so as you look at your list there like I say we're just going to read down the list so the first things the the shoulder joint or scapular humeral joint and actually I think I want to do it this way uh so when you're palpating these things take advantage of lifting and moving the limb uh and uh as you do that then it makes it much easier to to palpate particularly around joints because you got the movement and you can you can locate things so I'm going to kind of hit and miss a little bit on this and I'll come back and pick up things I miss that way I don't have to keep looking every time so if you look right here you can see what is really the point of the shoulder I'm gonna square up this monitor just a little bit and so the point of the shoulder then is the greater tubercle of course and so that's that's right there and as you move that you can feel the scapular humeral joint in itself uh then as you come proximately here on him it's quite easy to fill the acromion proximal to it and then to follow the spine of the scapula up so between my let's see may want to come up up this way just a little between my middle finger here and thumb is pretty much the length of the spine of the scapula in the sky which puts the supraspinatus on this side and the infraspinatus on this side then at the point of the shoulder here the greater tubercle if you come down the limb you can see these very abundant triceps and if you palpate down then you can feel right there the deltoid tuberosity okay so if you feel here the greater tubercle again and then come medial to that you can palpate with your middle finger here the the Lesser tubercle and in between those then as you move the limb uh you can feel the interprecular groove which of course contains the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle then as you go distally here if you come down to limb of course the electron on is easy to feel at the at the elbow and then if you come down uh kind of uh dorsal or cranial actually distal to that you'll feel the two most prominent processes that processes that are furthest apart and those are going to be the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus if you're in doubt about that again Flex the limb makes it easy to feel those then if you go just a little distal and I can't really show that but only describe it but if you put your finger on the medial epicondyle and go a little distal to that medial bone actually is the ulna so the medial coronoid process of the ulna as you go distally the most lateral bone is the ulna and of course vice versa for the radius again if if you Flex the the elbow here you can at least get a it's hard to really feel it well but you can feel where the head of the radius is which is again the most lateral piece uh if you feel the lateral epicondyle you can actually palpate the lateral collateral which I don't know if that's on your list but that'll lead you right down to the head of the radius actually uh then if you go down the limb flexing the the the carpets and follow the uh follow the ulna down the you can feel the lateral styloid process here and again it should not be moving as you Flex in fact you can if you do that you can feel the end you can actually feel the the lateral collateral of the carpal joint okay okay so let's talk about the Corpus just a little bit so as you as you look here then uh you can see I'm flexing the Corpus you should be able to come across dorsley here and nicely feel the uh Anna brachial Corporal joint and then if you go distal to that you can palpate the metal carpal joint and that again is as palpable quite palpable and if you go just a little distal to that uh although you can't really feel the joint you can feel that process on the proximal end of the metacarpal bones which tells you then you're at the carpal metacarpal joint and as long as we're doing joints let's follow it on down and this guy has no dew claws but they if you simply Flex the limb like this and of course all four of these digits are going to have these same joints then you can palpate nicely the carpal metacarpal joint or the fat lock and then if you go down to the next distal joint uh Again by extending and flexing you can nicely feel the pastern joint and then as you come down there uh more distally the the here at the claw of course the claw remember is attached to the third Phalanx there along the angle process and so again if you extend and flex uh and and kind of palpate back here on the caudal side and on the dorsal side uh you can palpate then the distal interphalangeal joint which of course the common name for that is the coffin joint also as you're looking here you can see the digital pads you can see the metacarpal pads are pad remember the metacarpal pad is going to be here kind of covering up the fat look and the digital pads are going to be underneath the coffin joint so Perforating wounds into either those can potentially if they put perforate just right go into those joints and then up here at the proximal edge of the metacarpal carpal metacarpal joint would be the carpal pad let's see I'm not sure I mentioned medial styloid process but of