Overview
This lecture introduces Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, explaining how a child's development is shaped by multiple layers of environmental influence, not just biology.
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
- The theory proposes five ecological forces influence child development: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
- The microsystem includes direct influences like family and friends.
- The mesosystem involves connections between parts of the microsystem, such as parent-teacher relationships.
- The exosystem consists of links between social settings that indirectly affect the child, like a parent's work situation.
- The macrosystem encompasses broad cultural values, norms, geographic location, and ethnicity.
- The chronosystem refers to change and development over time, including significant life events.
Implications for Child Development
- Negative microsystem experiences can hinder a child's success, especially for those from disadvantaged backgrounds.
- Interactions within the mesosystem (e.g., conflict between parent and teacher) can negatively affect the child.
- Changes in the exosystem, such as a parent losing a job, can alter family dynamics and impact the child's home life.
- The macrosystem shapes opportunities and disadvantages on a larger scale, regardless of individual potential.
- The chronosystem highlights that events and changes over time can create new challenges for the child.
Historical Impact and Extensions
- Bronfenbrenner argued that children’s prospects are shaped by their environments, not just genetics.
- His theory influenced the creation of the US Head Start program for disadvantaged children in 1965.
- The bioecological model, an extension with Stephen Ceci, recognizes gene–environment interactions and that genetics are influenced by environment.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Microsystem — Immediate environment directly influencing the child (family, friends, school).
- Mesosystem — Interconnections between elements of the microsystem.
- Exosystem — Indirect social environments influencing the child (parent’s workplace).
- Macrosystem — Wider cultural and societal structures shaping other systems.
- Chronosystem — The role of time and major life events in development.
- Bioecological Model — Extension that includes genetic and environmental interactions shaping development.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Draw five circles representing the ecological systems, place yourself in the center, and create a timeline of life events and influences.
- Read more about Bronfenbrenner’s theory or download the lecture video at sproutsschools.com.