Hi, this is Chapter 6, Journal of Psychosocial Development, and the first of the years. So, who's the first at personality? Personality is going to look at the emotions, temperament of an individual, and their thoughts and behavior. This is what makes each individual unique, is their personality. In looking at psychosocial development, the personality is inclined to social relationships.
In your book on page 161, table 1, it goes over the psychosocial development from girl to 3 years of age. Emotions can be subjective responses to experience. We all have emotions and we feel like we do.
Even when we're younger, up to three years of age, we have these emotions of sadness, joy, fear. When you don't give a child anything they love, they become sad. They may be fearful if you scare them or any abrupt sound or touch. This motion can be associated with physiological changes, behavioral changes.
expressions can depend upon the culture and the individual's personality. Some cultures may discourage certain emotions. Maybe the child's not allowed to be happy, or maybe not allowed to cry. First signs of emotion, crying. If you've been around a baby or if you have a baby, you know that this is their first relation to their environment.
It's crying. obvious when new forms are upset. They have piercing cries, flailing limbs, stiff body. Your book identifies four different types of cries.
One is an angry cry. hungry, they haven't gotten what they wanted, a hunger cry, pain, cry, this cry may be followed by holding of the breath, of sticking of the body, and frustration cry can be evaluated in the visual. And it's funny how parents learn these types of cries and are able to start to decipher what the baby, the newborn is wanting.
more difficult to tell than the newborn is happy because they're always crying for certain things. There is some research that says that picking up a baby will spoil the baby. And there's more research to support that this does not happen.
When we're able to meet that baby's needs when they're crying for hunger, pain, frustration, or anger, it is shown to have positive outcomes in the individual as an adult. You shouldn't wait for the clock. to escalate because it is going to be harder to console the baby. During that first month the baby becomes quiet, that sound of the human voice is picked up. The baby may smile and gently move, such as when you move your hands to play patty play.
And there's a lot of smiling and human going on. A smile can be involuntary smiles or a pure fur. It is researched that that is a subcortical brain activity. Some parents may say that it's funny, maybe a little gassy and smiles in their religious past.
But it has been. Research about a supportable pain activity. Social smiles, waking smiles after one month. At this time they are considered more social. Smiles can be listed through general jiggling, tickling, kissing.
Anticipatory smiling rises stronger between 8 and 10 months. This is when they can actually smile at an object and then looks to the adult. And this has been deemed by many as a form of communication, the first form of communication without adults. Some self-emotions, as noticed in the child.
Self-awareness and realization that one's existence is separate from others. This use occurs between 15 and 24 months. Self-consciousness, depends on having self-awareness.
Some of the self-conscious emotions are embarrassment. Empathy, and like I said, this occurs after the realization that one's existence is separate from others. There's also self-evaluative emotions, which include pride, guilt, and shame.
These also develop after self-awareness and knowledge of socially acceptable behaviors starts around 30 years of age. Brain Growth and Emotional Development. You can see the four major shifts here.
This starts reading on page 164. You can just read over those. I'm not going to focus too much on it in this discussion. Altruistic behaviors. This is when the individual helps others with no expectation of an award.
They are able to, if an adult drops something, they are able to pick it up. they pick it up and hand it to their door and they don't expect like a piece of candy or money or anything like that. That would be seen as an altruistic behavior.
Empathy is another one of these behaviors, the ability to put oneself in another's place. This does require social cognition, the way we process information about other people, understanding that others have thoughts and feelings. Ideas about others' feelings are used to gauge their own behavior. biological based tendency to respond to environment in predictable ways you have a heard of baby's temperament may be identified as being a calm temperament shy temperament reserved outgoing these have been seemingly highly heretical sorry can't talk now and spider Three temperaments that have been identified in your book, easy, slow to warm up, and difficult. On your book, on page 166, table 2, describes these three temperaments according to the New York Contra.
The easy temperament is just that, generally happy, easy going, responds well to change, accepting of new experiences, the slower warm up, they generally have mild reactions. husband about new experiences. You may have the child that's kind of staying around mom's legs when they're at a play group and then eventually comes out and starts interacting with other children and difficult. Those are the irritable children, the hard to please, they have intense emotional responses to experiences and to their environment.
The goodness of fit is the adjustment is easiest when the child's temperament matches the situation or the environmental demands at that time. The temperament is affected by physical, social, and cultural influences. This is a chart in your book on page 163. It goes over the emotions during the first three years. The Mother's Roll of Karen Holloway research that was done on rhesus monkeys is kind of interesting. You can read that in your book.
I'm sorry I don't know the page number. But it has to do with these young monkeys that were taken from their mother. mother at a young age and place her foster mom.
