Transcript for:
Comprehensive AP African-American Studies Review

there we go hello got it all right hello welcome it's crazy all right welcome to the AP African-American studies live stream I am Malcolm Reed and my guest uh well my co-host Marsha REO is here with me hello oh I I got to turn down my sound African live God rookie co-host Marsh Reco is here all right are we are you good I think it's I think it's I think I got it down now all right are you good yep I think so I think it's I think it's I think I got it down now nope I don't all right are you good yep think so where's the sound coming from Noe I don't okay I fixed it there was like all these tabs coming from different um places so uh like I was saying Malcolm Reed Marsh Recco we're here to just talk a little bit about this exam and go over some things uh the test is Tuesday um I probably been studying for it as much as I'm like as much like I'm gonna take the test myself so um you know I wanted to just say some things about what I think we need to do to prepare and you know for my students personally I know that some of y'all might be on here so welcome I'm glad you are taking some time out of your day and for everyone else to do the same um you know hopefully that you can have some takeaways some things that you can learn from from here that or some questions that get answered or maybe you or able some other questions that you might not have even thought about come up and you can start to think about different ways to uh to review some of this content it is a lot and you know the test is not probably not going to be easy you know this AP world is mostly new to me this is year two for me so uh plan around with this type of review should offer me an opportunity to grow as well so that's why we here Marsha you want to say a few words before we get into it yes hello my name is Marsha Greco and I teach at the pr School UC San Diego in San Diego California and this is my second year teaching AP African-American studies but I've also taught other AP courses I also teach aput and my students just took their exam on Friday so I'm really excited for the AP African-American SI exam happening on Tuesday and um yeah so we're going to go through some key Concepts key information from each unit we've tried to condense it as much as possible so after we go through the four units uh we'll have a little Q&A and you'll have a chance to ask for specific topics um or concepts that you want to go over depending on kind of where we are on time um so I'll let uh coach Reed take it away for unit one so we have a little slideshow that we'll display as we're going through this so um we won't really be able to see the chat we'll be checking it periodically um just to kind of see what people are saying but we are on zoom and then everybody else is on YouTube YouTube so this is our first time doing this so it's going to take a little bit of time to kind of get used to how this works so we thank you for your patience with our our newness to this whole process yes we are figuring out as we go but uh I think it'll be time well spent so uh let's get right into a unit one origins of the African diaspora um this is the unit that that that we all started with uh these are some important points that we uh felt we should share with you guys you know what what is African-American studies is the first topic so it's inter it's interdisciplinary so it's not just a history course it studies history art culture literature uh you name it and and we pretty much have uh have explored it it's evolved over time becoming an official field you know with if we go back to the origins of what we think about Black History Month the cagey Wilson in the early 1900s but it's not something it goes back even farther uh before that um examining development of ideas about Africa's history and the continent's ongoing relationships with with the communities of the African diaspora so that's where the connection between Africa and African-Americans and uh afro Latino and Africans throughout the throughout the globe um you know are are there and The Descendants you know um of that involuntary movement through because of the transatlantic slave trade um it emerged the African-American studies emerged Out of the Black Power movement on um on black C on campuses in the 1960s I think 1965 to 1972 is the is the time frame that is considered the black campus movement where many uh students on these in the in higher education were trying to push for African-American studies departments and ethnic studies departments on campuses and ultimately um African-American studies dispels misconceptions of early Africa as a place with an undocumented or unknowable history I think that reframing of the misconceptions is a theme that uh it starts in topic one you know it's the first thing but but if you you could probably connect a misconception to each and every one of the um topics as you go throughout the framework so moving on topic two kind of discusses Africa's history and the diversity of the continent itself its geography what what is uh what is close to what is nearby and what is what is uh within it um Red Sea Mediterranean see Indian Ocean all bordering the northern and eastern coast with the Atlantic Ocean bordering the western coast um the different geographical zones climate zones of tropical rainforest existing mostly within the the region where we know as the Congo um the Sahara Desert stretching across the entire northern part of the continent which is largest desert in the world um the Sahel area the grasslands um the Mediterranean and am I missing one I think I said them all yeah grassland sahale Sahar desert tropical rainforest and Mediterranean that northern coast and there's a little bit at the southern tip as well it's kind of hard for me to see the whole thing from my screen sharing and the zoom tabs at the bottom um but because of the the way the climate is set up also dictated and of course we can't forget the Nile River Valley and the other the rivers that uh that play a part in the in the um the make the geographical makeup of of Africa but because of the way it's situated it also leads to what animals live there um also the the way human beings had to migrate throughout the continent and populated in different places and the trade routes that came with that all kind of determining what happens moving forward with the societies that were set up and were this why they were set up in in the places that they were set up and how they were able to thrive or how they were how they fa eventually Mara if at any time I'm like forgetting something you know make sure don't to to chime me in um okay moving from the geographical part of it uh the Band 2 migration is where we were really first introduced to African being human beings that are living in ancient Africa and you know how things work up so this is about the the ethnolinguistic uh characteristics of the Bantu people migrating throughout and populating uh South Africa West Central Africa East Africa and going all throughout and how they were able to do why they move because of uh technology growth uh over Agriculture and you can see this this gives a timeline starting with in in 3000 BC in this origin um right here and then moving all throughout to all the way up to 12200 C so pretty long period of time of people moving around and sharing culture and spreading it out uh genetic qualities are um are also dispersed through here so when we think about AF people um as as a very very diverse group of people um not to say that there's no Unity there but to expect Unity amongst all these different people in all these different places in that time is kind of asking a bit much moving on all right so we talked about what is African-American study so far the geographical makeup of of Africa and then the band migration kind of how the the continent was populated um it was obviously populated before then but you know the Bandu migration being this playing the significant role that it played Now we move into the African kingdoms these early ancient African kingdoms covering topic 1.4 uh the main four of those are Egypt Nubia axum and the KN culture which is in West Africa Egypt and Nubia are Nile river valley civilizations um they were interacting with one another they were at war with one another they uh you know Nubia ruled Egypt Egypt ruled nuvia but you know and everybody pretty much knows about Egypt Egypt isn't always given the recognition as a African cont African country though because it's mostly Arab today but there were uh it is a place that is in Africa for those who didn't know which is another dispelling of a reframing of a misconception AUM is located in what is now uh Ethiopia and erria on the eastern coast of Africa just south of the N River Valley um the first uh country to adopt Orthodox Christianity one of the oldest Christian churches in the in the world um and the KN culture which if we look at these these images on that are on this slide you see the Terracotta sculptures and and the um the coins from axum but these KN these terracotta sculpures in West Africa really showed that these people were thinking um working in in a much more advanced Society versus the misconception that African people contributed nothing um so these racist stereotypes that characterize these societies are proving false from East and West Africa um the significance here you know just going over that and how European colonialism and the transatlantic slave trade itself really helped to double down on uh misconceptions about African people to justify that treatment all right more African kingdoms um overview of the sudanic Empire so now we moving strictly to West Africa where we go to Ghana sui and Mali which are all you know all kind of in the same place and and one after the other chronologically so Ghana is the first one there's a a center of trade with gold uh mly Spotlight on mana and timbuk 2 um Center of Trade for learning uh the the fact that books were currency is just an amazing thing in in general traded gold and salt and of course we we know we look at the Catal Atlas and we think about Mana Musa and the H that he made to Mecca and the significance of that and how Europeans during that time viewed him viewed him as well as other Africans and versus how they would view them later and all of these uh the growth of Islam plays a significant role in this as well because that's the reason manusa was going to mecca for his Hodge or his pilgrimage at all uh Muslims are supposed to make once in their life um sunai being the last of these um sudanic Empires with within the trans um shifting from trans saharon to the Atlantic Spotlight on the Grio the Epic of sundata was a really cool story some people say it was a part of the Lion King or The Lion King got his inspiration from that so if that's something that might help you um remember uh the word Grio or anything about these African kingdoms that that's just add another little tidbit of information um important note majority of enslaved Africans transported to North America descended from these Societies in West Africa so when we think about people who were in the slave trade most of them came from these regions um in West and West Central Africa so not to say that they were all Kings kings and queens because that's what some people like to say we came from Kings and Queens some people might have what I would say is that we did come from kingdoms and Empires and whether whatever role your ancestors might have played or whoever else's ancestors might have played in that they definitely uh there definitely were kingdoms there it wasn't just people living in jungles going back to the theme of the reframing of the misconceptions all right another kingdom moving to the Great Zimbabwe um which is a really just a really cool story in my opinion I actually was talking about that with my kids but uh the stone architecture and the military Hub the trade Hub