Lecture on Alkanes

what did you jump all right tonight's deal extensively with alkanes uh the alkanes also called paraffins This Way also called harafins are the saturated hydrocarbons are dissaturated hydrocarbons are the saturated hydrocarbon atom or hydrocarbons please sorry hydrocarbons please full stop all the carbon atoms in an alkane or the carbon atoms in an alkane molecules are SP Cube hybridized I hope you understand what other means good so you now see why I had to leave that Foundation but now you understand the concept that's why I had to leave the foundation in a previous class all the carbon atoms in an alkane are SP Cube hybridized full stop our SP Cube hybridized full stop they have the general molecular formula CN h2n plus two they have the general molecular formula cnh2n Plus 2. C and H to n plus 2 will stop and the simplest member of the alkane family is the methane and the simplest member of the alkane family is methane this way maintain this way please check who did how to name compound format format carbon is how many please how many components we said one so look up please this same formula this same formula please put n as one becomes C perhaps one H into two times one cos two n becomes two times one plus two that gives you C here's one uh it goes up that c into h two times one two plus two four so I have stage four if I want to write this one here in structural form it becomes C bonded to four hydrogen that becomes one two two three four so this is meeting this is methane the second one there is ethane for x for it we said you have two carbon so since two if C is two using this formula I have c n becomes 2 so 2 H into two n becomes 2 times 2 so 2 times n that's two plus two that gives you C2 H into two times two is four plus two is six draw this structure I'm having C2 1 2 8 6 1 2 3 4 5 and 6. so this is like the basic idea I'm breaking down this one to the very simplest form and that will be from there the first member methane second member 18 so you can continue and get propane and Etc but let's proceed give it one line space take a paragraph one line space take a paragraph alkanes can be represented using Strokes alkanes can be represented using Strokes s-t-r-o-k-e-s Strokes on the board have been represented using these Strokes so this only add only that alkanes can be represented using Strokes only including the alkyl group including the alkyl group including the alkyl group um example so this is another compound and is an alkane because if I look as I have just single Bond shroud what's the name of this compound so look up please how do you get this stuff what you do is as easy as this for each of the sharp edges you are assumed as well there a carbon there that's it so I'm having here as a carbon here one carbon two carbon three four five six seven eight and then nine for nine carbon what up there is a non and since this is single Bond becomes an alkanes it becomes what there in the name so this compound is in the name the compound there is a no name example siblings all right example two please we have this example two please we have this let me assume that we are all in my former class but previously oh dude how to name compa I will start stressing myself with this Arcane at seal stocks but let's go to the news company so when it comes to any compound first of all skeletal structure looking through all of this they are all single Bond there's no double bond there is a possibility let me stress here of something of this nature if I some like this I know sorry something like this it can possibly exist so let's tell you what that and our King and our King but no it's not here so it's just single born throughout so now okay all right so tax one get longest continuous carbon chain um let me label all the ends I'll label the ends let me call this a let me call this B let me call this C let me call this D which of them will give you your longest continuous carbon chain A to B A to C A to Z B to C which of them please check language from A to Z obviously from A to B one two three four five six eight two six one two three four five six same thing A to Z one two three four five six seven eight nine I don't think any of them is longer you assuming that A to Z is the longest continuous carbon chain so I'm having one two three four five six seven eight nine number one number of carbon atoms nine that gives you no name or none number two root two look out for the functional group here is a single Bond it becomes from there and alkane number three I'm getting substituent and doing my numbering uh let's double from A to Z a file number from A to Z I'm having one two three four so that means from A to Z I'm having one two three four this one becomes automatically a substitute right I've said before in substituent of course I expect that I'm having carbon atom here and carbon atom here but then this will become a subsequent why because it is not part of what the parents carbon atom so automatically this is a substituent this one too is also a subsequent so if I if I number from A to Z I'm having one two three four this one is at four and then five this one is at five if I number from D to a I'm having one two three four five and never again there six I said choose the list the list has to be one there four five so I know where I'm picking from so I have this number two what is the substitute right now here's how it works whenever you have just one stroke that is outside the parent there your one stroke means one carbon atom in one carbon atom substitute is what there look at this if I add real carbon here to mix it okay this is not a subsequent though uh okay fine so let's do this let's do this way carbon one two three fine this one becomes it started to end in one carbon atom substitute if I want to balance one up it becomes one two three four in other words a one carbon atom software as well there c one two three h three what's your three met seal all right so in one carbon atom substituent is a metal so this one becomes metal if you want carbon atom substituent is material what it should be seal solution becomes at zero so name this compound will be there so I hold on I stressed something about this in last week if you remember I said when it comes to organic when it comes to this is an organic substitute which do I pick first do I pick from alphabetical order or position I said depending on your auto so I said some authors will say use alphabetical order that becomes E before m so I will say this one there position that because we're there mainly before we're there let's see but let's go with alphabetical order please if I go with if I go with alphabetical order I'm taking a seal before my team so this camera becomes one there so I'm having four four exhale hyphen five metal there no name please confirm is something wrong with the Ray I wrote before the formula check if there is a mechanism about how to write the names of compound check variable please is something wrong with the way I wrote the video of the compound check [Music] yes which part [Music] where after material aftermath what happened to this is correct Navi we said number alphabet what the hyphen alphabet number hyphen number alphabets hyphen then combine these ones and I said you only use capital letter one is what there starting the name it's not starting so it's correct yes foreign like look up please let me do this way the longest carbon chain is this one here from a like this we said this one here is longest continuous carbon chain this is my longest carbon chain that's this one here what do You observe observe that this one is outside it's not part of it also observe that this one too is outside my parents carbon atom so hence this one and this one becomes what they're substituents and I said when you have one stroke substitute that becomes a med seal one is two she's one there and zero that's the idea