course the medial styloid process is just that process on the medial side of the distal end of the antebrachium so again if you're moving the the carpal joint here which is most of the flexion of course taking place at the anebrachialcarpal Joint your index finger and thumb bender on the lateral and medial styloid processes so they're quite easy to palpate because they aren't moving when you do that then if you come down on the caudal surface of the anabrachium and just follow this right down you come into this this little depressed area here if you've got a lap dog you've probably put your finger in that more than once as you were watching television they uh and uh wondered what that was or maybe you already know so as this comes down the uh what you're really following down are laterally that it would be the tendon of the ulnar's lateralis and medially it attended the flexor carpiomers flexor Carpio nurse of course inserts totally on the accessory carpal bone so that leads you to the accessory carpal bone the ulnaris Lateralus comes down and search really a little bit on the accessory carpal but particularly on the uh proximal end of the fifth metacarpal so that's that little depressed area there keep in mind that the dorsal branch of the Euler nerve emerges about here and runs on down and we're going to talk a little bit about autonomous zones here in just a minute so as we look at the joints of the four limb if you pick up that limb and make it longer okay so you're protracting the limb is as if this guy is running down the track here that basically is extending all the joints so it extends the shoulder extends the elbow extends the carpets and if I can make them do that it pretty much extends all these other joints here the fat loss the pasture and the coffin if you swing the limb okay in this in the so as he just if he just steps on something and picks the limb up then rather than protracting it's he's retracting and so that's causing a flexion of the shoulder a flexion of the elbow a flexion of the Corpus and potentially at least flexions of the of the uh digital joints as well when he's standing if you look at the the disposition of the joints the shoulder is still in a more flexed position than an extended position the elbow is pretty straight maybe slightly flexed as you come down to the Corpus is really pretty much in a state of over extension as you come down to the fat lock it certainly is an over extension the past turn however notice that he's not excited at least that it that it has a natural uh flexion here of it and the coffin joint is in a state of over extension okay so that's just the normal you can pretty much see that on the skeletons out there as well uh to a great extent and then of course the long bones of the Lamb have up here of course which is not a long bone it's a scapula but you'd have humerus you have the radius and the ulna you have metacarpals if there's no dew claw uh metacarpals two through five and then digits of course uh two through five okay which are the functional digits the Duke's Hall would be the first digit uh if you think about the axis of this limb it extends between the third and fourth digit so as you look here axial II and have axial okay uh this attachment of the four limb to the body of course is unique in that it is a cisarcosis uh and uh so totally attached to this uh to the trunk via muscles and again these you can't be real precise about but basically if you come up here and palpate cranial to the shoulder then you're going to be palpating the brachial cephalicus muscle uh and if you palpate a little deeper on this guy here you can nicely palpate right here in front of the supraspinatus muscle which is not an extrinsic muscle but right in front of that and underneath the brachiocephalicus and normal transversarius muscles which both of which are extrinsic muscles you can palpate The Superficial cervical lymph node easily and most dogs you can almost always palpate that lymph node then as you come up here dorsely of course you can feel the dorsal age of the scapula and then you can't distinctly palpate it but you can locate it at least the trapezius underneath that would be the rhomboidius then if you come down here and kind of stretch things a little bit put your hand kind of up underneath here you can feel the latissimus door sign and if you palpate here you can feel the thoracic part of the serratus ventralis deeply down here if you come down and palpate you can feel the cervical part or you can feel the muscle anyway and this guy you can some aren't muscled enough and then of course as you palpate up here underneath the limb in the axillary area you're palpating the pectorals and if you take your fingers and put it in front of the bone there you can are in front of the joint I should say you can easily palpate The Superficial pet which of course has the descending and transverse Parts but what you're really palpating the most with the tips of your fingers here is the descending pet and then underneath that you may be able to palpate the axillary lymph node but the axillary lymph node is typically not all that palpable in a in