it was as a part of the Swahili Coast trade um where Africans traded across the Indian Ocean with people from India with China and there is all these uh artifacts that prove this mosan Beek on the eastern coast of Africa uh the Swahili language of the vantu people is another part of that and then the Portuguese are also uh eventually come in and take control of this Indian Ocean trade with the in the Great Zimbabwe uh there was gold Ivory cattle were their main um Commodities that they traded in and spotlights on uh what a symbol that it was for um for Africans to be a part of something so significant that Europeans kind of looked at it and said Africans must not have been able to build that themselves and to kind of discredit the people who lived that during that time but those R Still Standing pretty much the one one thing that can compare to the pyramids of Egypt in Africa um the Great and by way would do that moving to the Congo which is a very significant place still to this day but the Congo was the first large African civilization to convert to Christianity and we know about the story about um we learned about the story of King and King zingga who um and his son and bimba I'm sorry I'm probably ruining those names but doing my best with that uh but one of the sources from that topic was a letter that he wrote To the King of Portugal to kind of say that you know we were supposed to be doing trade with one another I canver to Catholicism and all that but you still in my good people and that's not what we had you know that's not what we agreed to you are kind of depopulating my my my kingdom and that's not good but the Portuguese were were looking to get Ivory salt copper and other textiles and that human labor was a was a big thing that they look for Portugal you will if you don't know already uh is one that you see often when it comes to the beginning of the slave as really the group that that kicked it off religious syncretism was a was a really fun lesson to learn when we think about Africans converting to Catholicism um not to say that Africans weren't participating in Christianity before the slave trade began but we look at how uh Catholicism really played the role that it played in in in in the slave trade and how um if you look at just about every country within throughout the diaspora African people who adopted uh European belief systems but also intermingle them or mix them or syncretize them with uh their own Bel systems throughout the diaspora so that's always a a really that was just I just found that's that part of uh this unit really interesting to to study about it and learn about it myself all right probably if you guys are having some questions as we going through through this as I'm going fast just put them in the chat I will definitely try my best to get through to all of them all right so West African leadership of the roles that women played um there were Queens who were matriarchs of the entire uh civilization or Empire or Kingdom that they weren't the the second to the the husband who was the king like they were the ones who were in charge spiritual leaders political advisers traitor Educators pretty much every role that you could play which is different than most European societies where women weren't really in leadership positions so Queen Jinga and zingga clean idea idea I don't know how to pronounce those I'm gonna just keep it real maybe I need to do a a class on language but um the roles that they played were were very significant as well um and they were in charge in in the Congo the late 15th century oh no this is this is the rise of slavery well it kind of goes into uh where slavery begins in in Portugal for real so um these queens were in charge right just towards the end of or the beginning of the slave trade and when the slave trades be begin um in the late 15th century between West Africa and Portugal like I was saying when we think about it geographically Portugal is really close to the coast the west coast of Africa so it's a very short distance African kingdoms grew very wealthy within this so many did participate in the slave trade thinking that slavery was the same system that they had in Africa versus what um the slaves had in what the what slavery was going to be in Africa versus what the European idea of slavy was Portugal and Spain really take it take it over and colonize the Atlantic Islands Cabo Verde and Salto where they start the plantations all right so we got cotton Indigo sugar and instead of European labor Africans became the the main commodity for that labor so about about 1500 about 50,000 Africans had already been taken or to work on Islands or in Europe I think that's it for one but the main takeaways or a major element of his studies dispelling the misconceptions like I said Africa has been the home of advanced societies played an important role on the global stage can't stress that enough about contributions that Africa made throughout for the for the globe that many Western civilizations were able to take what they learned in Africa to build what they um what they were able to create later and use the slave trade to go and and surpass African civilizations and you know and that's pretty much the next point about slavery Rising due du due to European expansion and Global demand for goods produced by slave labor I'm sure there are some questions in there about that or what I hope I cover it as much as I could all right so um you can just keep sharing and Advance my slide for me okay or you need to give me sharing capability I need to Y got it cherry blossoms all right so I'm I'm going to be going through unit 2 unit 2 is massive as I'm sure everybody knows so I try to condense it as much as possible and I'm not really going to be going into a whole lot of detail about each item uh because that would just take too long we'd be here all night talking about the specifics of unit 2 so I'm just going to kind of refer to things and I will elaborate on some of the various terms and people but this is going to be a quick over VI because unit 2 and three have a lot of very specific information um so this is really just again like an overview to sort of trigger your memory about various um topics and themes okay so the kind of first little bit of unit two is the transatlantic slave trade so there's a few like important terms and people that you need to associate with the transatlantic slave trade as well as impacts so um unit 2 started out talking about how not all um African people who went to North and South America were enslaved so there were a lot of um Africans who were kisad doors and were part of uh Spanish conquests so that created this group of people known as ladinos and so Von gito is the first example you know he's kind of the first like recorded African person um on in the Americas and then there are some other examples that they go into like Estavan and then about the transatlantic slave trade itself so the actual transport of um captive Africans to the Americas was actually a sort of three-stage process so the initial capture and then Journey to the coast and then being held um on the coast for a period of time in Barons or even the castles like um Cape Coast castle elmina castle um being held in these prisons before they actually were transported um across the Atlantic and the actual transport across the Atlantic is known as the Middle Passage so one of the figures that you should associate with the Middle Passage is aot eano because of his narrative one of the very few narratives that they actually have of the Middle Passage Journey um I have Barons on there twice and then also the door of no return Associated kind of with that uh transport because that was the door once they went through that they were going onto the ships and going off across the Atlantic and then another term that you should associate with um this whole process is commodification and so commodification means to treat something that doesn't actually have monetary value as an object that has monetary value so enslaved and captive Africans were commodified so people shouldn't have monetary value and yet that is what was going on that's how they were treated so that term will likely show up in uh questions it's a term that you can use to describe this whole process if there's an frq question that deals with the transatlantic slave trade or just slavery in general and then a big impact of the transatlantic slave trade was the diversity of black communities across the diaspora so as you can see and we've you know talked about uh with unit one people are coming from all over Africa and yet they are going to all sorts of different places and so that means that you know all people going to Brazil for example are not necessarily coming from the same parts of Africa so those places then became increasingly diverse and that had impacts on the culture and language and um belief systems of those places that they went and the people you know kind of created new versions wherever they were and then we should also think about the impact that this whole thing had on African societies um so especially West African societies where large portions of their populations were taken um you know they suffered a lot of economic turmoil political instability and this also had a real human impact on the people you know they lost family members um the trauma of the whole process you know the fear of being captured all of that trickled down into various aspects of their societies so we need to also remember that um you know we're we're talking about real people here and um you know the impact of of such a big uh development on their history so another really big thing that's part of unit 2 and really the rest of the course is this theme of resistance so we learn about all these awful things that happen to African-Americans but we have to also remember that through it all there are various forms of resistance and from the very beginning there was resistance to situation um with during the transatlantic slave trade um so they had various forms of resistance and again this is going to continue throughout the course um from sort of arguing against slavery so we saw that through slave narratives like a lot of eano slav ship diagrams such as the diagram of the slav ship Brooks and this was created by um you know largely white abolitionists in in um in England but you know this was widely circulated and really was making people more aware of the dehumanizing conditions of the Middle Passage and also through various forms of literature uh poetry Phil sweet Lee being one and then also physical resistance on the ships themselves um so uh captives doing hunger strikes jumping overboard and then also Al revolting and so uh the Amistad case is something that you should associate uh with the transatlantic slave trade as we know um you know they were able to successfully argue that they were you know taken illegally captive and they were able to uh return to Africa but we should also know that and this is going to come up again that there was backlash to these resistance efforts so even though we have this diagram of the slav ship we are actually missing the different elements that were added by um European captors adding things to prevent um the captives from resisting so guns and Nets to prevent people from jumping overboard various instruments used to force feed them when they were doing hunger strikes and other forms of torture to just prevent people from even thinking about revolting so now we're moving into the experiences of the enslaved so once they get to the Americas um there's a whole slew of things that happens um throughout the next couple of centuries so one big thing that we need to understand is that the growth of slavery was due to uh the demand for goods such as cash crops so the big cash crop at first is sugar and then um in like the 18th century heavy heavy on like tobacco rice and indigo and then in the 19th century