that's either all right your thoughts please copy down and name this compound foreign all right please very fast please copy down and it's very fast please look very well I have a bromine why are you skipping the bromo you did not see this thing you like them correctly check you didn't write me correctly you have an alphabet and none by this is The Hyphen so you're wrong let's name this the bromine is clear here when I look up look up look up let's name this compound first things friends longest populous carbon chain without stress I can see is from here to where there this one here Abby yes that's one two three four five six seven eight nine it's any longer one yes one two three four five six seven eight it's no longer now yes from here a still here Z is my longest continuous carbon chain this one is not part of it this one here is a substitute right what subject right please I have Instagram here one two three if one is my field two is at two three because one there so here is case one next up one stroke is one there oh Matthew another one stroke yeah [Music] foreign it says for a coordination of inorganic substituents like the halogen and organic substituents like the methylpropine please which one is constant first is it inorganic or organic inorganic so I'm taking bromine fats using my eyes I know that if I number it one two three four five six seven eight nine that's the best way because it gives you true to bromine so one longest continuous carbon chain nine that's a non group two is we said functional group it's a single Bond so because of that and again single Bond root three I'm doing the numbering which I've already numbered here so how do you how do you name this verse so it becomes two Global please observe you are writing numbers and letters most of you don't do that way I said number letter use a hyphen what's next three four six how do you write it there hold on hold on yes but how can you write it correctly so because we're there three what's next there comma Homa three four six next up try try not seal okay this one is it becomes High theme position five protein so the name there is three four six trial metal five Propel no name that's the name who was correctly sit down sit there the English man would say General methods of preparing uh canes the chemists being old in his English vocabulary General method of preparation of our King what is stress what is stress General method of preparing alkenes is much more modern and formal as compared to General method of preparation of alkenes what are they offer how many of you want sentence anyways number one please number one please hydrogenation hydrogenation of alkenes please note these things this is why I get serious hydrogenation of alkins examples what is hydrogenation the addition of what hydrogen that's all hydration is hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen molecule hydrogen molecule is eh H2 h plus or H3 in bracket H2 H2 hydration is the addition of hydrogen molecule in Brackets H2 to a compound to a compound full stop the hydrogenation of dehydration of an alkene the hydrogenation of an alkene results in the production of a corresponding alkane the hydrogenation of an alkene results in the production of a corresponding alkene full stop the equation of the reaction is given below the equation of the reaction is given below so please copy this place [Music] all right so this is your general um whatever your general formula or equation of reaction is this so an alkene combines with hydrogen that's hibernation under the influence of ptpd and ni PT is called Platinum pedis Paladium and I is nickel three of them are your choice catalysts for this reaction what the catalyst foreign yes you're correct yes correct yes you're correct now let me talk let me let me talk now say Cutlass is what there it sounds like it does what there speaks of the rate of what a chemical reaction by everyone there reducing the word energy barrier or activation energy all right so you have to the choice Catalyst in the hydration of alkenes is platinum Palladium or nickel any of them would work so I have this example example example please uh so let's use n as anything there use n as anything there let's take three and then nthetic ns3 if n is three here this becomes C3 Plus 2 times 3 is 6 Plus H2 gives you c as 3 c 3 into h two times three is six plus two is eight so C3 h8 I have this this one is it balanced yup three carbon here three carbon here six plus two eight here eight yeah so this is correct you know what okay Catalyst uh look at the one then let's see Speedy history of demo it's done please okay fine still if you want to do the brother sense then I'll say PT comma PD or ni but if you've done that combine all three or more it's happening before your eyes anyways so this is this let me show you something just once I will proceed in some questions they will ask to draw the structural draw this one in full this in full this man here is in our King so expect a double bond so it becomes c one C two c are double bond in any one you want to that's yeah try to balance this this one has one two remaining two more that becomes three four balance this one has one two one two three this one here four so it has one two three and four of that c three one two three eight six one two three four five six that's correct plus H2 to give you c three h h one two three it's an okay now so single Bond balance it up one two three four balance come to this one two three four balance onto this one two three four balance c one two three h one two three four five six seven eight it's correct this one here is one two three that's a proof becomes I'll tell you why you know becomes one two three true one two three propane the only guy shouted the pain I felt like he was in pain honestly pain like all right so here's what we said that's what's at least we said that the okay my cattle is Speedy Paladium please we said that the hydration or and our King gives you a corresponding Arcane please don't go and hygienate protein and get butin it doesn't work it's not like that it is propane you get propane it is not if it's so it is one side off once I'm put on your own number two please so this is the molecular formula this is the word there structural formula all right the second method of preparing our King number two is the reduction of thank you alkai highlights reduction of Alki allies groupil halai a halogen bromine fluorine iodine whatever all right yeah please that is I point e that is I point e r x that is that is rx so alcohol is represented by r x that is rx we are X is a halogen we are X is a halogen we are X is a halogen that's chlorine bromine chlorine or iodine and R is an alkyl group foreign [Music] Etc ATC paragraph in these reactions paragraph in these reactions in these reactions the halogen in bracket X in these reactions the halogen in Brackets X of the halide the halogen of the halide is replaced by hydrogen is replaced by hydrogen this can be done two ways this can be done in two weeks the festival is called the hydrolysis of brignard regions this one is called the hydrolysis it can be done in two ways the first one is called the hydrolysis of grignard regions please aesthetic this one this is one of the most important that it always bring out an exam so please I said this one if you compare my notes to your text there are more equations on your text I form the note myself so this note is formed by myself what I did was simple I went through all your past questions the most repeated ones I use them as so please also I'm showing you here they're very very important so one of the ones should notice this great not something please note this equation it comes out frequently all right let's bring that original please uh let's cut this please take down the equation of the reaction the equation or the reaction is given by the equation of the reaction is