Overview
This lecture reviews the structures of the female external genitalia, focusing on their functions and male homologous counterparts.
Primary and Secondary Organs
- The ovary is the primary reproductive organ in females, equivalent to the testes in males.
- All other reproductive structures are considered accessory or secondary organs.
External Anatomy Orientation
- The Mons pubis is a fat-rich area above the external genitalia, providing cushioning and insulation.
- The pubic symphysis is a cartilage joint at the front of the pelvis.
- The sacrum and coccyx are bony structures at the posterior aspect of the pelvis.
External Genitalia Structures
- The labia majora are large skin folds; their male homolog is the scrotum.
- The labia minora are thinner internal folds; their male homolog is the ventral penis (corpus spongiosum).
- The clitoris is the main erectile body in females, homologous to the male corpora cavernosa.
- The vestibule is the space enclosed by the labia minora, containing several openings.
Vestibular Structures and Openings
- The external urethral orifice (urine exit) is the most anterior opening in the vestibule.
- The vaginal canal is the main copulatory organ, middle opening in the vestibule.
- The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands) secrete lubricating fluid and are homologous to the bulbourethral glands in males.
- Openings from these glands are scattered throughout the vestibule.
Perineum and Associated Structures
- The perineum is a diamond-shaped area from the coccyx to the pubic symphysis and laterally to the ischial tuberosities.
- The anal canal (posterior-most opening) lies within the perineum.
- Arteries, veins, and glands surround the urethra and vaginal canal as they pass through the urogenital diaphragm.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Ovary — female primary reproductive organ producing eggs.
- Mons pubis — fatty pad over the pubic bone.
- Labia majora — outer folds of skin, homologous to the scrotum.
- Labia minora — inner folds of skin, homologous to the ventral penis.
- Clitoris — erectile body, equivalent to corpora cavernosa in males.
- Vestibule — space containing openings for the urethra, vagina, and glands.
- Greater vestibular glands — secrete lubrication, homologous to bulbourethral glands.
- Perineum — area between thighs bounded by coccyx, pubic symphysis, and ischial tuberosities.
- Homologous structures — organs with a shared origin but different functions between sexes.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the homologous relationships between male and female genital anatomy.
- Familiarize yourself with the location and functions of each external structure.