AP Bio Unit 1 Lecture Notes

Introduction

• Instructor: Mrs. Jones
• Platform: AP Bio Penguins
• Resources:
  • Instagram: Daily review questions on Instagram (AP Bio Penguins).
  • Weebly: 374-page review guide available at apopenguins.weebly.com.
  • Frq Friday: Weekly video explanations of free response questions.
  • Quizzes and Games: 120 interactive quizzes and games covering all topics.
  • PowerPoints: Review slides available on the website.
  • Social Media: Follow "The Absolute Recap" for exam tips and tricks.

Unit 1 Overview

• Focuses on macromolecules and water properties.
• Includes practice questions and Q&A session.

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates

• Types: Monosaccharides (single sugars), Disaccharides (two sugars), Polysaccharides (multiple sugars).
• Structure: Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C:H:O ratio of 1:2:1).
• Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6), fructose, galactose.
• Linkage: Glycosidic linkage between sugar monomers.
• Functions: Energy storage and structural components in plants (e.g., cellulose in cell walls).

Proteins

• Monomer: Amino acids.
• Structure Levels:
  • Primary: Sequence of amino acids.
  • Secondary: Alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet (hydrogen bonds).
  • Tertiary: 3D folding (various bonds including covalent, ionic, hydrophobic interactions).
  • Quaternary: Multiple polypeptides.
• Functions: Catalysts (enzymes), structural support, signaling.

Nucleic Acids

• Components: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus.
• Monomer: Nucleotide (phosphate group, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar).
• Types: DNA and RNA.
• Linkage: Phosphodiester bonds.
• Functions: Genetic information storage and transfer.

Lipids

• Types: Fats, phospholipids, steroids.
• Characteristics: Non-polar, not polymers.
• Functions: Energy storage, cell membrane structure (phospholipids), signaling (steroids).

Water Properties

Polar Nature

• Polar Covalent Bonds: Unequal sharing of electrons, leading to partial charges (O negative, H positive).
• Hydrogen Bonds: Attraction between water molecules or between water and other polar molecules.

Cohesion and Adhesion

• Cohesion: Water molecules stick to each other (surface tension).
• Adhesion: Water molecules stick to other polar surfaces.
• Capillary Action: Movement of water in narrow spaces against gravity.

Other Properties

• Universal Solvent: Dissolves polar substances.
• High Specific Heat: Stabilizes temperature.
• Less Dense as Solid: Ice floats, allowing aquatic life to survive in winter.

Practice Questions

• Examples of multiple choice and free response questions provided to reinforce understanding of content.

Conclusion

• Encouragement to use available online resources and participate in community learning for effective exam preparation.

Remember to review these notes, practice questions, and leverage online resources for a comprehensive understanding of the material.