hi it's Kim and today we are talking about protests protests are a very interesting group of organisms because they have been classified as protests by default in other words these are the organisms who didn't really fit into any of the other groups of ukar so remember that ukar include plants animals funi and protests so protests are all of the organisms who are not plants they aren't animals and they aren't fungi although they have many characteristics that seem like plants animals are fungi so we usually call them animall like plant-like and F fungus like even though they don't really meet the characteristics of those organisms and so cannot be classified as such so a protest is a eukaryotic organism that is not an animal plant or fungus they do have all of the eukaryotic features but they just don't have the characteristics that unite the animals or unite the plants or unite the fungi if you look at the classification of all ukar this by the way is constantly changing in terms of how the protests are classified they used to all be in one Kingdom called Kingdom protesta and that has not existed for some time but if you look at this classification these are all protests these are all protests all protests all protests except for land plants all protests and then here two of these are protest the only on who Arn of the fungi and the animals so you can see that most UK carots are are protest so there must be quite a lot of them they are very significant organisms to understand from for many many reasons let's start though with some of the characteristics so again they're classified as protest because they don't fit into the other groups most of them are unicellular so they are just a single- celled organism but they have a lot of complexity for being unicellular so remember unicellular means the whole organism is just one cell the reason they have complexity is because they are ukar so they have membranous organel they have DNA enclosed in a nucleus they do a lot of complex things for being single celled no cell wall around these organisms so because they don't have a cell wall made of cellulose they aren't plants they don't have a cell wall made of kiten so they aren't fungi animals do not have a cell wall but an animals by definition have a lot of features including the fact that they are multi-celled so these are not animals they are not plants and they are not fungi they can be autot tropes which means they're photosynthetic for the most part meaning they can make their own food through photosynthesis heterotrofos meaning they have to eat or some such as ugina which we'll look at in a minute can do both ugina can eat and it can photosynthesize they can be free living or parasitic some of the parasitic protus are pathogens of humans so they are very significant to us it's important to know about them they can actually reproduce sexually so two prots can come in contact with each other and exchange gametes or they can produ reproduce asexually through binary fision and I'm going to show you a video of that happening in a moment they used to be classified based on their three major types of locomotion especially the animall likee protos which are called the protozoans and we'll look at those three modes of locomotion today they can move by what are called pseudopodia this means false feet Biselia which are these hairlike structures that can Propel the animal and help it filter feed or fella which is a tail-like structure such as what is on a sperm they thrive in moist environments including water moist soil and animal body fluids so the parasitic ones obviously are thriving in animal body fluids but we also have symbiotic protus in ourselves and in other animals that thrive in animal body fluids so let's start by looking at the protozoan protus and we're going to start with the amibas okay so the amibas are shapeless Aquatic and move with pseudopodia and they are all predators let's look at a video of an amoeba moving through use of the pseudopodia and eating so this is going to be an amoeba eating to paramia and I'm sorry it's actually at the end of the video Let's Go backwards here try this so cytoplasmic streaming these are the false feet the pseudopodia devouring to paramia which is a ciliated protu that we'll look at in a minute and now secreting enzymes to start digesting those paramia pretty crazy okay so that's an amoeba they actually have what's called a contractile vacu and many protests have this where they can control the amount of water moving in out of the organism and this is how they can get rid of waste materials also you can see in this picture the nucleus of this organism has made a copy of itself and now this organism can divide through binary Vision I want to just quickly show you a video of a protest dividing by binary fision this is actually a ciliated protest but I just wanted to show you what binary fision is so you've seen binary fion in bacteria we don't need the music he's not really making that sound as it divides and you you're gonna see basically is going to divide in half so at this point the nucleus has um made a copy and so the DNA is now in the two halves of the organism and we can move forward here a little [Music] bit and you can really see it's going to divide into two organisms you get the idea we don't need to watch the whole thing so binary fion you can see a picture here of an amoeba dividing into two pretty crazy Amia can be pathogens in humans I'm just going to give you two examples but there are many examples of this Amic dissenter affects a large percentage of the world's population it causes extreme diarrhea and can actually cause death it does result in death in imuno compromised people and in a lot of children worldwide die from Amic disent and it is passed through contaminated drinking water here's a pathogenic amoeba that you have heard about called Nigeria it's the brain eating amoeba it can be