cotton becomes the major good that is um in demand throughout all this um there is a growth of economic dependence on cash crops and especially in the United States there's this sort of um interdependence or the North and South working together so especially with the growth of cotton um you know the north developing their textile industry which relied on Cotton coming from the south so even though you know by the time the 19th century rolls around the north doesn't really have slavery as much anymore or they're definitely phasing it out they are still benefiting from slavery tremendously we also see the implementation of slave codes um which as we know were laws restricting the movement communication literacy and just you know basic human rights of enslave people um and one of the examples of slave codes dealt with who was enslaved and so we have this policy of partis seer ventrum which established that the status of a child whether they were free or enslaved was derived from their mother um the growth of the cotton industry was due to the cotton genin so that's definitely something that you know you should associate with this time period and be able to talk about about in F frqs that have to deal with the growth of slavery and so that led to the growth of the domestic slave trade and the transport the forcable transport of insul people from the upper South to the Lower South and that movement uh was known as the second Middle Passage um and part of that was auctioning off real people um you know very painful stories you know we read various primary sources having to deal with um the family separation that was part of slave auctions um also jumping over to the development side kind of on this same topic we should remember that not all enslaved people were working on plantations picking cotton that depending on where they lived especially if they were living in the upper South um you know like in the cities like Baltimore Maryland for example Frederick Douglas is a great example of an enslaved person that did not pick cotton he did agricultural work to some extent but then he was also like a domestic servant he you know he did other like trade skills so that's one thing that we should keep in mind that enslaved labor was not just Plantation labor um also the growth of slavery was facilitated by um what we call Indian Removal so um the Five Civilized Tribes they also practice slavery kind of in an effort to keep their land um you know especially those who are more familiar with us history you know that the US government was very interested in the land in the Southeast uh particularly like in Georgia Florida Mississippi area and in an effort to keep their land and appear civilized um you know these tribes the Cherokee you know seol Creek Chaka chiasa they um practice la and they were also benefiting from it economically and when they were removed from their lands with the Indian Removal Act in 1830 um that freed up a lot of land for the expansion of slavery and they also took their enslaved people with them to the lands that they were forced to move to in Oklahoma um with slave codes especially with part of secr ventrum we see the codification of hereditary slavery so this is another term codification you know making something into law that's something that might appear in answer choices or questions and then hereditary slavery slavery being based on your family line as opposed to uh ancient forms of slavery or slavery practice in other parts of the world that may have been based on other things like being a prisoner of war um you know being in debt stuff like that so this is just strictly based on family line and then we also see racial classifications so you know race being a social construct this is a perfect example of that about how um there's a growing awareness and classification of who is white and who is black and especially with um policies like partis SEC ventrum see the evolution of sort of this distinction between um you know those who are black and those who are not and so we see this concept of hypo descent or the one drop rule that if you are part black then you are black and then that has consequences for you uh as far as your status as free or Enslaved the different rights that you may have and so on and so forth then also as I mentioned earlier the family separation due to various aspects of slavery especially the domestic slave trade in second Middle Passage and then um all of this really kind of creates this huge we Health Gap um you know you have generations of people who are stuck in slavery who are not able to inherit any property of their own and that prevents them from being able to you know be economically independent and that has repercussions for generations to come um also another thing uh that kind of grows out of this is um various forms of music with a African influence so talked about earlier about how the transatlantic slave trade really spread um people of different African cultures and ethnic groups around and so once they're all together in these sort of like mixed communities we see the growth of various aspects of culture so lots of forms of music with African influences so the development of the banjo and then also various techniques within music pollen response ring shout clapping improvisation and then also especially with the growth of Christianity even though many um ins slaved people who came uh to the Americas were either Christian or Muslim um there's an increase in the amount of enslaved people who are Christian due to uh forced conversion uh in slavery and so there's increased use of uh biblical references in their music another really important thing that's part of the experience of the enslaved is the Fugitive Slave Act which was part of the Compromise of 1850 so there was an original version of the Fugitive Slave Act in the Constitution um or in The Early Republic so this was where it was illegal to help an enslaved person who was escaping from slavery that you had to return them to their enslaver um and the fugio Slave Act that was passed in 1850 was a new and stricter version uh where the uh accused person was then taken before a commissioner and the commissioner earned uh $5 if they found the uh accused to be innocent a free person and then they earned $10 if they were uh you know found to be an actual you know escaped uh enslaved person so it was basically a rigged system and um that obviously generated lot of fear and anxiety and also impacted um the resistance efforts that uh enslaved people and their allies had to undertake So speaking of resistance again uh African-Americans are not just taking this you know uh lying down they're resisting in all sorts of different ways so there's political intellectual and cultural forms of resistance so we see this in various lawsuits such as Elizabeth key who you know kind of you know her her father was a free man and that was when uh the status of an enslaved person passed through the father and so she successfully argued in court that she should be a free person and then right after that they passed the slave code to change it to being based on the status of the mother also The Dread Scott decision so even though the Dread Scott Decision um was not in favor of Dread Scott um that is a form of resistance you know where he was arguing that he should be free because he had been taken to a series of free territories by his enslaver um and yet the Supreme Court not only said he was not free but that um you know he and any African-American were not citizens and were never meant to be citizens also have the Abolitionist Movement so many abolitionists but kind of a great example of a famous abolitionist was Frederick Douglas um other forms of resistance that were sort of indirect uh forms of resistance were maintenance of African culture through various forms of uh music and art and dance spirituals which you know had hidden messages for um trying to escape just communicating their General uh thoughts and feelings about slavery slave narratives so Solomon up his 12 years of slave narrative Harriet Jacobs incidents in the life of a slave girl ferder Douglas also had a famous narrative even though that's not one of the required sources for the course there was also a discussion about going back to Africa so the Immigration Movement Martin delini being a huge proponent of that so especially after the Fugitive Slave Act was passed a lot of um African Americans especially free blacks were kind of saying well you know it's clear that we're not welcome here and so we might as well go back to Africa and just sort of do our own thing um there was also a pretty active free black community that was active in the Abolitionist Movement also um kind of just generally talking about ways to advance uh the situation of the African-American Community they had these colored conventions they had various discussions about what they should call themselves you know should they emphasize their americanness should they say that they're African you know there were various debates over like what aspects of their identity they should be emphasizing and then we also see discussions around intersectionality so um when we talk about intersectionality in African-American studies a lot of that discussion has to do with uh the experiences of black women so women like Maria Stewart and Harriet Jacobs you know were speaking about the unique experiences of being black and a woman so Maria Stewart was mainly focused on education and um you know women's political involvement and then Harriet Jacobs was also talking about um you know the experiences of enslaved women and the sexual violence uh that they experience and then also photography so there was a topic that was all about how African-Americans were utilizing photography as a way to you know have a record of themselves for one but also to portray themselves as you know sophisticated actual people and then we also have examples of physical resistance so the most common being daily forms of resistance breaking tools stealing slowing down work um you know letting animals out destroying buildings stuff like that um also physical fighting of enslavers and other oppressors like overseers and stuff like that um various forms of self- Liberation so you know death and then also means of Escape so the Underground Railroad and maroon societies which were you know societies that um consisted of uh you know formerly enslaved people who were just sort of hiding out and some of these maroon societies were hidden um and some were more out in the open or others like the Great Dismal swamp they knew that they were there but they didn't necessarily want to go in there to go get them and then there were various forms of radical resistance and rebellions so you know just kind of mention these here you're going to need to know more specifics about each of these but Stoner Rebellion haian Revolution and then um also inspired by that was the Louisiana slave revolt or the German Coast Uprising 1811 Nat Turner's rebellion and then a couple of people you should you can associate with radical resistance are David Walker and Henry Highland Garnett and then also during the Civil War uh Harriet Tedman led the kahi river raid okay and then unit two closes out with how slavery ends so again this is due to the efforts of the Abolitionist Movement but also the Civil War is really the key component here so the civil war was really pivotal for African-Americans um you know enslave people were escaping to Union lines as soon as they saw the Union Army they were out of there um and they were telling the Union Generals like we'll help you um as long as you just take us away you know we'll tell you where to go we'll help build your forts we'll carry stuff for you we'll spy for you just let us stay here and so the Union Generals were having all of these you know uh african- Americans you know these enslaved people just with them and they asked the federal government they