a normal dog this guy here is really easy to feel the wings of the atlas and then actually in most dogs it is much easier than it was on your cadaver your cadaver everything is sort of hard and cold but these you can really easily feel the wings of the atlas Okay then if you come down here ventrally kind of do this with your hand you can come up underneath here close to the thoracic Inlet and even in this guy who's pretty well muscled you can feel nicely the the ventral lamina of C6 remember that was that widened transfers process of C6 so that's easy to feel and there are the wings of the atlas so from C1 right hand to C6 left hand then if you come back to the back of this guy and this is jumping ahead to the rear limb just a little bit but that's all right you can feel the tuber say Crowley here on either side okay the uh if you look at the large animal this is positioned quite a bit differently than it is in the dog but the tubers say Crowley are the most prominent dorsal parts of the oscoxy and then if you work your way laterally and a little bit more ventrally ask the tuber coxy okay which is a little bit of a different location than in the large animals so there's tuber say Crowley if you kind of draw a line between those and palpate and you can do it this way as well which is oftentimes the way people will recommend that you do it because that first space back there is nicely palpable and that is the lumbosacral space okay so if you're wanting to get into the lumbo cycle space uh for some reason such as giving an epidural that's an easy way to to feel that keep in mind that the seventh lumbar vertebra is a little shorter than the sixth and it's dorsal process is a little shorter than the sixth so you want to make sure you're actually in the space and not just uh fooling yourself there then as you get cuddled to that space you can pretty well feel the three little bumps that are the fused dorsal processes of the sacral vertebra so a lumbosacral space once you felt the lumbosacral space then you can come forward here use that as a one Landmark come forward to the last rib which is typically at least the 13th rib occasionally you'll get fooled and sort of make an estimate remembering the ribs run coddly away sort of an estimate as to where that thracle lumbar space may be then you come along the door so mid-lining count so the next space I come to is between L6 and L7 L5 L6 L4 L5 L3 L4 L2 L3 L1 L2 t13 L1 okay which is the thoracolumbar space the tubers say Crowley right there and then as you palpate below the tuber coxy and then if you come back here codily and this guy even with all his muscle you can palpate the tuber ishii so as we look here my right finger is the tuber issuei my thumb is the tuber say Crowley in my index finger on my left hand is the tubercoxy so that's sort of the if you can evasion that as a triangle kind of between a uh the so then if we come over here and palpate a little bit right there so there's two variciai tubercoxy and and uh the greater trochanter you can see they're more or less in a in a line here and again it depends a little bit on the animal okay and if you're in doubt about that then again get up pick up a slim and move and you can feel that that greater trochanter moving as you as you do that and of course what I was moving there is a hip joint or Oxford femoral joint okay then as you come down the limb obviously you're going to come down to the the thigh the femur uh and you can Flex Flex the limb to find the uh the joint and as you do that sometimes the easiest place certainly it is in a horse but even in a dog is to find the tibial tuberosity which members at the proximately end of the tibia and follow that proximately and you can you can feel that patellar ligament and that'll lead you up here to the patella sometimes people kind of get a mistaken idea about the level of the patella it's really quite a way it's proximal memory is articulating with the trochlea there of the femur distally so that's the patella let's see begot that's the patella and if you follow that ligament down that'll lead you to the tibial tuberosity so that gives you some idea the distance between the two of those when the limbs in this position if you Flex the Lamb of course that changes the relationship a little bit and that's going to pull that patella down into the throat a little further the uh then if you palpate on both sides you can feel the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia and this is best done really probably laying on its side but the uh if you lay them on the side kind of like this and that's the best way to test for it and then try to slide this tibia cranially and cuddly and this guy with all his muscle and good ligaments I'm not going to be able to even budge a little bit but that's the so-called drawer sign so that if he had a ruptured uh cranial cruciate I should be able to move that tibia relatively cranial to the to the femur and you do that at sort of an angle so that here's the here's the distal end of the femur here's the tibian you're trying to do this with it then if you're wanting to check out those collaterals you're