welcome to this video on passive or active immunity I'm going to describe the differences so passive immunity provides short-term protection to turn my flesh short-term protection whereas active immunity provides long lasting protection so that is one important way that these are different let's highlight those in blue this one is short-term protection this one is long lasting protection for passive immunity the host will receive antibodies usually in nature this is going to be a baby receiving antibodies from its mother so the host receives antibodies from some other source so from another source and let's compare that with active immunity an active immunity this will occur when the host body makes the antibodies my dog is dreaming if you can hear him and my washer and dryer have been going today so it's kind of noisy around here so this is when the hosts own body makes the antibodies and its own lymphocytes form memory cells so then you're going to have the ability long term to respond so let's compare those things using our orange highlighter so passive is when the host receives antibodies from another source active is when it's lymphocytes make the antibodies on its own and not only that but they form memory cells that can attack down the road okay so the first example I'll give for passive immunity is via the placenta so IgG antibodies these are the ones that circulate in the mother's blood stream pass or cross I should say cross the placenta and enter the baby's bloodstream and so this happens mostly or I should say the most in the third trimester of pregnancy and it will protect not only the baby while it's in the in utero but also after birth during infancy now it does depend on the IgG antibodies and we don't always know why but i GG antibodies to something like Kurtis seem to like die off in the baby breakdown in the baby they have a very short half-life of a few weeks to a few months and then like antibodies to measles that the mother had seemed to last longer but what I think is super cool about this is the mother's environment is what the baby will be born into right and the mother has antibodies so the most common problems in that environment and so she is protecting her unborn child and then her newborn baby from any common diseases that are in the area just through these IgG antibodies crossing the placenta so here let's use a pink highlighter to color her bloodstream so this is the moms blood and her blood contains antibodies and they're we're talking IgG antibodies here and they cross so here's the placenta they cross and they go into the baby I'll just use maybe yellow for this so the antibodies cross and go into the baby pretty awesome but that is not the last way that the mother protects her baby why don't we color this one in green so placenta IgG that's the main idea there okay now this could be a topic for oh I don't know whole semester of learning because breast milk is the bomb it is the best thing so let me tell you a little bit about what's so cool about breast milk first of all it contains all different kinds of antibodies we usually hear like if you were to read about this briefly you would hear about IgA antibodies so it contains all classes so their antibodies come in different kinds of classes some protect on mucous membranes some protect against parasites unprotected in the blood but the breast milk contains a little bit of all of these but the one that gets the most press is especially IgA so this is the antibody that our bodies make that then hangs out on mucous membranes to protect from things like respiratory infections and GI diseases but in babies then that are breastfed it's helping to protect them from diarrheal diseases but there's also a GG IG i GD IgE all of these can be found in breast milk and then this part is super cool but get this breast milk Oh milk actually contains white blood cells and these white blood cells this one represents like a macrophage a phagocytic and this would be like a lymphocyte white blood cells all kinds and they seem to act a little differently which I'm not going to get into in this video but they're they act uniquely when they come out in the breast milk and then they're in the baby's gut and they actually release all kinds of chemicals we'll put those in blue that help to bind up any pathogens that might be there and get this they only seem to bind up the bad ones and so by doing so they make room for the good flora to proliferate and really fill up that baby's gut with good normal flora one of the most famous kinds of chemicals that might be found in that breast milk is interferon and that will protect from GI viruses so that will protect from viruses because it makes it so that the viruses can't get inside the baby cells and then this is all manner of chemicals all manner of immune chemicals and I have a feeling we've barely gotten to know the beginning of the science about how well this works and then another thing that I think is super cool here I'm going to use maybe a purple is that it appears that these chemicals stimulate the baby's lymphocytes and I even gonna put the word train with a question mark I'd like to see more research on this in the future to find out what's going on some of these chemicals stimulate or train the baby's lymphocytes so that the baby's lymphocytes are potentially primed for whatever is in its immediate environment that the mother is living in now not I'm going to come back to this because this then could potentially be an active form of immunity now if you're taking a tea's test or you're answering a typical question they're always going to tell you breast milk is a passive form of immunity but because I like to be creative in my thinking I can't help but think that if you're training that baby's lymphocytes to know how to make antibodies better that are more effective that sounds like active immunity to me so then oh and I also want to say that the white blood cells are especially common in or in the most common in the colostrum that's that first milk that the baby has or that the mother makes but it they're still present and all even if the baby's two or three years old and drinking milk there will be white blood cells in there okay then the third kind of passive