asked Congress they asked President Lincoln they were like what do we do with these people and so um Congress passed a couple different laws known as the confiscation acts which made it legal for them to take these enslaved people because they said that they were Contraband of war that technically the Confederacy was using these enslaved people to help wage the war they were working on their plantations some of them were being used to help build Confederate Forts and cooking for them and stuff like that so they're like well technically the the enemy is using these people they're um using them to wage war against us so we can technically take them away and so that really paves the way for the Emancipation Proclamation which I'll talk about in a moment so throughout the war African-Americans were um helping the Union Army in official and unofficial ways so were serving as Cooks nurses spies and then actual soldiers once it's clear that the war is about ending slavery that that is now a goal of the war there was some backlash in the north um particularly um you know Irish immigrant groups who were protesting the draft um you know they weren't there was a lot of you know sort of bitterness about the war going on as long as it did and that was just one of the reasons why um people you know rioted in opposition to the draft there were other reasons as well that we don't necessarily need to know for this course so the Emancipation Proclamation um which I should have put the date on here uh Lincoln issues it in September of 1862 it becomes official January 1st 1863 so that frees or you know or it sets up freedom for all enslaved people in the states that are currently in Rebellion so that states in the Confederacy that are not currently occupied by Union forces a big impact of the Emancipation Proclamation is that um it opens up military service for African-American men and 200,000 of those men answer the call Frederick Douglas actually specifically encourages African-Americans to join the war effort because he says this is going to be the best argument about why uh slavery should be abolished and why we should be considered equal citizens um also a big thing about the Emancipation Proclamation is that it did not immediately free enslave people in the Confederacy the Union Army was actually the um the way that they were officially liberated and many enslaved people you know self- liberated once the Emancipation Proclamation was official but for the most part A lot of people had to wait for the Union Army to come through and um you know liberate them or the state had to essentially kind of be in a situation where you know it was safe to leave um and then also a big thing that kind of comes out of the Emancipation Proclamation is juneth so there were people in galson Texas who were not fully aware of the Emancipation Proclamation until basically the war was over and um you know they had to be told by uh the Union Army that oh by the way like you're free now the Emancipation Proclamation freed you um and so the juneth holiday is in celebration of them learning about that and so slavery is officially abolished by the 13th Amendment in December of 1865 so the amendment does pass Congress before the war is officially over civil war ends officially with uh Robert El Le's surrender in April of 1865 and then the amendment is officially ratified in December of 1865 and um the condition for the Confederate states to re-enter the union was that they had to abolish slavery they had to ratify the 13th Amendment or basically uh they had to agree that slavery would no longer exist so some big takeaways from unit 2 is that enslavement dehumanized and commodified African-Americans um you know this again uh treating them as objects to be bought and sold um you know just very uh a very dark part of our history um another thing not all African-Americans were enslaved not all of them worked on plantations they had a variety of skills and uh their lives varied greatly depending on where they were living and African-Americans utilized a variety of direct and indirect forms of resistance and they were exercising their agency whenever possible and also the abolition of slavery happened in large part due to the efforts of African-Americans themselves so we give a lot of credit to Abraham Lincoln for freeing the slaves and as a major fan of Abraham Lincoln I he he does deserve a lot of credit but the thing you know the Emancipation Proclamation 13th Amendment those things would not have happened without the actions of African-Americans and the resistance efforts that they were utilizing um throughout the 19th century but especially during the Civil War okay so I do wantan I do want to jump in real quick we we already 55 minutes that's how that's how much uh this is obviously unit 2 was going to take a significant amount of time and you know so make sure that you guys who are here it turns out it's like 50 people and at one point I saw it and I was looking at the chat you know like go ahead and lock in because if you don't you're gonna miss something and there's only you know there's only a couple days left we we are less than 48 hours away from when y'all going to be taking this test so you know clean it up in the chat and stay locked in I'm looking I was looking for questions in there about actually specific things I did see some things about uh part of secretary ventrum which I think Miss Greco did a great job of covering that um so if you want to go back and watch that part again or just go find it within your notes or whatever so we we we gonna keep moving Miss Miss Greco G um cover unit three and I'm gonna cover unit four I know it's getting late here in uh you know she on the west coast so there it's a little earlier I know some of y'all might have to go to bed or whatever but this is gonna be recorded it's gonna be posted and for my students that I'm gonna share this uh you know we I'm go over this again in class as much as I can or I'll share with you to be able to ask questions for yourself all right I was doing that to just give you a pause so you can breathe a little bit too thank you thank you okay so um you have to hear me a little bit more I'm going to go through unit three unit three is not as much stuff so I'm going to go through this as quickly as possible so unit 3 is the practice of Freedom unit 3 is definitely a roller coaster of uh highs and lows um so I kind of broke it up uh into different kind of time periods within unit 3 so the first part is reconstruction so Reconstruction had a lot of potential there were a lot of great things that happen happened as a result so we have the abolition of slavery with the 13th Amendment African-Americans getting citizenship we have the establishment of Birthright citizenship um which people you know impacts people of all backgrounds today if you're born in the United States then you are a citizen of the United States and that is due to the 14th Amendment and 14th Amendment also grants equal protection under the law to all citizens um and then we have the 15th amendment in 1870 which uh granted black men the right to vote so basically says you cannot uh discriminate based on race um and at this time women did not have the right to vote and in fact this issue caused a rift in the uh women's suffrage movement between those who supported blackmail suffrage and those who felt like white women should get uh the right to vote first you know we have our leaders Elizabeth Katie Stanton and Susan banthony who said some you know very uh uh strong things uh against African-Americans gain the right to vote so but that had huge impacts for the African-American Community uh black office holders at the local state and federal levels one thing we should also note is that um black men in the South actually got the right to vote before the 15th Amendment um the Reconstruction acts of 1867 actually granted black men the right to vote before the 15th Amendment so the 15th amendment was actually granting the right to vote um to uh black men in the north uh which you know as I kind of said earlier there was a lot of opposition to that um so kind of even before the 15th amendment was passed kind of between 1867 and 1870 and then you know in the next few years after that many black office holders at all different levels of society so we have people ranging from like sheriffs Justice of the Peace uh County clerks all the way up to um you know congressmen serving in the House of Representatives and Senators another um you know huge thing that happens is enslaved people are able to reunify with their loved ones so there's a lot of people putting in advertisements for decades look for people that they had lost track of in slavery due to that family separation a lot of people getting married officially for the first time because enslaved people were not able to legally marry so uh people getting legally married and then also changing their surnames so changing their last names um you know a lot of enslaved people if they did have a last name it may have been their enslaver last name and so they wanted to change that U maybe they wanted to change their name entirely so there was was a lot of that going on and the fredman's bureau was actually handling um all of this and the fredman's bureo also helped with education opportunities they helped establish schools throughout the South there were many um people from the north who came down to the South to provide um you know to be teachers in the schools uh that not only were for African-Americans but also many poor whites who were illiterate and then there were a lot of um people who moved to free state and territories so they no longer enslaved so they decided to just go elsewhere but then unfortunately there's um some low points of reconstruction and basically throughout but definitely towards the second half of reconstruction and you know when we're into the 1870s um we've got the enaction of Black Codes which plac restrictions on African-Americans you know their movement their communication they couldn't own guns they you know at times couldn't own property things like that um you know they had to have employment that's a big one that's going to get a lot of people um and then we also see a lot of backlash through racial violence lynching being the big one and remember lynching is not just hanging but any um you know killing that is done by a mob of people you know without going through the justice system um we have very groups carrying this out like the Klux Clan the white League Etc but we should note that a lot of times lynchings were just spur of the- moment things people in the community sometimes law enforcement participating so it's not just these groups it's just random people in the community um we also see disenfranchisement even though black men have the right to vote there is various obstacles put in their way pole taxes literacy test grandfather closet and then also straight up violence and intimidation to prevent them from voting or taking office so there were a lot of times African American would get elected to office and then they would be threatened if they actually took their position another big problem after slavery so one of the things that enslaved formerly enslaved people wanted was land you know they wanted to be economically self-sufficient but unfortunately that didn't happen even though they were supposed to be granted you know 40 acres and a mule um you know President Andrew Johnson basically cancel all that out returned land to former enslavers and although some people did get small farms in some areas for the most part that did not happen and so as a result they had to go back and work for their former enslaver or they um became sharecroppers also participating in the propoline system and so this you know the these systems put them into debt and debt was one of the things that could land you in prison so you know that created additional problems then this whole