given by y given by this is given by this given by this is given by this so you have this yakai halide combines with magnesium to give you a grignar reagent which passes through water to give you an arcane give it okay example example I want to clean this stuff off please so please don't forget it's actually rig not regions okay let me write it here [Music] now listen and listen carefully to take R we said R is any archive group I want to pick r as for this case ch3 does methyl I'm picking any of the halogen that's chlorine combine these two they said play the r fast so it becomes ch3 and then X chlorine that's CL please Ro by C group or archive group I'm using metal now X I'm choosing chlorine combined magnesium the combination is not as straight as it looks here in the actual sense magnesium is playing not a major rule but a minor row so more like saying I am passing this true magnesium not not really a direct condition I will not have the same RFS the r here was ch3 so it becomes ch3 is it magnesium mg he said the X you come next the XL was chlorine so CL pass it again under the influence of water H2O or perhaps team if that's in there what's it called gaseous mode then the other ch3 and then H that's H if I combine in total how many height do you have to becomes CH4 so this is what is called um grignard religious equation now listen listen they also ask to draw the structural form of this instruction for Holy B ch3 it becomes this one two three and then chlorine yeah CF combine this again with magnesium Dash mg it gives you this one here c 1 2 3 mgcl I'm having mg CL magnesium chloride and then pass it to the influence of H2O gives you CH4 c 1 2 3 4. you'll notice I should name each of the tens yeah this one here now listen listen this is called an archive halide alkai the arcade is metal so it becomes metal halide the Highlight halogen input here is chlorine halide chloride so Maxine chloride so Akai halide methyl chloride next up this one here we said it's called grignard regions all right this is called Big NAD grignard rejang to give you what yeah this is meeting so this is how this man works right matichloride retina reagent methane so you have this case all right let's proceed please example copy and complete the reaction below example copy and complete the reaction below thank you all right so this is how it comes up the exam copy and complete the table below the reaction below you have this foreign for your answer simply compare this with the general form RX for here r r is what that ch3 ch2 s is what there v i so it's simply this what should we have magnesium please magnesium is a key part of the grignard origins equation so what should be here becomes mg magnesium what should be here they said use your archive group with magnesium and then your halogen so what will be here now the academic is this c h three ch2 with the magnesium does m G and then your halogen that's BR this is called what there vigna reagents water and this is how it completes this table the question now is this what if you don't remember grignard Region's form on your own otilo it's gone for the second one there is reduction by metal and Asi reduction by metal and acid take down please the equation for the reaction is given below the equation for the reaction is given below foreign [Music] thank you so please the idea for this one is that I'm having an archive halide in this case with my account here what's that I can't do here one two three four that's what that is bromide it's not Akai halai Akai whatever please I'll pass Allied through a metal or hydrogen and I'll have an alkane so that's simple by the place um metal hydrogen gives you a corresponding cream this is called the reduction of alkai highlights and that's okay what this was here uh listen listen some persons some persons admitted to study chemistry I mean for the next four years of their life what would be stone is what majorly chemistry they are the words they'll answer asking what of what does all of this mean here right but in in in um a broader view if this if this is combined we're saying that if you get to a point where the hydrogen somehow so the question is this question is this I have this and this so if I combine this with hydrogen and this what happened to the bromine that was here that's the question the bromine that was here what happened to this in a broader View at the end point it becomes plus zinc bromide uh two it becomes zinc bromide look up please look up and that's what this one is telling you it said that at the end percent zinc will have two positive the x is your halogen that's bromine positive positive negative do attract to form a compound which is this but then this is we don't we don't need this one here that's why I did not include this so I left it out of it but that's what this one is indicating that aside from my um alkyl hydrogen which is my alkane there will be another compound which is zinc Z2 Plus or plus plus and the halogen minus to form this one here but then this one here is your major product this one here is minor for now we are ignoring minor we are taking major that's what you have ZM plus plus but for now don't worry about zero plus plus focus on this one that's what you need foreign [Music] [Music] temperature why the next 13. The Next Step will start from C5 toward that all right what next um 13 from 5 to 17 are liquids are liquids are liquids and those containing 18 carbons and more are solids and those containing 18 carbon and more are solid you think about it more ah solids your question last year was something like this your question last year was somebody said 18 and obtain our gases at room temperature two of us that's what false false why false because this one here is a gas no it has work there is false so came out last year so please take your place the first four that gas is at room temperature the next 13 there are liquids are both 18. they are solids number two let's go practice please number two let's go practice place number two alkanes are soluble in non-polar solvents such as benzene alkanes are soluble soluble what is soluble are soluble in non-polar solvents such as benzene and insoluble and insoluble in water and insoluble in water all right so that's what we have please next Company please let's now look at preparation reaction of alkenes later please reaction of alkanes that's about reaction of our case please alkanes undergo alkanes undergo different reactions are things undergo different reactions as given below number one let's consider the halogenation of alkanes number one let's consider the halogenation of alkanes if hydrogenation is addition of hydrogen what's halogenation all right example an example for example I have an alkane let's say methane combine methane with an alkane with a halogen please C2 under the presence of heat and lights my products will be ch3 CL ause HCL so I have this ch3c ch3cl is massive chloride or chloromethane right this one here chloride so I will choose to call it plural meeting right that is what HCL HCL is it hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid foreign between hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid what's the difference one no now the the major stops there is the state of matter HCL in liquid is an acid hydrochloric acid KCl in gaseous form is a gas when I call that hydrogen chloride gas the major difference there is in their state of matter in this case here what do you think it would be would it be the gaseous form or the liquid form and think about it now we said this is what there a gas chlorine two right so it's most likely hydrogen chloride gas not that I am too sure but it's most like cause methane is a gas as we said at room temperature chlorine gas so it's most likely hydrogen chloride gas that's it this one is called metichloride or fluoromethane let's continue please for that chlorination on further