found in Hot Springs and sometimes even in tap water and people who use nety pots and don't use um filtered water or bottled water there have been several cases of people getting this brain eating amoeba and dying very quickly you usually die within 24 hours and it's very rare so last year in the United States there were only 143 cases but still that's enough to Warrant concern so I don't think you'd want to get this it is treatable but nobody really knows that they just got it so by the time you would figure it out you would probably already be dead or on your way to dying okay so those are the amoebe again they move with sodia they are protozoans because they are the animall likee protus they eat so these would be heterotrofos they're are ciliated protest and you can see the cyia moving on this guy this is a parami this is the first protest um most of us ever see in lab I think in elementary school we looked at these guys and I remember our teachers saying they look like a slipper and it kind of does look like a slipper these are mostly found in fresh water and even though they're single cell they are very complex I'm always blown away by this figure of everything going on in this guy he even has an anal pore food vaces um a macruc nucleus and a micronucleus these contractile vacul that regulate water an oral Groove so as these cyia are moving they're pushing food into this oral Groove where they're going to come into this cellular m M and get digested so let me show you I believe I have some ciliated protests here let's rewind this sorry I started watching all these and I didn't rewind like you can see the contractile vacu here filling with water and you can see all this little stuff in the water can be filtered out and [Music] eaten I'll turn the music down so that's ciliated protest again um they can divide through binary Vision but they can also have sexual reproduction so here you see two param doing what's called conjugation they're actually exchanging genetic information and that's really important because remember diversity in the population is very important to make a a population resistant to invironmental change in other words adaptation counts on there being diversity in the gene pool and you can't get that if everyone just reproduces asexually the next group of protus that are protozoans because they're more animal-like than plant-like are the flagellates so these are the protos that move with the flagellum and I'm going to show you that movement in a minute but right away I'm showing you one that causes a disease in humans tranisa causes sleeping sickness and it actually is spread by an an intermediate host of the vector is the Titi flly remember a vector is an organism that transmits the pathogen so the the tripanis flatulate doesn't get directly into humans it's in the fly which is What's called the vector here you can see they kind of look like worms but they're not these are flagellated protests Giardia which can be found in contaminated spring water so if you're backpacking camping and you drink water from a stream and you start having intestinal cramping and diarhea you most likely got geod diasis these flagellated protus live in stream water and can make you very very sick let's look at a flatulate this is actually ugina ugina is plant-like and animal likee but it's a good example of a flagellate moving I love the music they choose for these videos it's so funny so you can see the flagellum moving here it's kind of hard to see I mean remember these guys are really small you can see chloroplast in this ugina these guys can eat or they can photosynthesize so that's pretty amazing here they are at lower power on the microscope and um so you can kind of see the pattern of their movement a little better and they're moving with a flagellum it's hard to see in this picture okay then there are some animal like protest who actually don't move because they are 100% parasitic and a good example of that is the parasite that causes malaria so they're called sporozoans they're protozoa who actually have no Locomotion if you are a parasite in an organism it you don't necessarily need to move especially if you're in the bloodstream and that's what the ultimate site of infection of the malaria parasite is our red blood cells but it actually starts in a mosquito so a mosquito is going to pick up this specific stage of the parasite and it's going to mature and migrate to the salivary glands of the mosquito and then once in the salivary glands of the mosquito it can now get transmitted to another person so they show this mosquito biting the same person but this would be spread to another person goes to the liver where it starts going through another stage of the life cycle and ultimately it's going to parasitize the red blood cells this is under the microscope the red blood cells of an infected person they say that this form this stage of the life cycle a plasmodium looks like a diamond ring so it's it's circular and then you can see this one region right here that they say looks like a diamond ring so plasmodium is the protus that causes malaria malaria is a major concern worldwide especially in areas of Africa last well not last year sorry this is stats for 2018 from the World Health Organization 228 million cases of malaria and approximately 1 million deaths the death rate has gone down due to a lot of different measures that we're taking to try to keep people from dying from malaria and making sure people in these areas get the drugs they need to treat malaria it's only deadly if it's not treated it is treatable they still have not found an effective vaccine for malaria even then they've been working on it for many many years okay so those are just examples of the animall likee protests again Locomotion is kind of how that a lot of them are classified this is ugina that we just saw in the video plant-like and animall likee again it has