thing prevented the accumulation of generational wealth we also see the rise of the convict Leasing system the beginnings the real uh beginnings of the prison industrial complex so you know people getting arrested for Ticky fouls you know uh violating Black Codes not having proof of employment being out at the wrong place at the wrong time gathering together um and then you know or having debt and then being put in prison and having all these legal fees being put into more debt and then having to work off their debt uh through this Force labor and that's an aspect of the 13th Amendment 13th Amendment says you know you can't have uh involuntary servitude on unless it's uh for conviction of a crime so that loophole you know kind of leads us into this whole new system of Oppression of African-Americans so that really starts during Reconstruction and it just takes off and continues uh for decades so then we enter into what we call the nater of race relations so this is the lowest point in American race relations so this is characterized by segregation and racial violence so we have Jim Crow laws so dour or bylaw segregation we got the Supreme Court weighing in with py versus Ferguson basically saying you can have segregation as long as it's separate but equal and even though that case was only specific to railroad cars it was applied to all different aspects of society basically people interpreted that as a green light for segregation there were various Southern Lynch laws that justified Ral violence the perpetuation of uh you know stories about lynching in the media that fueled all these stereotypes of black criminality you know ideas that um you know black men were trying to commit sexual assault against white women um that black people were guilty of crimes that if they were accused by a white person and black people not being able to testify in their own defense all these things you know contributed to uh to lynching and also conict leasing you know with black people being imprisoned for crimes we also see um kind of an explosion of violence uh after World War I with the red summer of 1919 and the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921 so those two things not going to go into detail but those are two things you should definitely be aware of and then again through all this there's resistance to um various aspects of of what's going on we got IW Wells um you know her anti- lynching investigative journalism was really key to exposing how um you know lynching was based off of these stereotypes that really had no basis in fact various forms of resistance through literature poetry and music so we have different examples of you know pieces where they were sort of expressing how they were really feeling or expressing you know sort of determination against um their situation then we also have this concept of racial uplift so African-Americans really kind of reached a point where they're where they were thinking okay well we're enslave we're we're free from slavery not enslaved anymore we have all these other systems of Oppression so how are we going to get out of this like how are we ultimately really going to practice freedom and there were different ideas about how to go about doing this there were various forms of Education so Booker T Washington and his industrial education uh ver and then WB deys kind of emphasizing more of like a you know academic education also Anna Julia Cooper weighing in emphasizing education for women and then Carter G Woodson also emphasizing uh the study of black history so that leads to the growth of African-American studies African-American history as a field we also have women actively being part of this conversation with the Women's Club movement and women's suffrage efforts so we have various women involved in that we've got the establishment of HBCU and um black fraternities and sororities with the um National hand helenic Council AKA The Divine n and then different forms of artistic expression which I'm going to expand on here in a moment and then also the back to Africa movement uh led by Marcus Garvey so again that topic of immigration thinking well we are obviously not able to prosper here let's just go and start over somewhere else let's go back to the land of our heritage and just do our thing over there there were various um political and religious institutions like the NAACP the unia um also I didn't put it on here but you should associate like black nationalism and pan-africanism with the whole back to Africa movement and Marcus Garvey and just this time period in general and then also the growth of existing institutions like the American Methodist Episcopal church or the um am Church which had been around for you know since like the 18th century but um had really you know grown and became an important organization where people could mobilize politically and also just sort of come together socially and then we also have the growth of blackowned businesses madam CJ Walker being very successful with her hair products you know she's the first like um you know uh female millionaire and also the black press and blackowned Banks helping more um blackowned businesses get started all right so then another big part of unit three is a great migration so you should know that this is the uh you know the voluntary migration of African-Americans out of the South to the north Midwest and western United States so there are a very a variety of reasons why they were doing this one being racial violence and Jim Crow laws but then also they had um whole factors like job opportunities in uh factories and such that were due to um job openings due to uh World War I and World War II so a lot of men went off to war and they also the War Industries expanded tremendously in order to produce all the things that we need for war you know supplies weapons uh planes boats stuff like that um so a lot of job opportunities in these cities and um people moved there for that and then also crop failures uh in the South made it difficult to be a sharecropper so then effects of the Great Migration so the the big effect of the Great Migration is the new negro movement in the Harlem Renaissance but kind of side effects are that this caused African-American communities and the cities to become increasingly diverse so we have people from the South now you know uh mingling and associating with people who are living in the north sort of the blending of those cultures and so we see like the growth of various forms of music and literature and stuff like that this also contributes to racial tensions in cities especially um you know after the wars so like for World War I for example you experienced a huge increase in um African-American population due to people moving there for the war industry jobs and that caused a lot of tension um a lot of backlash in cities like Chicago where the men the white men came back from the war and they're like well wait a second like our city looks completely different there's all these people that weren't here before what's going on and um you know that contributed to the racial violence that happened during the red summer um so again the big impact of the Great Migration is the growth of African-American culture so that is in the new negro movement or kind of the Harlem Renaissance these terms are kind of interchangeable but a good way of thinking about it is that the Harlem Renaissance is an aspect of the new negro movement so the new negro movement is all about you know sort of redefining themselves having pride in being black and expressing themselves culturally so the Harlem Renaissance is that growth of artistic and intellectual expression so we've got the creation of a black aesthetic through various forms of art music photography and literature so you've got a whole host of different AR artists and writers and musicians that you can associate with this time period so some big takeaways from unit 3 is that freedom brought a lot of success for African-Americans you see them you know politically participating succeeding economically you know especially like the the creation of like these communities these Black Wall Streets you know various blackowned businesses people getting education reconnecting with family there's a lot of good that happened during this time period however the backlash really undermines a lot of it and um prevents it from really becoming what it could have been you know they historians talk about reconstruction as being a second founding of the United States how we really redefined what it meant to be a citizen and you know what the relationship of like the government was going to be to um to society and solving these issues of race But ultimately the reversal the dismantling of a lot of these different reconstruction reforms prevented those things from being fulfilled and also racial violence and oppression is a big big aspect of this time period so when you're thinking about the late 19th through like mid 20th century you should be thinking about how this is a period of racial violence and oppression um but throughout this period African-Americans were resisting in various ways and achieving success and a big part of that was an increased awareness of themselves and um how they were willing to express themselves and also like just a more um active approach to um the role that they we're going to play in society and this unit really paves the way for unit 4 you know the Civil Rights Movement didn't just come out of nowhere people didn't just wake up one day and say you know what we want to fight for our rights a lot of that self-awareness and mobilization that organization happened in unit 3 happened in the late 19th and early 20th centuries so with that I'm going to hand it over to coach Reed you can finish up our last unit movements and debates so I would let you share your screen okay cool um yeah just to round out unit three and kind of how you were saying that uh the resistance that had been going on during unit 3 is the same resistance that was going on in unit uh the difference is that now that slavery is not anymore people have the freedom to move around and they can make a lot more independent decisions even though that they risking their lives doing it is just the same way uh there are people and there are laws that you know you're not stuck in one spot you can leave you still like I said you're still risking it but uh you know just that little bit more freedom that little bit more of Independence a little bit more of Mobility gave people a bigger opportunity and that's the theme you know that kind of carries on in the unit 4 because the the violent response to each and every bit of progress that African-Americans make throughout throughout the country's history is is always there so as we move into unit four U let me get my screen up before we wrap up for the night too appreciate the audience y'all still doing too much in the chat a little bit but you know I guess we got to have a little fun with it because it is kind of a deep dark story to be told in in a lot of different ways and that's that and that's a part of it that that I think if you carry that idea with you uh into into your test of of what this is all about it it'll help you out you do want to you know as hard as as much as we have to prepare we do want to enjoy ourselves we want to have fun you know throughout the struggle all right so no struggle no progress so struggling to get y'all to lock in some times but all right so um I had to put these slides together at my son baseball game I'm just keep it real say a little a little wordy in some cases but uh starting from um the anti-colonial first instructional Focus the anti-colonial movements and the early black Freedom Movement um the negritude and the gismo movement these are these are Concepts that I was very very unfamiliar with before I started teaching this course but what I learned about negritude and you know little French accent neud and