chlorination that's this one here on further chlorination we get on further chlorination we get please what do you call this this is called a die chloro one of those are Refugee runs that's what you learn as refrigerants it's called dichloromethane look up please this is careful this one becomes C here H H then c l c l this is this all right it's called dichloro methane that's the chlorine and methane it's called a diametrical right or methylene or a methylene chloride or in methylene fluoride on further pollination again I will now bring the dye metichloride combined with other chlorine what do you think I'll get hello only try it was one chlorine chloromethane is one to two dichloro is not go to three trichloro anything what would be a formula there c h what that cl3 this becomes what that methane or fluoroform or plural form una combined with Seattle thank you this one becomes C H just one H and then three chlorine one two sorry CL one cl2 cl3 it's called a tri chloro methane please do another on further coordination add it here what you got write down the formula and everything yourself is fast so on further coordination last one please before we get there ch 3 Plus CLC anyone there see of course Hajj is now gone from three it's one to two from two one from one nothing is left so c c l one there all right plus one there what's the name here methane or what or chloroform sorry or carbon tetrachloride sorry or carbon tetra chloride it is becomes C one two three and four so this is called the halogenation falcon that is done from methane to my children material halide die materialide Tri met try acai highlight please try is Tetra [Music] Tetra Halo okay that's what I should be right Hollow alkane chloromethane dye Hollow alkane tetra foreign or equation the general equation of the reaction the general equation of the reaction foreign this by this is given by we have that foreign of the halogen is fluorine so for this case the most reactive is fluorine followed by chlorine followed by bromine take note that you forming this please do not use iodine why iodine does not react so don't guess that's saying die ayodo methane although it's not possible so the most reactive there is fluorine followed by chlorine include by bromine iodine is not among all right so we're looking at reactions of alkane the first one we said is called um halogenation not hallucination then hallucinations hallucination let's look at the second reaction of our King called combustion of alkanes combustion of alkanes when we say combustion it means something what we say combustion it means something is burning in the presence of oxygen for example is the equation for the combustion of alkenes the equation for the combustion of alkanes is given below for the combustion of alkanes [Music] is given below it's given below so you have this um it is the equation of combustion of arcanes let's use for me let's just methane for methane vomiting for math carbon is one so becomes C1 or c h into two times one two plus two four plus you said n is one three times one three plus one four divided by two two 202 will give you n is one one times CO2 is what there CO2 plus n is one that's called method methane one plus one two so plus two h o so if you check this is a balanced equation it's balanced so they are there simple if you can remember this equation put n as one it will automatically balance on its own is called combustion of alkene of methane methane oxygen carbon IV oxide water to balance up properly if you see that so what you look at this um if you want to you can please note that the product of the combustion of alkane is carbon four oxide and water you cannot see the place the products of the carbon of the combustion of alkanes the combustion of alkanes gives you two products carbonfoxide and water so that's it if you don't please put n as two get butane no put n as four equals if you don't put ns4 here guess what in C4 c4h8 x 10 c4h10 plus what because how many point five okay to give you one there pause your Tower there 582 but you don't use fractions right next there well it's not about that too but try to buy two it's not balanced out don't worry don't worry let's proceed let's do the last one please the last one alkanes is called the pyrolysis of alkanes pyrolysis also called cracking when something cracks to a large extent it will break up let's go it's called the pyrolysis of alkanes I said it means the cracking of alkenes when alkenes crack or cracks what's the products all right take down pyrolysis if you're there this is the last known alkane and we are done with alkanes pyrolysis is the decomposition of a compound by the action of heat alone uh by the way please let me add this here please this happens on the 600 degrees Centigrade it's a very high temperature the combustion happens a very high temperature for this one is 600 degrees Celsius by the way let me add it there for this one here for the combustion of methane it occurs at 600 degrees Celsius so it's a very high temperature that combustion of course all right back to pyrolysis please I said pyrolysis is the decomposition of a compound by the action of heat alone so hence difference between this and this is that for this I need just hit Alone full stop the net result paragraph the net result of pyrolysis the next result of pyrolysis is the conversion of a large alkane is the conversion of a large alkane so a mixture of of a large arcane to a mixture of smaller alkane and alkene to a mixture of smaller and chain and Al Keen smaller [Music] thank you my pronunciation is good alkane Al King alkyne Sprite of your said um smaller and chain A and E and Al Qin e so I said yeah say a large and Kane breaks down to a smaller alkane and an alkene example you have this is balanced one two three four five one two three four five balanced check hydrogen three four five six seven eight nine twelve three three six three nine ten eleven twelve so it's correct what do I have here one two three four five that becomes one there twenty five I have a smaller alkane what's this there Abby ads one two three proof one in group one in or protein or stroke one in so observe that a large arcane having five carbon atoms a Pens have been broken down to a smaller alkane that's it having just two carbon and then an alkene that's this this is called pyrolysis or cracking a large Arcane molecule breaks down to smaller one and then and our King so I have this also written as also written as ch3 ch2 dots Plus ch3 ch2 ch2 dots ch3 ch3 Plus ch2 CH double bond dab to ch2 so the idea is this for your pyrolysis see why I wrote it down so see where they did it see what they did it these two are the same they probably are the same thing there but here's what they did to the reactant they broke it down according to the Arcane uh what you expect that means this one means that I'll have an alkane that's having two carbon as you can see here and this one becomes the alkene so they broke it down this dot means these two should connect please this one here supposed to be ch3 yeah actually ch3 cos ch3 I have the ch3 and then CH this so that's ch3 please okay okay one more thing one more thing said pyrolysis is a cracking of an alkane a higher Arcane compound to become a smaller one and an alkene under the influence of heat so should we put it yeah uh why not it's it's right without a bit all right so this is all about alkanes who do alkenes in our next class or watch the video here foreign [Music]

