Book 23 of the Iliad: Key Points and Themes

Return to Achaean Camp and Mourning

• Achilles and his army return to the Achaean camp.
• Mourning for Patroclus takes place.
• Achilles abuses Hector's corpse in anger.
• Achilles vows not to wash Hector's blood off until Patroclus is buried.

Dream Visit from Patroclus

• Achilles falls asleep on the beach.
• Patroclus's spirit visits Achilles, questioning why he has been forgotten.
• Patroclus's spirit cannot enter the land of the dead until his body is burned.
• Patroclus asks that their bones be interred together when Achilles dies.
• Achilles reaches out to the spirit, but it slips away like smoke.

Burial Preparations

• The Achaeans build a pyre for Patroclus.
• His body is surrounded by slain animals, enemies, and goods.
• Achilles cuts a lock of his hair to burn with Patroclus.
• Achilles vows that dogs will eat Hector's body, but Aphrodite and Apollo protect it.

Funeral Games

• Achilles organizes funeral games for the Achaeans.
• Chariot Race: Diomedes, with Athena's help, wins.
• Second Place Dispute: Antilochus appeases Menelaus by giving up his prize.
• Wrestling Match: Odysseus and Great Ajax tie.
• Foot Race: Odysseus wins.
• Other Contests: Boxing, duel, shot put, and archery.
• Spear Throwing: Achilles awards Agamemnon first place.

Themes and Analysis

• Achilles's Anger: Excessive anger towards Hector's body and enemies.
• Importance of Proper Burial: Emphasized by Patroclus's ghost.
• Achilles's Responsibility: Feels responsible for Patroclus's death.
• Symbolism of Hair Cutting: Represents choice for glory in war over returning home.
• Role as Host: Achilles's rage subsides for his diplomatic role in hosting the games.
• Glory and Honor: Games serve as a way to win glory and honor, similar to war.
• Skill Testing: Many skills used in war are tested in the games without harm.
• Boasting: Similar role in contests and battle.