trying to move that that lamp from medial to lateral to see if there's any give and certainly in this guy with these great ligaments and tremendous muscles there's there's no give whatsoever keep in mind you're looking at a femoral patellar joint and a femoral tibial joint and that femoral tibial joint subdivided into a femoral meniscule and meniscule tibial joint both medially and laterally and uh and of course all of those joints may or may not communicate feel the the calcaneal bone here the calcaneus and the tuber calcaneus were the Achilles tendon inserts so this that I've got my fingers around is actually the common calcaneal tendon okay the common calcaneal tendon remember includes the Achilles tendon or the tendon of the gastroc which in the dog are the same thing remember the dog does not have a Soleus so there is no triceps array as such as there are in the other animals but uh the Achilles is totally made up of the gastroc tendon uh and then in addition uh we have the tendon of The Superficial digital flexor which actually wraps around and you can kind of feel the junction between those pretty easily actually uh wraps around immediately around the Achilles tendon and The Superficial digital flexor comes over the hawk and of course is going on down to the second Phalanx of the digits well yeah you're doing good uh so that's another component of the common calcaneal tendon the common calcaneal bin would include the uh the uh tin of the gastroc The Superficial digital flexor and then laterally uh remember that the biceps femoris comes down and in addition to inserting down here on the patella and cranial surface of the tibia Etc gives a component which forms the lateral tarsal tendon and helps form the common calcaneal and then medially comes the tendon of the semitendinosus which does the same thing the biceps femoris does except it does it on the medial side and in addition there's a component of the gracilis which comes down and joins that so that the common calcaneal tendon then is made up of the tenor of the gastroc a portion of the tendon of the biceps femoris we call the lateral tarsal tendon uh The Superficial digital flexor tendon and then the medial tarsal tendon which is formed by a portion of the tendons of the semitendinosus and the gracelis all of that together forms a common calcaneal tendon okay metatarsals and phalanges basically remember the same as the metacarpals and you always number from medial to lateral the same fetlock pastern uh coffin joints Etc so we won't go over those again the pads again are the same you have digital pads and you have the metatarsal pad keep in mind that the dog Albert and Cat do not have a tarsal pad okay long bones of the pelvic limb of course from from the hip joint to the stifle is the femur from the stifle to the hawk or the tibia and the fibula the tibia and the fibula recall run parallel to each other pretty much and so they don't cross the way the radius and the on they're dead as you come down to the distal end of those uh then you're going to have the lateral malleolus which is of course the distilling of the fibula and the medial malleolus which is the distal end on the medial side of the tibia again when in doubt Flex the limb and feel what what moves and what doesn't move and and you can see that my index finger here and you can't see my thumb but it neither of those are moving because what I'm palpating are the lateral medial malleoli okay most of the flexion extension then certainly in the hawk is is between the tibia and a little bit of the the Lateralus the articular component and the trochlea of course of the uh towels okay our tibial torso bone in other words then as you come down you can feel uh the other joints and if you're in doubt as to where they are again flex and feel where the movement is and then if you go distal to that you can kind of get an idea it's a little hard to pick up on the proximal and distal intertarsal joints you can usually tell by the prominences on the proximately of the metatarsals that you're at the tarsal metatarsal joint however foreign as far as the basic extensions and flexions of the limb uh again if you think about protraction and retraction but remember the protraction phase uh is the propulsion phase so think of the animal as pushing off uh to that power of stride there to move himself along so think of it of it as this action uh and so that action then at the hip that would be extension of the hip that would be extension of the stifle that would be extension of a uh of the hawk but it is fraction of the digits at that point and then if you think about them stepping on a splinter or something and flexing his limb uh are retracting as limb that will be the flexor surface of the hip this is the flexor surface of the stifle this is the flexor surface of the hawk which you notice is on the dorsal side so the flexor surface of the hawk is on the dorsal side whereas on the Corpus that's the extensor side and vice versa the extensor surface of the hawk is on the caudal side whereas for the Corpus it's on the uh dorsal side the digits however work essentially the same that hasn't changed