One was a wire foster mom and one was a cloth foster mom. And the babies obviously preferred the cloth mom's mother and went to that cloth mother before they would go to the wire mother even though the wire mother did provide food. So that shows that the importance of contact and comfort is important with the mother's role.
The father's role, he tells the most strong commitment and direct involvement. This involvement can vary greatly. The US father involvement has increased dramatically since the 1970s.
That's because more women are working outside the home and some cultures, though, the father may not even hold the infant. And they may only perform duties that the mothers want there. They may not have any action with the child until they are maybe in a later childhood development.
Gender differences. What does it mean? It means to be male or female.
We are socialized by which children merge into roles. Parents are important in the socialization of the gender. Behavioral skills between one and two years of age. Boys are playing more aggressively. The word choices are based on gender.
Boys may, you know, tend to say words like tractors and jerks. Girls may dolls, Barbies, pretty, and things like that. that.
The section on gender, they know we're called mommy, mommy, she's female, daddy, daddy. Parents shape the gender difference, mom may teach girls, boys, stuff, make love. the hair, brush the baby's eyes, the body's eyes, where the boys may be taught by dad to work on things, to take things apart or to put things together. And gender differences, measurable differences are few. One important difference to make a point of is girls are more likely to survive infancy.
When you have premature babies in the neonatal intensive care units, the boys have a harder having all the time They have more complications than the girls. Alright, looking back at Erickson, we talked about in the first couple of chapters, we're going to look at the basic trust versus basic mistrust. Looking at Erickson, newborns and pets develop a sense of reliability of people and objects. That basic trust, they want to feel safe and loved.
A mistrust, children can view the world as being unfriendly if their basic needs are not met. Attachment, reciprocal and enduring bond between child and caregiver. Mary Ainsworth, those in strange situations or experiments.
A couple of strange situations or attachments listed here. Attachment of security, play freely when mother is near, happy when mother returns, avoidant, unthankful when caregiver leaves, ignore or delete returns. turn away when the caregiver returns. They show very little emotion.
Insecure and resistant. They hover around mother when stranger is near. They also may be angry when mother returns.
It's like they don't know how to... Disorganized and disoriented attachment is inconsistent, sees overwhelm by stress, will reach for a stranger when they are in a stressful situation, and again may turn away from their caregiver in a stressful situation. We have parental involvement, attachment, the level of warmth and responsiveness that parent gives to that individual. If the mother is working outside the home, employment or... They're not spending every day with the individual.
Baby's temperament and attachment, ear to baby, may be insecurely attached. When it's easy to warm up or calm temperament, may be very easy to attach to the parent. Anxiety, Strangering, and Anxiety. Usually this occurs after six months of age, usually about eight to nine months of age. They distress when the caregiver leaves them.
They want to hold on to them. They want to be close to them. They don't want them to leave them.
When a stranger's near, they're cleaning for their parents or their caregiver. Long-term effects of attachment and more security of attachment children develop new relationships with others. Large vocabulary has been seen when an individual feels attachment. This is some research and action that your NCAT provides in page 177. You can just read about that.
Mutual regulation of emotions, and for the caregiver, responding to each other's emotional states. Social referencing, babies attempt to understand an ambiguous situation by seeking out cues from the caregiver. If your child is at a playgroup, and they're scared to go in and play, but if they're smiling and nudging the mom saying, Go play, go in and play, they're more out to go and play with the other children. It's a secret.
Mom's gonna be a temperate, mom's calm, mom's smiling. A toy, then it's okay. If they turned around and mom's like, you know, got this sour look on her face, and like, no, we're not gonna play with them, the baby's not gonna have to go forward in that situation. And this here, what would baby do if you said, yeah, to a toy? They would kinda play with it, where they don't think of it yet.
Emergence of self-concept, the image of ourselves, total picture of abilities and traits, personal agency, they can control external events, in other words they can make that move, self-efficacy. I'm great at making it new. Self-awareness, knowledge of the self is a distinct thing. Huge test.
This is a test where they actually put huge children from the family mirror and they can actually distinguish that that's them from the mirror. These are about 20 to 24 months of age. They are using first person pronouns. I, I do this.
When they're on the world, this is in page 181. Those are the terrible twos. Poverty struggles. Are terrible twos universal? They're actually not. They may think they are, but they actually aren't.
Erickson's Stage 2, looking at autonomy versus shame. Autonomy is a shift in external control, self-control. It emerges from the trust and self-awareness. We just talked about trust and mistrust. It also goes on to terrible tears.
The virtues that emerges through this stage is their will. They have such a strong will in this stage. Children become more powerful, they like the word mood. Also in this stage, shame and doubt come into play. This may help a child recognize the need for limits.
