected with others in the world around the world so globalization is a huge part of of this um of this course um and so looking at the changes that have occurred over time and what that's done to the earth and how that changes the spatial distribution of people or resources those kind of things is a big part of what we're going to talk about this year so some important geographers aristotle was a geographer he was a philosopher and a geographer and he was the first person that is credited with um demonstrating the earthquake spherical um aristotle's was a geographer that and a mathematician really that calculated the circumference of the earth very instrumental in lots of geometry that you may be learning about as well as geography this is one of the maps associated with him and i want you to kind of look at it look at the descriptions that are in it the the land forms and we're going gonna also do a comparison a little bit later so you may have to refer back to this um ptolemy was um a wrote a book about geography um and also specifically about more of the physical geography like longitude and latitude lines so um so again we will definitely be talking about those i want to make sure you understand which ones which one's your latitude and which are longitude you need to know that and then that those are used to describe something called absolute location so if you want to know the very specific point in which you know lawrenceville is on the map of the of the world you would look at its latitude and longitude um aled rizzi was an arabic um geographer who um created um a pretty good accurate representation of the world this is this is what his his representation of the world was and it's although it doesn't have uh descriptions that you can really read you can still sort of see the land the patterns lots of islands of course water um and um i i would think you should do a comparison between this one and this one um as well as going back even further um that's what i want you to start doing sort of comparing these and seeing the changes that you're seeing um ortelius was uh designed the first atlas and atlas is really just a collection of maps his his atlas was called the theater of the world and so this would be somewhat more of what we would we would you know typically see within an atlas or a book of maps today um george perkins marsh was um very much interested in how um nature or the physical is affected by the human so he was he was considered the modern environmentalist very much about how humans have um mostly negatively affected the environment but also of course it's important for us to realize that it's not all bad and and you know humans do have a positive um relationship with the environment as well or can um carl tsar is a man you're going to hear a whole lot about in human geography they really like him on the ap exam so please you know learn his name um he's very much associated with the cultural landscape which we will talk about in almost every single chapter um but that of course if you're talking about cultural it has to be human related it has to be about what the humans are doing on the landscape and that can be physical that can be how the humans are affecting the physical environment like the the trees and the climate and the um landforms but it can also be how humans have transformed the landscape and left their own mark on it in terms of buildings in terms of human-made you know parks and schools and and religious institutions and restaurants and all of those kind of things too and he basically said you know that interaction of people in their environment is really what we should focus on within geography um much more than just the the physical um so he's a big part of who we talk about in human geography he's going to come up quite a bit within when we talk about agriculture when we talk about um um culture in general and how it's diffused um and and something called sequent occupants which is sort of the the imprint or the um effects that people humans have left on the environment on the landscape through throughout time so we'll talk more about that in a little bit um so you know