what did you jump all right tonight&#39;s deal extensively with alkanes uh the alkanes also called paraffins This Way also called harafins are the saturated hydrocarbons are dissaturated hydrocarbons are the saturated hydrocarbon atom or hydrocarbons please sorry hydrocarbons please full stop all the carbon atoms in an alkane or the carbon atoms in an alkane molecules are SP Cube hybridized I hope you understand what other means good so you now see why I had to leave that Foundation but now you understand the concept that&#39;s why I had to leave the foundation in a previous class all the carbon atoms in an alkane are SP Cube hybridized full stop our SP Cube hybridized full stop they have the general molecular formula CN h2n plus two they have the general molecular formula cnh2n Plus 2. C and H to n plus 2 will stop and the simplest member of the alkane family is the methane and the simplest member of the alkane family is methane this way maintain this way please check who did how to name compound format format carbon is how many please how many components we said one so look up please this same formula this same formula please put n as one becomes C perhaps one H into two times one cos two n becomes two times one plus two that gives you C here&#39;s one uh it goes up that c into h two times one two plus two four so I have stage four if I want to write this one here in structural form it becomes C bonded to four hydrogen that becomes one two two three four so this is meeting this is methane the second one there is ethane for x for it we said you have two carbon so since two if C is two using this formula I have c n becomes 2 so 2 H into two n becomes 2 times 2 so 2 times n that&#39;s two plus two that gives you C2 H into two times two is four plus two is six draw this structure I&#39;m having C2 1 2 8 6 1 2 3 4 5 and 6. so this is like the basic idea I&#39;m breaking down this one to the very simplest form and that will be from there the first member methane second member 18 so you can continue and get propane and Etc but let&#39;s proceed give it one line space take a paragraph one line space take a paragraph alkanes can be represented using Strokes alkanes can be represented using Strokes s-t-r-o-k-e-s Strokes on the board have been represented using these Strokes so this only add only that alkanes can be represented using Strokes only including the alkyl group including the alkyl group including the alkyl group um example so this is another compound and is an alkane because if I look as I have just single Bond shroud what&#39;s the name of this compound so look up please how do you get this stuff what you do is as easy as this for each of the sharp edges you are assumed as well there a carbon there that&#39;s it so I&#39;m having here as a carbon here one carbon two carbon three four five six seven eight and then nine for nine carbon what up there is a non and since this is single Bond becomes an alkanes it becomes what there in the name so this compound is in the name the compound there is a no name example siblings all right example two please we have this example two please we have this let me assume that we are all in my former class but previously oh dude how to name compa I will start stressing myself with this Arcane at seal stocks but let&#39;s go to the news company so when it comes to any compound first of all skeletal structure looking through all of this they are all single Bond there&#39;s no double bond there is a possibility let me stress here of something of this nature if I some like this I know sorry something like this it can possibly exist so let&#39;s tell you what that and our King and our King but no it&#39;s not here so it&#39;s just single born throughout so now okay all right so tax one get longest continuous carbon chain um let me label all the ends I&#39;ll label the ends let me call this a let me call this B let me call this C let me call this D which of them will give you your longest continuous carbon chain A to B A to C A to Z B to C which of them please check language from A to Z obviously from A to B one two three four five six eight two six one two three four five six same thing A to Z one two three four five six seven eight nine I don&#39;t think any of them is longer you assuming that A to Z is the longest continuous carbon chain so I&#39;m having one two three four five six seven eight nine number one number of carbon atoms nine that gives you no name or none number two root two look out for the functional group here is a single Bond it becomes from there and alkane number three I&#39;m getting substituent and doing my numbering uh let&#39;s double from A to Z a file number from A to Z I&#39;m having one two three four so that means from A to Z I&#39;m having one two three four this one becomes automatically a substitute right I&#39;ve said before in substituent of course I expect that I&#39;m having carbon atom here and carbon atom here but then this will become a subsequent why because it is not part of what the parents carbon atom so automatically this is a substituent this one too is also a subsequent so if I if I number from A to Z I&#39;m having one two three four this one is at four and then five this one is at five if I number from D to a I&#39;m having one two three four five and never again there six I said choose the list the list has to be one there four five so I know where I&#39;m picking from so I have this number two what is the substitute right now here&#39;s how it works whenever you have just one stroke that is outside the parent there your one stroke means one carbon atom in one carbon atom substitute is what there look at this if I add real carbon here to mix it okay this is not a subsequent though uh okay fine so let&#39;s do this let&#39;s do this way carbon one two three fine this one becomes it started to end in one carbon atom substitute if I want to balance one up it becomes one two three four in other words a one carbon atom software as well there c one two three h three what&#39;s your three met seal all right so in one carbon atom substituent is a metal so this one becomes metal if you want carbon atom substituent is material what it should be seal solution becomes at zero so name this compound will be there so I hold on I stressed something about this in last week if you remember I said when it comes to organic when it comes to this is an organic substitute which do I pick first do I pick from alphabetical order or position I said depending on your auto so I said some authors will say use alphabetical order that becomes E before m so I will say this one there position that because we&#39;re there mainly before we&#39;re there let&#39;s see but let&#39;s go with alphabetical order please if I go with if I go with alphabetical order I&#39;m taking a seal before my team so this camera becomes one there so I&#39;m having four four exhale hyphen five metal there no name please confirm is something wrong with the Ray I wrote before the formula check if there is a mechanism about how to write the names of compound check variable please is something wrong with the way I wrote the video of the compound check [Music] yes which part [Music] where after material aftermath what happened to this is correct Navi we said number alphabet what the hyphen alphabet number hyphen number alphabets hyphen then combine these ones and I said you only use capital letter one is what there starting the name it&#39;s not starting so it&#39;s correct yes foreign like look up please let me do this way the longest carbon chain is this one here from a like this we said this one here is longest continuous carbon chain this is my longest carbon chain that&#39;s this one here what do You observe observe that this one is outside it&#39;s not part of it also observe that this one too is outside my parents carbon atom so hence this one and this one becomes what they&#39;re substituents and I said when you have one stroke substitute that becomes a med seal one is two she&#39;s one there and zero that&#39;s the idea that&#39;s either all right your thoughts please copy down and name this compound foreign all right please very fast please copy down and it&#39;s very fast please look very well I have a bromine why are you skipping the bromo you did not see this thing you like