Nismo um Shere don't judge me I see you in the chat um but anyway negritude um connecting to the French Caribbean um speaking countries and Nismo being the Latin American countries um embracing Black Culture embracing their Blackness and connecting to the ne the new negro movement um these are all movements that are one and the same just the new negro movement taking place in America negritude movement taking place in the French Colonial uh countries and the Nismo movement taking place in the Latin countries uh yeah so that whole thing um protesting through writing through ART through uh expressive culture and celebration the celebrating these contributions cultural Pride political activism all of these things are going together uh when we just talked about uh what was going on in the har of Renaissance in the new negro movement Allan lock is another name that you want to remember uh who coined that term new negro but um you know when you think about that that he might be one that that comes up in a source or something like that moving from there into segregation discrimination and how it persisted in the United States after the passing of Rights Act of 1875 after the passing of the Reconstruction amendments uh segregation de facto is a term used in the in Essential Knowledge just means the it's a matter of fact it is what it is even though it's not legalized in all cases uh it Remains the the the the thing of the day uh even after Brown versus the Board education which rules segregation unconstitutional in public places so remember the Brown versus the boy education uh pretty much overturns the placey vers Ferguson which says separate but equal is legal so after Brown versus the Board education takes place you know before these schools are just coach everybody doesn't just everybody doesn't just say hey okay let's all go to school together that's not what happened so why fames start moving to the suburbs and you get the the development of the suburb uh living that that we see today as so so prominent it wasn't always a thing there were many white families who did live in urban urban communities before this and went to Public Schools but after once the desegregation takes place uh in public places Transportation restaurants hotels everywhere else um white families kind of move and and create their own uh spaces that will help them to remain segregated uh African-Americans one of the things when they created Jitney to provide transportation for themselves in 1944 after World War II or dur towards the end of World War II um the GI bill was created to support all the veterans 1.2 million of these B black but because the way it was constructed um the states were were left with the the job of passing out the benefits for the GI bill which was health benefits if you have veterans in your family you can ask them about it health benefits housing uh business loans all of these things are not granted to African-Americans in Jim Crow States in and and in northern states and in many cases as well then housing discrimination comes up in general with redlining being you know cities drawing lines on the map making it illegal for black people to live across these lines and it deny you know I squeez this in it denied African-Americans up with Mobility through uh through housing and how that can help you uh as far as generational wealth goes it also denies you access to public amenities like parks and recreational spaces it also denies you access to public schools that might have more resources resources it also denies you access to to Health Care it might put you in a place where you're Liv where the air pollution is is a lot worse so all of these things are like I said the GI bill was passed and it was a great thing um Brown vers the board education denies um segregation makes it illegal but there's always ways that responds to it so um like like I said that just just remember that when you when you studying American history you kind of looking looking through it um all right so then then we go on what becomes the Civil Rights Movement the modern Civil Rights Movement as we know it obviously Martin Luther King is that that that key person that we all know about but uh there were the big six um Martin Luther King John Lewis Ralph aberth Whitney Young Roy Wilkins and A Philip Randolph and then these uh organizations the NAACP which was founded by well two of the founders were WB de boys and ID whales core Congress of racial equality snck Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee SCC uh Southern Christian leadership conference which was Martin Luther Kings and then the Urban League and all of these movements uh had multi-racial membership and uh many people from different backgrounds were all involved in it b r had a big role in all of these events that are on the um in the part to the right but because of he was uh openly gay he faced discrimination and then these women of the movement Ella Baker who was known as the the mother of the Civil Rights Movement was a member of indac CPC and Snick Fanny ler was a freedom writer and a member of the uh Mississippi Freedom Democratic party excuse the typos uh Dorothy Height was uh president of the National Council of negro women and Josephine Baker was a singer and an activist I want to be able to read that down there and her being an artist and other artists who were involved in the Civil Right Movement uh brought Global attention to to the struggle which was music you know all these Arts um from artists that were from all over the globe as well so the main strategy of these organizations and the Civil Rights Movement itself was nonviolent direct action the strategy Freedom Rides marches protests boycott sit-ins all which were met with violent responses so people lost their lives in that process as well uh the bus boycott in 1955 was pretty much where the Civil Rights Movement really got his foundation and Martin Luther King um backing Rosa Parks Rosa Parks was a secretary of the NAACP Martin Luther King as a young preacher who moves to Montgomery um where his wife is from Alabama is reason for that um this is where it really gets started then the Little Rock crisis in 1957 where Little Rock N are trying to go to school Central High in Arkansas um there's mu M I forget the name of the musician and I didn't put him in there but he wrote Pro a protest song uh yeah I don't know what what kind of typo I got going on down here but there was music and faiths Traditions from back in the day that were part of the struggle so just like during slavery they sang songs they went to church and they prayed about it uh then the March March on Washington 1963 Martin Luther King gives I Have a Dream speech they signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 s they do the Selma March in 1965 and the Voting Rights Act is signed not long after Bloody Sunday and then the fair housing act so we talked about red lining and housing discrimination that took place after the G Bill and then in 1968 the government passed the Fair Housing Act uh way again and Poets in the neg Nismo movement connected the Civil Rights struggles to the US in those Latin American countries Lord have mercy I'm good for the PIP boy too though so it's all good I'll fix it later all right where we at where we at okay Faith and music important elements of inspiration and Community mobilization during the Civil Rights Movement of 1950s and 60s freedom songs emerg adaptation of hymn spirituals gospel song labor union songs and black churches so the singing never stops many people in my class did presentations on music so I think we have a good idea of how that works just make sure that you understand it's never just singing songs of fun is singing songs that's connected to the struggle which is a lot of people's problem with today's music that connection seems to have been lost somewhere along the lines that's kind of irrelevant to the test probably but it's something worth considering and if you want to make a view of it you know just an observation that I think is fair all right freedom songs inspired African-Americans many of whom risking their lives um but you know when you think about the the the old tapes of the civil rights movement and hearing people singing We Shall Overcome you know uh all those types of songs really played a part in you know the struggle itself and the lyrics of those songs always telling a story always trying to say something that's important about uplifting themselves whether it's faith-based or not uh but the majority of it is connected to a spiritual belief as well all right that was a extra all right diasporic solidarity so what does that even mean that just means people throughout the diaspora keeping it solid with each other sticking together and having unity in the 50s and 60s the the colonial ties that a lot of these African countries had with European countries are starting to go away and some of these African countries are fighting for Independence against colonization um this is a connection that's made though through African-Americans who are seeing this Latin Americans who are seeing the African countries gaining their independence from European countries and they are connecting to to each other based off that struggle and saying hey if they can do it over there we can do it over here meanwhile we got don't forget that Africa during the 50s and 60s this is before the black campus movement so these misconceptions that we reframe we are reframing today in 2024 or the the belief that everyone believes is true or they they are the status quo for what for the knowledge that is out there in the world so most people don't believe African countries are gaining anything most people don't believe African countries have any history worth having or you know they don't they're they're not worthy of the respect and that Unity but our leaders of the civil rights movement of the time were really kind of speaking to that moving towards black power so you know black people I said it about unit one in the B two migration are not a monolith so some people who are you know going against who are looking at the nonviolent integrationist and saying that that's not going to get it done so they start looking at self-determination cultural app and self defense not nonviolence and definitely not violence towards others in random acts but just to defend yourself like most people normally would the whole nonviolent idea is not really a natural thing so we look at people some people who say Martin Luther King was weaker because he didn't want to fight back it actually takes more strength than that that's a conversation for another time too but Malcolm X you know my name sake uh was the main promoter of this black pride he is the symbol of this um self-determination uh there's very little about his story in here but the main points in the Essential Knowledge is that he was with the Nation of Islam I would have to give you all kind of background information on that that Ed puzzle that crash course with Clint Smith about Malcolm X is a great watch for for that story um but he did end up splitting with them because of a bad relationship with Elijah Muhammad but the Nation of Islam definitely was uh something that pushed for black power pushed for self-determination culture applied and had a built excuse me a built-in self-defense program which is called the fruit of Islam moving on from that Malcolm X is assassinated in 1965 and the Black Panther Party is founded in 1966 and they are inspired by him and they create the 10-point program which uh sought fair housing education jobs health care prison reform um amongst other things they implemented a free breakfast free health care free clothing programs called the Survivor program so if you taking notes right now that's what they was called and they embraced their second amendment rights which the right to bear arms which California actually changed their laws and made it illegal to