chloroplast but it can also eat so that's pretty crazy and again very complex for a single C organism then we have the plant-like protests and they're often called algae so they're photosynthetic they can actually be multicellular and unicellular and they're classified by the type of pigment they have so we have red algae brown algae the green algae and we're going to look at those they are the base of the food chain in the ocean so they are incredibly important they actually produce about 50% of the oxygen on Earth through photosynthesis and releasing that oxygen so not only are they the base of the food chain in the oceans they really contribute to our oxy oxygen supply on Earth they also take in a huge percentage of carbon dioxide incredibly incredibly important these algae like protests diatoms are these amazingly beautiful protus that have silica glass shells if you have um dious Earth in your swimming pool filter then you've seen diatoms before they can be used as insulating material they're very abrasive so they can be used in different cleaners they're used in Ceramics again they're used in swimming pool filters um once they decompose they can become fossil fuels very beautiful when you look at these under the microscope all these different shapes and these are actually living organisms pretty crazy these shells that they can get they're beautiful dinoflagellates again another important part of the fu chain and we see these periodically in San diega when we get a red tide and as you know that red tide can actually be bioluminescent and you've probably seen that at some point if you've been to the beach during a red tide you you go at night and you can see the waves glowing from these bio luminescent dulat which are protests looking at the green algae again these are major source of food they're referred to as plankton in fact phytoplankton there's zop Plankton and phytoplankton these are the plant-like Plankton they again produce oxygen and take in CO2 some are free living some are Colonial some are filamentous so they form these filaments this is volvox volvox is actually one of my favorite protests because they're Colonial which is pretty amazing and if you think about it we've gone in this organism from single celled organisms acting independently to now have cells aggregating working cooperatively and they're actually almost bound together as one unit performing similar functions that is what tissues do in animals and in plants so going from single cell independent organisms to a colonial almost acting as a superorganism all of these single- celled organisms working together that is the precursor for multicell organisms that is really significant I want to show you this video of volvox so here they are swimming those are a bunch of single celled protest forming this [Music] Colony again we have some good protest music going on here I'm going to turn that down so these particular cells have two flagella each they have contractile vacul chloroplasts there's something significant coming up I want you to see that's their classification so they can have one flugum or two that's not the significant part though I'm waiting for it here we go they're attached to each other by cytoplasmic strands so these cells can actually almost communicate with each other and work in a coordinated fashion that's what tissues are tissues are a group of cells working together to perform similar functions so when we start looking at plants and animals that's really significant to think about how a single cell organism can evolve this coordinated lifestyle that could then become a multicellular organism okay okay here are some free floating algae again major part of the food chain filamentous algae here are the colonial algae red and brown algae including kelp kelp is not a plant kelp is an algae which is a protest red algae so we eat this right if you eat Sou this is what you're eating the kelp are beautiful the kelp forests in California major ecosystem for marine life you go to Point Loma you can look out and really see the kelp forest really well you'll see where the kelp are because that's where the fishing boats are sitting if it's the daytime okay and then finally we have some fungus likee protest and the slime molds are pretty amazing so this is a protus this is not a fungus and there are actually over 900 species of slime molds pretty crazy there are some beneficial protests so they don't just cause disease they can form symbiotic relationships with different organisms some classic examples are coral the coral polyps have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic protu the protus um produces food for the coral and the coral is giving shelter and a place you know a home to the protest guts of termites the way termites are able to digest all that cellulose in the wood are the protos that live in their guts we talked about bacteria that live in the guts of cows sheep goats all of the hooved mammals who have a high cellulose diet remember animals do not have enzymes to break down cellulose into glucose they rely on microorganisms to do that we talked about bacteria who have those enzymes there are also protests living in the guts of those animals that help them break down the cellulose into glucose that's an incredibly important role of protests they feed a large portion of the world's aquatic species they're you know the base of the food chain and they produce about 50% of the planet's oxygen the of course take in CO2 blue green and brown algae are being grown for biofuel wouldn't that be great if that could replace traditional fossil fuel it's about 50% oil it can be harvested and processed very quickly grows very fast so you can keep up with the demand it's it's a renewable resource okay unlike fossil fuels are not renewable fossil fuels by the way originated from the remains of prehistoric animals in brown algae okay so that's it for protests