them correctly check you didn&#39;t write me correctly you have an alphabet and none by this is The Hyphen so you&#39;re wrong let&#39;s name this the bromine is clear here when I look up look up look up let&#39;s name this compound first things friends longest populous carbon chain without stress I can see is from here to where there this one here Abby yes that&#39;s one two three four five six seven eight nine it&#39;s any longer one yes one two three four five six seven eight it&#39;s no longer now yes from here a still here Z is my longest continuous carbon chain this one is not part of it this one here is a substitute right what subject right please I have Instagram here one two three if one is my field two is at two three because one there so here is case one next up one stroke is one there oh Matthew another one stroke yeah [Music] foreign it says for a coordination of inorganic substituents like the halogen and organic substituents like the methylpropine please which one is constant first is it inorganic or organic inorganic so I&#39;m taking bromine fats using my eyes I know that if I number it one two three four five six seven eight nine that&#39;s the best way because it gives you true to bromine so one longest continuous carbon chain nine that&#39;s a non group two is we said functional group it&#39;s a single Bond so because of that and again single Bond root three I&#39;m doing the numbering which I&#39;ve already numbered here so how do you how do you name this verse so it becomes two Global please observe you are writing numbers and letters most of you don&#39;t do that way I said number letter use a hyphen what&#39;s next three four six how do you write it there hold on hold on yes but how can you write it correctly so because we&#39;re there three what&#39;s next there comma Homa three four six next up try try not seal okay this one is it becomes High theme position five protein so the name there is three four six trial metal five Propel no name that&#39;s the name who was correctly sit down sit there the English man would say General methods of preparing uh canes the chemists being old in his English vocabulary General method of preparation of our King what is stress what is stress General method of preparing alkenes is much more modern and formal as compared to General method of preparation of alkenes what are they offer how many of you want sentence anyways number one please number one please hydrogenation hydrogenation of alkenes please note these things this is why I get serious hydrogenation of alkins examples what is hydrogenation the addition of what hydrogen that&#39;s all hydration is hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen molecule hydrogen molecule is eh H2 h plus or H3 in bracket H2 H2 hydration is the addition of hydrogen molecule in Brackets H2 to a compound to a compound full stop the hydrogenation of dehydration of an alkene the hydrogenation of an alkene results in the production of a corresponding alkane the hydrogenation of an alkene results in the production of a corresponding alkene full stop the equation of the reaction is given below the equation of the reaction is given below so please copy this place [Music] all right so this is your general um whatever your general formula or equation of reaction is this so an alkene combines with hydrogen that&#39;s hibernation under the influence of ptpd and ni PT is called Platinum pedis Paladium and I is nickel three of them are your choice catalysts for this reaction what the catalyst foreign yes you&#39;re correct yes correct yes you&#39;re correct now let me talk let me let me talk now say Cutlass is what there it sounds like it does what there speaks of the rate of what a chemical reaction by everyone there reducing the word energy barrier or activation energy all right so you have to the choice Catalyst in the hydration of alkenes is platinum Palladium or nickel any of them would work so I have this example example example please uh so let&#39;s use n as anything there use n as anything there let&#39;s take three and then nthetic ns3 if n is three here this becomes C3 Plus 2 times 3 is 6 Plus H2 gives you c as 3 c 3 into h two times three is six plus two is eight so C3 h8 I have this this one is it balanced yup three carbon here three carbon here six plus two eight here eight yeah so this is correct you know what okay Catalyst uh look at the one then let&#39;s see Speedy history of demo it&#39;s done please okay fine still if you want to do the brother sense then I&#39;ll say PT comma PD or ni but if you&#39;ve done that combine all three or more it&#39;s happening before your eyes anyways so this is this let me show you something just once I will proceed in some questions they will ask to draw the structural draw this one in full this in full this man here is in our King so expect a double bond so it becomes c one C two c are double bond in any one you want to that&#39;s yeah try to balance this this one has one two remaining two more that becomes three four balance this one has one two one two three this one here four so it has one two three and four of that c three one two three eight six one two three four five six that&#39;s correct plus H2 to give you c three h h one two three it&#39;s an okay now so single Bond balance it up one two three four balance come to this one two three four balance onto this one two three four balance c one two three h one two three four five six seven eight it&#39;s correct this one here is one two three that&#39;s a proof becomes I&#39;ll tell you why you know becomes one two three true one two three propane the only guy shouted the pain I felt like he was in pain honestly pain like all right so here&#39;s what we said that&#39;s what&#39;s at least we said that the okay my cattle is Speedy Paladium please we said that the hydration or and our King gives you a corresponding Arcane please don&#39;t go and hygienate protein and get butin it doesn&#39;t work it&#39;s not like that it is propane you get propane it is not if it&#39;s so it is one side off once I&#39;m put on your own number two please so this is the molecular formula this is the word there structural formula all right the second method of preparing our King number two is the reduction of thank you alkai highlights reduction of Alki allies groupil halai a halogen bromine fluorine iodine whatever all right yeah please that is I point e that is I point e r x that is that is rx so alcohol is represented by r x that is rx we are X is a halogen we are X is a halogen we are X is a halogen that&#39;s chlorine bromine chlorine or iodine and R is an alkyl group foreign [Music] Etc ATC paragraph in these reactions paragraph in these reactions in these reactions the halogen in bracket X in these reactions the halogen in Brackets X of the halide the halogen of the halide is replaced by hydrogen is replaced by hydrogen this can be done two ways this can be done in two weeks the festival is called the hydrolysis of brignard regions this one is called the hydrolysis it can be done in two ways the first one is called the hydrolysis of grignard regions please aesthetic this one this is one of the most important that it always bring out an exam so please I said this one if you compare my notes to your text there are more equations on your text I form the note myself so this note is formed by myself what I did was simple I went through all your past questions the most repeated ones I use them as so please also I&#39;m showing you here they&#39;re very very important so one of the ones should notice this great not something please note this equation it comes out frequently all right let&#39;s bring that original please uh let&#39;s cut this please take down the equation of the reaction the equation or the reaction is given by the equation of the reaction is given by y given by this is given by this given by this is given