carry guns around after black panther party started doing it and they also um you know with a lot of sexism that took place in the black in um Civil Rights Movement which we'll explore like in the next slide uh there were prominent women who did play roles in the black Black Panther Party specifically Kathleen Cleaver uh who was the wife of eldis Cav but more importantly the I think she was over Communications and then Elaine Brown who became the president of the entire Black Panther Party during the 70s right [Music] all right black women significant roles in the movement of course black women are always involved and got their hand prints on something that is uplifting of others but they weren't allowed to be in the leadership role so when we look at the big six there's no women in there but that but we know Ella Baker was right there we know that um L HR played a very significant role um Dorothy Height meeting with the president doing all these other great things the list goes on and all so writers like wenden Brooks and Mari Evans this is directly from the central knowledge um they explor it in their writing and kind of just talk about intersectionality and and look at it from a you could say um an interdisciplinary Human Experience when they talk about how being a black woman woman adds to their you know their their part of the struggle if we we could take it right back to harri Jacobs and Anna Julia Cooper in unit 2 who who kind of said these same things so you can kind of see a continuity continuity of a lot of the themes uh when we look at units two three and four about the experiences um yeah and that's this is me writing that black women have to navigate all parts of their identity and they still them all women do all right diversity within black communities um I think these are some things that that you guys as teenagers are starting to be able to grasp some of those Concepts right now but um like one particular growth of black middle class took place because of the Civil Rights gains so all of this progress that is being made all of these things that black people have been resisting and uplifting and risking their lives and losing their lives to get we our generation and generation before us are able to access some of those things when I think about who my great-grandparents were and what they had access to versus myself obviously there's a significant difference there they didn't they grew up in the NAT in the nater and I'm growing up in 2024 I grew up in the 80s and the 90s but that's we'll leave that alone all right um but there's access to resources so now higher education is not a far-fetched thing jobs and hiring because of fair housing the ACT is has been passed Civil Rights Act has been passed the Voting Rights Act has been passed people can get political jobs state jobs city jobs um urbanization increase opport increase opportunities too so African-Americans in the South who mostly live in rural communities are now moving into cities and you know getting other employment in the business sector whether they were doing it here in in the South if they remained after slavery or their parents might have migrated to bigger cities in in the North like Chicago New York Detroit St Louis where these factories and Pittsburgh P Philadelphia all these other places where people have gone and they start to own their own businesses and they start to be entrepreneurs for themselves and start to understand the economy and how to make it work for themselves and there's no legal way for them to be discriminated against so is there some hate towards them for their success of course but there's also a lot of white support there's also a lot of legal support there's also a lot of black people who are becoming lawyers and studying the law and being able to participate in it and you know owning restaurants and being becoming bankers and getting themselves financially literally to up literate to uplift themselves in the ways that Booker Washington said through industrial education but also in the ways WB the bo said in uh you know through classical education hope y'all still with me all right black political gains um these are from the Essential Knowledge but you just really can can understand that black people gain a lot of political power right after the Civil War right so then then the response to that happens they build in all these codes and and block the voting well after the Voting Act is passed in 1965 and people are not able to legally discriminate and stop black people from voting anymore boom we right back involved in the political system and gain tons of political representation excuse me between 1970 and 2006 the number of black elected officials in the US Grew From 1,500 to 9,000 sixfold increase um 1971 being the largest year impact of the black Freedom Movement and black political representation shirle Chisum becomes the first black woman in Congress in 1968 she also was the first woman I believe out of of any color to run for uh presidency there's a movie that just came out about Shirley shout out to Shirley that's my ATI name all right um yeah so identity Culture Connection evolution of black music like I said it's kind of a a similar story that we've already explored in unit two and three but in the um and unit four actually already because we just talked about the spirituals so we just think about the evolution of black music this is topic for 15 or so it starts with the Negro spirituals it goes to rag time and the blues and you know and then folk songs and then Jazz and then R&B and then Soul music and then hip hop and Funk and there's all these other different elements that's not in there but all goes back to improv and call and response and single patient and dance that and all of this starts in Africa all right these are the customs of African people that we see in live action today everything that you see now the way people dance the way people make music it's all African inspired um so yeah then the next topic is about African-Americans in stem which uh those of you who are my students or look on the wall in my room and see all the black inventors that are all over the place um that played a significant role fields of Agriculture we definitely got to think about George washingon and Carver we think about technology medicine and Science and Engineering all of these different ways that you know you've probably heard through many Black History Month programs and all these other things that you know who are these people that are in these fields well the central knowledge in this course doesn't really explore the people but it explores just the concept to know that there are people who makeing these contributions um yeah so one of the people in medicine Daniel hell Williams who was the first open heart surgery uh who did the first open heart surgery and then I know Charles Drew did the first blood bank and in science there's so many but my favorite in science is Louis Latimer who helped out out Thomas ala Edison uh to create the carbon filament for the light bulb even though Edison gets credit for the light bulb itself and there's just many of us um so African-American supported this training for black medical professional establishing medical schools at these colleges and the national Medical Association for black medical professionals I mean for uh National Medical Association because black medical professionals were initially barred from entry to the American uh Medical Association so black people black doctors weren't really allowed and then um thinking of about all these other ways that you know even a slave an enslaved man brought awareness to uh vaccinate people for small poox and this is one that I learned recently K mikia Corbit Central to the development of the Mna covid uh vaccine and that's pretty much end of that part with black people in stem one of the sources in there is one of my favorite people which is an image of M Jimson she's really awesome because she's born on October 17th like me so or I'm like her shout out to M Json though she's on the wall in my room too afro futurism moving on a cultural aesthetic and political movement that blends black experiences from the past with an afro Centric vision of a technologically advanced future that includes data science forecasting and AI there's no better example of this than uh uh the movie Black Panther and wakanda itself to kind of just think of a future where black people are Advanced technologically um but there are other other examples of it I think we saw some of that in the n in the New Orleans Museum of Art on the field trip that we went to on my class but you can explore that as well on your own a little bit more if you have any questions about it um key takeaways I think is that that's the last topic for it civil rights movement long fight for equality that involved many different people from all backgrounds not just not just black people but there was more and more white people involved and people from all backgrounds as well and that's similar to abolitionist it's another civil rights movement in in a different Century ultimately led to key changes in government Brown vers Board of Education uh made segregation illegal Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the phal Housing Act of 1968 because of those things people like us who have grown up after this took place have no un have no real understanding of what it might have been like to live that way we can read about it we can think about it but we'll never feel it and and it's because of all the work that took aund year 100 plus years to do all right there was always a violent response from White Citizens who push back against this black progress we saw that very very vividly in each in each unit and this this one it was no different um many different ideas many people had different ideas about achieving equality but throughout uh throughout the diaspora the end goal was the same which was equality which was Freedom which was Liberty which was Justice for All and when I I mean viously the main people when you think about different ideas in uh the Civil Rights Movement it's definitely Malcolm X and with the King but you think about the Black Panther Party you think about Stokely car you think about a lot of these more outspoken um or people who didn't choose the nonviolent strategy not saying that they were violent that people always get that misconstrued that just because you're you're not nonviolent that you are violent you could just be a person who wants to defend yourself and last but not least regardless of how things went black people throughout the diaspora continue to advance forward in all aspects of life and because of all of the sacrifices that were made during during the times of unit 2 and the times of unit 3 uh in the in the 20th century black people are able to actually realize some of those goals and some of those dreams that their ancestors had I'm sure everyone might have seen the t-shirts about I'm my ancestor wild as dreams well you very well might be uh most likely you are and that goes for a lot of people in from a lot of different backgrounds but for africanamerican specifically I feel like you know because of all the things that we learned about from previous times it just means that much more that that you can't take it for granted and that ladies and gentlemen brings us to a close I don't I I saw a few questions as I was going through the chat that that I felt like I could have answered but I'm not sure Marsha were you able to go through there and see all the silliness that my students were participating in h for the most part it was fine um there was one question that I answered in the chat uh that was actually one of my students who asked that um and then there were there was another one that another student answered so um you know if people have any remaining questions you can ask it if it's something if you have something that we didn't go over um that