immunity that I'll talk about on this page you can highlight immunoglobulin injection in green and this is if you are exposed to something that you don't have immunity to and could kill you pretty fast like rabies they will give you an immunoglobulin injection and remember immunoglobulin is just another word for antibody so they can have antibodies that are primed to attach to the rabies virus for example and then keep you from getting rabies if you're exposed so for example after rabies exposure and that's only going to be short-term as well okay so let's go ahead now and look at some active forms of immunity basically what it comes down to is that exposure to the passage in an everyday life and assuming the immune system works appropriately makes antibodies make us activated cytotoxic T cells and then develops an army of memory cells then exposure to the pathogen in everyday life why don't we use purple on this side would be considered development of active immunity and a natural way of doing that then another possibility is exposure to some part of the pathogen in a vaccine so in almost every way exposure to the pathogen in everyday life will be advantageous or it will be better for you than getting it in the vaccine form if it's possible to be exposed to it and not have a high risk of dying before you develop immunity also when you're exposed to it naturally it goes on to the location of your body that it would be normally that your body's best at fighting it so it would be your the exposure would be via the route your best that responding to so what I mean by that if it's a GI virus it would end up on your GI mucus membrane if it is a blood-borne pathogen it would then end up in your blood if it's respiratory it would be on the respiratory whereas a vaccine is generally just injected straight into your bloodstream even if normally you would encounter the pathogen on a mucous membrane and sometimes they'll have you they will put it on to a mucous membrane or like rotavirus they'll have the baby drink it so that it goes naturally onto the mucous membranes so they're getting better about that with vaccines too but in general this would be the better way assuming again it's not too dangerous of disease so eg mucous membranes ok then I'm going to spend the rest of this page giving you some vaccine examples and what part of the pathogen they include so the first type of vaccine might be a live attenuated virus attenuated means weakened so they're going to inject or put on to a mucous membrane a weakened form weakened form of the virus so some that you would have heard about what that would be the MMR vaccine measles so it has the measles virus the mumps virus and the rubella virus all in one injection and each one of these is a live virus but it's been weakened so that it shouldn't make an otherwise healthy person sick and this is a good example of not necessarily going onto the same route so these infections generally are respiratory like droplets is how people are exposed to them and it's given in an injection straight into the bloodstream so that's not totally natural and potentially maybe it has an effect on the body's response and maybe the risk of side effects and things like that so let's go ahead and highlight that in yellow so if you could have a live attenuated virus there's a lot of these different ones and then if it's a bacterial disease and there then it you can't give a live attenuated version of the virus so instead what is really common for some of the most deadly diseases would be deactivated toxins from the pathogen some of my favorites for this would be corynebacterium diphtheria and it's the toxin they are giving a little piece of that protein toxin in that injection and then the body makes antibodies to the toxin not to the bacterias bacterial cells so not to the cell but to the toxin that the cell makes and that is how you're able to be immune to it so the toxin then won't make you sick so if the cells are there then they're harmless to you or I would imagine it relatively harmless so that's a second way and then another toxin one is to tetanus disease so and that is a bacteria called Clostridium Tecton I and this is an endo spore-forming bacteria kind of looks like a tennis racket and it makes a toxin that then that that toxin a part of sorry a form of that toxin that has been deactivated is injected into the person and then they make antibodies to that so there's another example of the toxin okay and then the third common part of a vaccine would be part of the bacterial cell and these tend to be a little more controversial and how effective they are pertussis is a classic one that gets a lot of news for maybe not working as well as we would like it to work and this is to protect people from the bacterial disease Bordetella pertussis and it contains little so it's little pieces of the cell and then another one I was just thinking about streptococcus pneumoniae there's a what is it a pcv13 I think is the most common pneumonia vaccination and both of these are not always effective my personal thought on this is because these are cell pieces and they're going to be more capable of changing out their antigens and being harder for our immune system to consistently recognize so cell pieces would be the special part here so pieces and then the last thing I want to say on this page is to tell you what an adjuvant is this is something that is added to the vaccine in addition to the cell pieces or the toxin or the weakened virus that is particularly irritating to the immune system and hopefully the reason they do it is they're trying to get a stronger immune reaction so an adjuvant is a substance that is known to be hyper irritating to the immune system oops mean system added in an attempt to get a more robust reaction like better antibodies more memory cells and these can also be controversial especially if the adjuvant is something like a heavy metal like mercury which is not in very many or aluminum I think is in a lot of them and those things are particularly irritating to our immune system no surprise right and so if they can make the vaccine effective without adding it that's going to be better as far as reducing side-effects okay thanks see you the next video