by this so you have this yakai halide combines with magnesium to give you a grignar reagent which passes through water to give you an arcane give it okay example example I want to clean this stuff off please so please don&#39;t forget it&#39;s actually rig not regions okay let me write it here [Music] now listen and listen carefully to take R we said R is any archive group I want to pick r as for this case ch3 does methyl I&#39;m picking any of the halogen that&#39;s chlorine combine these two they said play the r fast so it becomes ch3 and then X chlorine that&#39;s CL please Ro by C group or archive group I&#39;m using metal now X I&#39;m choosing chlorine combined magnesium the combination is not as straight as it looks here in the actual sense magnesium is playing not a major rule but a minor row so more like saying I am passing this true magnesium not not really a direct condition I will not have the same RFS the r here was ch3 so it becomes ch3 is it magnesium mg he said the X you come next the XL was chlorine so CL pass it again under the influence of water H2O or perhaps team if that&#39;s in there what&#39;s it called gaseous mode then the other ch3 and then H that&#39;s H if I combine in total how many height do you have to becomes CH4 so this is what is called um grignard religious equation now listen listen they also ask to draw the structural form of this instruction for Holy B ch3 it becomes this one two three and then chlorine yeah CF combine this again with magnesium Dash mg it gives you this one here c 1 2 3 mgcl I&#39;m having mg CL magnesium chloride and then pass it to the influence of H2O gives you CH4 c 1 2 3 4. you&#39;ll notice I should name each of the tens yeah this one here now listen listen this is called an archive halide alkai the arcade is metal so it becomes metal halide the Highlight halogen input here is chlorine halide chloride so Maxine chloride so Akai halide methyl chloride next up this one here we said it&#39;s called grignard regions all right this is called Big NAD grignard rejang to give you what yeah this is meeting so this is how this man works right matichloride retina reagent methane so you have this case all right let&#39;s proceed please example copy and complete the reaction below example copy and complete the reaction below thank you all right so this is how it comes up the exam copy and complete the table below the reaction below you have this foreign for your answer simply compare this with the general form RX for here r r is what that ch3 ch2 s is what there v i so it&#39;s simply this what should we have magnesium please magnesium is a key part of the grignard origins equation so what should be here becomes mg magnesium what should be here they said use your archive group with magnesium and then your halogen so what will be here now the academic is this c h three ch2 with the magnesium does m G and then your halogen that&#39;s BR this is called what there vigna reagents water and this is how it completes this table the question now is this what if you don&#39;t remember grignard Region&#39;s form on your own otilo it&#39;s gone for the second one there is reduction by metal and Asi reduction by metal and acid take down please the equation for the reaction is given below the equation for the reaction is given below foreign [Music] thank you so please the idea for this one is that I&#39;m having an archive halide in this case with my account here what&#39;s that I can&#39;t do here one two three four that&#39;s what that is bromide it&#39;s not Akai halai Akai whatever please I&#39;ll pass Allied through a metal or hydrogen and I&#39;ll have an alkane so that&#39;s simple by the place um metal hydrogen gives you a corresponding cream this is called the reduction of alkai highlights and that&#39;s okay what this was here uh listen listen some persons some persons admitted to study chemistry I mean for the next four years of their life what would be stone is what majorly chemistry they are the words they&#39;ll answer asking what of what does all of this mean here right but in in in um a broader view if this if this is combined we&#39;re saying that if you get to a point where the hydrogen somehow so the question is this question is this I have this and this so if I combine this with hydrogen and this what happened to the bromine that was here that&#39;s the question the bromine that was here what happened to this in a broader View at the end point it becomes plus zinc bromide uh two it becomes zinc bromide look up please look up and that&#39;s what this one is telling you it said that at the end percent zinc will have two positive the x is your halogen that&#39;s bromine positive positive negative do attract to form a compound which is this but then this is we don&#39;t we don&#39;t need this one here that&#39;s why I did not include this so I left it out of it but that&#39;s what this one is indicating that aside from my um alkyl hydrogen which is my alkane there will be another compound which is zinc Z2 Plus or plus plus and the halogen minus to form this one here but then this one here is your major product this one here is minor for now we are ignoring minor we are taking major that&#39;s what you have ZM plus plus but for now don&#39;t worry about zero plus plus focus on this one that&#39;s what you need foreign [Music] [Music] temperature why the next 13. The Next Step will start from C5 toward that all right what next um 13 from 5 to 17 are liquids are liquids are liquids and those containing 18 carbons and more are solids and those containing 18 carbon and more are solid you think about it more ah solids your question last year was something like this your question last year was somebody said 18 and obtain our gases at room temperature two of us that&#39;s what false false why false because this one here is a gas no it has work there is false so came out last year so please take your place the first four that gas is at room temperature the next 13 there are liquids are both 18. they are solids number two let&#39;s go practice please number two let&#39;s go practice place number two alkanes are soluble in non-polar solvents such as benzene alkanes are soluble soluble what is soluble are soluble in non-polar solvents such as benzene and insoluble and insoluble in water and insoluble in water all right so that&#39;s what we have please next Company please let&#39;s now look at preparation reaction of alkenes later please reaction of alkanes that&#39;s about reaction of our case please alkanes undergo alkanes undergo different reactions are things undergo different reactions as given below number one let&#39;s consider the halogenation of alkanes number one let&#39;s consider the halogenation of alkanes if hydrogenation is addition of hydrogen what&#39;s halogenation all right example an example for example I have an alkane let&#39;s say methane combine methane with an alkane with a halogen please C2 under the presence of heat and lights my products will be ch3 CL ause HCL so I have this ch3c ch3cl is massive chloride or chloromethane right this one here chloride so I will choose to call it plural meeting right that is what HCL HCL is it hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid foreign between hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid what&#39;s the difference one no now the the major stops there is the state of matter HCL in liquid is an acid hydrochloric acid KCl in gaseous form is a gas when I call that hydrogen chloride gas the major difference there is in their state of matter in this case here what do you think it would be would it be the gaseous form or the liquid form and think about it now we said this is what there a gas chlorine two right so it&#39;s most likely hydrogen chloride gas not that I am too sure but it&#39;s most like cause methane is a gas as we said at room temperature chlorine gas so