Adults need to set these limits so that they may feel a little more shame when it falls to those limits. Socialization, how children develop habits and values to make them the better members of society. Socialization is going to be developed using the compliance with parental expectations, they should be obeying their parents.
Internalization, making the standards of society their own, not just to obey parents but what is accepted in society. Developing self-regulation, having control over your own behavior, conforming to caregiver standards, even when the caregiver is not present, they're still doing what is right, depends on intentional process, ability to monitor their emotions, they develop willpower, and cope with frustration when developing their self-regulation. Or just a conscious that emotion is discovered when they do something wrong, the guilty to refrain from doing something wrong, and then refraining because they believe it is the right thing to do, not just their own emotion. Again, that's going to be a little bit of a shame in that.
It's a shame if they've done something that was not acceptable by parents or society. Committed and situational compliance. Committed compliance. They will follow orders without lapses or reminders.
Without parents direct intervention. Situational compliance. They follow orders.
with prompting and reminders. I'm going for a patrol to complete a task. I think of a child that you say, okay, pick your toys, and they just stand there, and you're like, okay, let's pick up our toys.
What did mommy say? So that type of, that is still me prompting from parents with a situational response. Receptive cooperation is equally qualified for parents with daily chores, routines, hygiene, and play.
We would all want our children to have receptive cooperation. Factors in successive socialization, again security of attachment, with separate cooperation, mutual responsiveness of parent and the child. We've discussed all three of these ideas. Social mobility of siblings becomes a vehicle for understanding social relationships outside the home. Constructive conflict helps children with empathy, able to put themselves in someone else's position.
Interactions with siblings carry over to relationships outside the home, so if they have good relationships with their siblings, get along, learn how to get along, they can have better relationships as an adult and outside playing with other children. Social Girlhood and Non-Siblings Babies who spend more time with other babies tend to be more sociable, such as in child care. They learn more how to interact with other children.
Fathers can learn by imitating each other. They're playing games, following the leader. Again, just learning these games, they can move into more complex situations and games.
Infection of maternal employment. Got into Sean. It may do effects of cognitive development. Um, my mother worked more than 30 hours out of her week.
Um, a lot of you may have grown up in families where the mother had to work. hours a week so there is data that shows negative effects. Children in disadvantaged families show less negative effects than disadvantaged families because the mothers at home are more with the disadvantaged families. There's more family time because they either don't have the money to go and do or they can't pay for childcare so the mother has to stay at home.
Factors that impact child care, structural characteristics, when you're looking for child care for a child, you need to look at staff training, are they CPL certified, do they have a first aid, what is the ratio? Is it appropriate? Do they have consistent four years or is there a high turnover? A one year old is not going to want to go to a daycare every day where there is a different person to receive them.
They have to have some type of relationship. to a state where everybody, where there's a different person to receive them. Like I don't have some type of...
Processed care increases work-percentage of workers, appropriateness of activities, stimulating interactions, stimulating experiences for the child at their age development. That's it on child care. Overall, high quality child care can improve cognitive development and interaction with peers, even if the mother is working outside the home.
It will show that child care can improve their development, because they are around others and learning. With this age group we have a little child abuse. With every age group, we will.
Just kind of stay out of the safe, but this does go on. So some types of child abuse, obviously it's physical. Another neglect.
failure to meet the basic needs of the child, sexual abuse, emotional maltreatment, which could be rejection, isolation, lack of emotions toward the child. Traits of abuse of and neglect of families perpetrator unfortunately is usually the mother. Marital problems, stressful amends, poverty, alcoholism, depression, postpartum depression can aggravate the situation when there's a new child in the home. Now treatment in St. Collingwood. Non-organic failure to thrive.
No nurturance or affection is shown towards the child. Those in poverty are at highest risk for non-organic failure. You may notice the pediatrician checkups are decreasing weight gain, irritability, avoid eye contact, reserves. another um maltreatment shaken baby sinker and just the leading cause of death and child abuse cases in the u.s you just leave the rest of the tumors around Contributing factors, abusive and neglectful parents and families have contributed to the abuse of the child. Community cultural values, they don't value the child as important.
Lack of help for families in trouble, services are limited, resources are limited. foster care is an alternative for children that have to come out of the family dynamics. Long term effects of maltreatment.
A third of adults that have been abused as children victimize their own children. Sexually abused children often do it with lower strength of skin, whether it is a depression. anxiety.
Some of these children show remarkable resilience though. Even if you look at the eyes, they are very optimistic, have a high self-esteem, very intelligent, and a great sense of humor. So they can overcome these situations that they can get out of.
And that is chapter six.