you would like more clarification on did you answer the question about the veil yeah okay okay cool other than that I think they were I really enjoy watching students answer each other's questions it's pretty cool glad you guys are getting along all right I don't see any questions in the chat so this is going to be a last call for any topic person event test taking strategies test taking strategies look I've been out for two days these last two days so I know we missed some stuff so if y'all got some questions you know ask them now because we ain't gonna have a lot of time tomorrow there was a question to me if I'm gonna have an after school review session no but I'm definitely gonna be encouraging people to watch this video but this is pretty much it I've done I feel like I've then you know I feel like the review assignments that I gave were pretty comprehensive um but there was a question to clarify about the veil so um so what I basically said in the chat about the veil is that web de boys basically says that like African-Americans have this Veil on them that is it's kind of doing a few different things it's preventing people from seeing them as they really are because of all of the like anti-black racism that exists in society like that prevents people from it's like something that's blocking them like if you think of like a literal Veil it's like something that's you know over your your face um so it's preventing people from really seeing and treating people African-Americans as actual people and as full Americans so know one of the things that he talks about in The Souls of Black Focus about how you know African-Americans don't really belong in America but they don't really belong in Africa either um and so it's that Veil that is preventing people from really seeing them as fully part of American society but it's also something that prevents African-Americans from truly seeing themselves as they are without that racism um you know he says like something along the lines of like always thinking of themselves in terms of how others see them um so it's there there's that aspect as well that all of this anti-black racism has just clouded everybody's perceptions of black people and that has had tremendous impacts on how they're treated in society but then also like psychologically and then he goes into like that double Consciousness like that it's the veil that like kind of causes the double Consciousness like situation um if you want to add anything to that basically I mean I was just kind of noding my head because the double Consciousness there there's the one Consciousness when the veil is when the veil is covering your face and you're out and out in society but then there's the other Consciousness when you're lift Avail when you're at home in the comfort of your own place when you're just around black people who all think the same way as you and you the way you the way you see the world with them and the way they see the world when you're just amongst yourselves but obviously the dominant Society uh when when you have to when you leave the house you're a part of that now so you have to put you can't walk outside your house without your Veil on because they not going to see you for for who you are if you try to be yourself you really risk in your life so you have to wear it in order to protect yourself and that's why that topic is paired with we wear the mask by polar and star so you can basically if you understand we wear the mask then you understand double Consciousness like that's basic they're basically saying the same thing but just slightly differently yeah so uh one of my students Rhea uh was asking about diasporic solidarity which um like I was trying to break it down but you know just to think about it like this if Africans African-Americans Latin Americans are all part of the diaspora are afro Europeans as well if we are all in all these different places and we say all right those people are not the same as me because they are from Europe or those we not I'm not the same as African I don't want to have any connection with with the country of Africa or people in Africa or the struggles that they might be enduring or any kind of cultural aspects of their life I want to disconnect completely from them that would not be solidarity right so the the solidarity that came about during um during the 20th century was africanamerican seeing the struggle of Africans with colonialism and then fighting for their independence and becoming countries of their own um Malcolm X traveled to to to to Africa during during this time Martin Luther King did WB the boy Maya Angelo a group of them went over there to see what was going on and they were welcome with open arms as opposed to what Malcolm X said in his writing and this is me going into deep my own deeper studies was that he had been told that Africans had no relationship they didn't care about Americans they weren't G to treat us right and I still hear this in conversations today oh man you go to Africa Africans don't love us blah blah blah blah blah well that's not really the case and it never really was it was just what the mainstream media kind of told everyone but uh when that in when that African Independence Movement really started in the 50s and 60s African-Americans specifically The prominent leaders went to visit and they saw something totally different than what they were thinking and it really brought them closer together and if you think about African-Americans in the Caribbean um or Africans in the Caribbean I should say afro Caribbean people uh there has always been a connection between Haiti and Louisiana for example you know the German Coast Uprising happens right after the Haitian revolution that's that's diasporic solidarity even back in the day but for for unit four is really mostly connected to the Civil Rights Movement as well as the African independent movement against colonialism from European countries so if you want to think about it you know when you want to think about diasporic solidarity you'll see it as a part of unit four so connect the Civil Rights Movement to uh to the African independence movement and then you'll probably be in the in the right area but it's a connection that exists through when you just break down the words themselves which is when we talk about test taking strategies we just looking at vocabulary right there you know we know what the D is so we know what diasporic should mean from that and then solidarity solid sticking together holding down I hope that makes sense okay so there was a question about who the big six were I mean this is one of those things where like you don't necessarily have to remember all six of them yeah I mean you just have to understand that there were like these leaders of the major civil rights organizations so like Martin Luther King's one of them he's the you know um leader of thec Southern Christian leadership conference there's like A Philip Randolph there's John Lewis who's leader of Snick there's uh like Whitney Young who's like National Urban League um like James Farmer I think is in there um so oh and who's the daacp person uh Roy Roy Wilkins um yeah so it's it you know you just kind of have to understand that like these leaders were all working together and even though they had slightly different focuses for their groups or maybe slightly different strategies that they were all working towards like the same goals pretty much so that's really like the big concept that you have to understand there right and I think non they all of them agreed that nonviolence was the best strategy and there were no women in the big six either so all of the leadership was uh was male and I think that's kind of what that kind of leads into another part of it and Bayard Rustin is gets left out of a lot of these conversations because he's a gay male so that and that that's all in the central knowledge so um think about the big six you don't have to name them all but you might want to at least know the organizations and you know why was it it was important to note that that these were all males um we are having a stud I am going to stay after class tomorrow so four o'clock so who's ever staying in my class I'll be there oh there's a question about the Congo before they were converted to Catholicism I forget actually I did know it I I I I didn't I haven't re uh Revisited that information Aubrey I'm sure there was some worship of nature I'm looking at demaya dea's response to that something like that yeah like some sort of polytheistic belief system yep um okay so for there there's some frq questions um orq related questions so there are four frqs and each frq has four or five parts so ABC D or one of them probably will have like a part E I don't know maybe I don't know if they kept that feature last year that's how it was one of them had five parts and mo most of them had four um and then you have 70 minutes 70 to complete all four so it averages out to about 17 and a half minutes per frq and within the um test like program within Blue Book I believe you can go back and forth like between different answers so like let's say you're you look at the first one and you're like well I'm not really sure so then you can go to the next one and see what the question is and you're like okay well I can answer this one so then you answer that one and then you can go back to the first one and answer that and it saves what you've written so um you know because there's a time limit you want to get as many points as you can so personally I've been recommending that you answer what you can answer well and you put your effort into that make sure you get those points and then you use the remaining time to go back and write something for the others and I want to emphasize that AP tests there's no penalty for guessing there's no penalty for wrong answers so think about the you know what do you think the question's asking you what specific information can you throw out there and explain in response to that question you know just just go for it because it might work um you know if you say something wrong it's ignored um you know so it it just means you don't get points if you're wrong so you should just um you know try to be as specific as possible also one thing that um I haven't necessarily emphasized enough but because like they give you you know ABCD they give you them all at once and then they just give you a a text box to write your response it's better to say a and then write your answer B write your answer that way it's clear what you're trying to do like what part you're trying to answer it also keeps you organized and on task it also helps if you like kind of write out the beginning of the question um you know as a complete sentence so that it keeps you focused on what you're actually supposed to say um so that's just sort of like test taking like strategies and protocol uh I graded F frqs last year and you know students did all sorts of things you don't have to label each part you can just write it as one big block of text but it does help keep you focused if you are doing each part individually right I think that's our time for definitely mine I gotta get to bed uh but I appreciate y'all showing up you know it it does at least show that y'all are dedicated and trying your best to put your best foot forward and and knock this exam out I hope that this was helpful in some kind of ways we'll we'll get back to it tomorrow and then on Tuesday is game day so um I'm I'm excited I'm hyp I want to put my best for forward so that's that's why we doing this too to do everything I can to say I did my best to prepare you um so uh I'm I appreciate y'all showing up uh Miss Greco thank you for holding it down as usual um so I wish you and your students the best of luck as well I know that y'all G to do great yes well thank you everyone for being here or who are watching this later um and I wish everyone the best of luck so have a great night everybody