it&#39;s most likely hydrogen chloride gas that&#39;s it this one is called metichloride or fluoromethane let&#39;s continue please for that chlorination on further chlorination that&#39;s this one here on further chlorination we get on further chlorination we get please what do you call this this is called a die chloro one of those are Refugee runs that&#39;s what you learn as refrigerants it&#39;s called dichloromethane look up please this is careful this one becomes C here H H then c l c l this is this all right it&#39;s called dichloro methane that&#39;s the chlorine and methane it&#39;s called a diametrical right or methylene or a methylene chloride or in methylene fluoride on further pollination again I will now bring the dye metichloride combined with other chlorine what do you think I&#39;ll get hello only try it was one chlorine chloromethane is one to two dichloro is not go to three trichloro anything what would be a formula there c h what that cl3 this becomes what that methane or fluoroform or plural form una combined with Seattle thank you this one becomes C H just one H and then three chlorine one two sorry CL one cl2 cl3 it&#39;s called a tri chloro methane please do another on further coordination add it here what you got write down the formula and everything yourself is fast so on further coordination last one please before we get there ch 3 Plus CLC anyone there see of course Hajj is now gone from three it&#39;s one to two from two one from one nothing is left so c c l one there all right plus one there what&#39;s the name here methane or what or chloroform sorry or carbon tetrachloride sorry or carbon tetra chloride it is becomes C one two three and four so this is called the halogenation falcon that is done from methane to my children material halide die materialide Tri met try acai highlight please try is Tetra [Music] Tetra Halo okay that&#39;s what I should be right Hollow alkane chloromethane dye Hollow alkane tetra foreign or equation the general equation of the reaction the general equation of the reaction foreign this by this is given by we have that foreign of the halogen is fluorine so for this case the most reactive is fluorine followed by chlorine followed by bromine take note that you forming this please do not use iodine why iodine does not react so don&#39;t guess that&#39;s saying die ayodo methane although it&#39;s not possible so the most reactive there is fluorine followed by chlorine include by bromine iodine is not among all right so we&#39;re looking at reactions of alkane the first one we said is called um halogenation not hallucination then hallucinations hallucination let&#39;s look at the second reaction of our King called combustion of alkanes combustion of alkanes when we say combustion it means something what we say combustion it means something is burning in the presence of oxygen for example is the equation for the combustion of alkenes the equation for the combustion of alkanes is given below for the combustion of alkanes [Music] is given below it&#39;s given below so you have this um it is the equation of combustion of arcanes let&#39;s use for me let&#39;s just methane for methane vomiting for math carbon is one so becomes C1 or c h into two times one two plus two four plus you said n is one three times one three plus one four divided by two two 202 will give you n is one one times CO2 is what there CO2 plus n is one that&#39;s called method methane one plus one two so plus two h o so if you check this is a balanced equation it&#39;s balanced so they are there simple if you can remember this equation put n as one it will automatically balance on its own is called combustion of alkene of methane methane oxygen carbon IV oxide water to balance up properly if you see that so what you look at this um if you want to you can please note that the product of the combustion of alkane is carbon four oxide and water you cannot see the place the products of the carbon of the combustion of alkanes the combustion of alkanes gives you two products carbonfoxide and water so that&#39;s it if you don&#39;t please put n as two get butane no put n as four equals if you don&#39;t put ns4 here guess what in C4 c4h8 x 10 c4h10 plus what because how many point five okay to give you one there pause your Tower there 582 but you don&#39;t use fractions right next there well it&#39;s not about that too but try to buy two it&#39;s not balanced out don&#39;t worry don&#39;t worry let&#39;s proceed let&#39;s do the last one please the last one alkanes is called the pyrolysis of alkanes pyrolysis also called cracking when something cracks to a large extent it will break up let&#39;s go it&#39;s called the pyrolysis of alkanes I said it means the cracking of alkenes when alkenes crack or cracks what&#39;s the products all right take down pyrolysis if you&#39;re there this is the last known alkane and we are done with alkanes pyrolysis is the decomposition of a compound by the action of heat alone uh by the way please let me add this here please this happens on the 600 degrees Centigrade it&#39;s a very high temperature the combustion happens a very high temperature for this one is 600 degrees Celsius by the way let me add it there for this one here for the combustion of methane it occurs at 600 degrees Celsius so it&#39;s a very high temperature that combustion of course all right back to pyrolysis please I said pyrolysis is the decomposition of a compound by the action of heat alone so hence difference between this and this is that for this I need just hit Alone full stop the net result paragraph the net result of pyrolysis the next result of pyrolysis is the conversion of a large alkane is the conversion of a large alkane so a mixture of of a large arcane to a mixture of smaller alkane and alkene to a mixture of smaller and chain and Al Keen smaller [Music] thank you my pronunciation is good alkane Al King alkyne Sprite of your said um smaller and chain A and E and Al Qin e so I said yeah say a large and Kane breaks down to a smaller alkane and an alkene example you have this is balanced one two three four five one two three four five balanced check hydrogen three four five six seven eight nine twelve three three six three nine ten eleven twelve so it&#39;s correct what do I have here one two three four five that becomes one there twenty five I have a smaller alkane what&#39;s this there Abby ads one two three proof one in group one in or protein or stroke one in so observe that a large arcane having five carbon atoms a Pens have been broken down to a smaller alkane that&#39;s it having just two carbon and then an alkene that&#39;s this this is called pyrolysis or cracking a large Arcane molecule breaks down to smaller one and then and our King so I have this also written as also written as ch3 ch2 dots Plus ch3 ch2 ch2 dots ch3 ch3 Plus ch2 CH double bond dab to ch2 so the idea is this for your pyrolysis see why I wrote it down so see where they did it see what they did it these two are the same they probably are the same thing there but here&#39;s what they did to the reactant they broke it down according to the Arcane uh what you expect that means this one means that I&#39;ll have an alkane that&#39;s having two carbon as you can see here and this one becomes the alkene so they broke it down this dot means these two should connect please this one here supposed to be ch3 yeah actually ch3 cos ch3 I have the ch3 and then CH this so that&#39;s ch3 please okay okay one more thing one more thing said pyrolysis is a cracking of an alkane a higher Arcane compound to become a smaller one and an alkene under the influence of heat so should we put it yeah uh why not it&#39;s it&#39;s right without a bit all right so this is all about alkanes who do alkenes in our next class or watch the video here foreign [Music]

Transcript for:Lecture on Alkanes

Transcript for:
Lecture on Alkanes