Lecture Notes on Metals and Non-metals

Introduction

• Topic: Metals and Non-metals
• Instructor: Prashant
• Objective: Cover all properties and important points from the chapter including reactivity series.

Key Points

Properties of Metals and Non-metals

• Metals

  • Tend to donate electrons
  • Conduct electricity and heat
  • Electropositive in nature

• Non-metals

  • Accept or gain electrons
  • Not good conductors of heat and electricity
  • Electronegative in nature

Physical Properties Comparison

• Conductivity

  • Metals: Good conductors of heat and electricity
  • Non-metals: Poor conductors of heat and electricity (Exception: Graphite)

• Ductility and Malleability

  • Metals: Ductile and malleable
  • Non-metals: Not ductile or malleable

• Lustre

  • Metals: Shiny (Exception: Diamond for non-metals)

• Sonority

  • Metals: Sonorous (Produce sound when struck)
  • Non-metals: Non-sonorous

• Density

  • Metals: High density
  • Non-metals: Low density

• Physical State

  • Metals: Solid (mostly)
  • Non-metals: Solid, liquid, gas

• Hardness

  • Metals: Generally hard (Exception: Sodium, Potassium)
  • Non-metals: Generally soft (Exception: Diamond is hard)

• Melting and Boiling Points

  • Metals: High melting and boiling points (Exception: Gallium)
  • Non-metals: Low melting and boiling points

Chemical Properties

• Oxides

  • Metal Oxides: Basic
  • Non-metal Oxides: Acidic

• React with Water

  • Metal + Water → Metal Oxide + Hydrogen
  • With excess water: Metal Oxide + Water → Metal Hydroxide

• Displacement Reaction

  • More reactive metal displaces less reactive metal from its compound

• Reactivity Series

  • Potassium > Sodium > Calcium > Magnesium
  • Mnemonic: “कैटरीना ने कर माँगी अल्टो और जेन, फिर भी क्यों सिल्वर ऑडी?”

Extraction of Metals

• High Reactivity Metals

  • Extraction by Electrolysis

• Medium Reactivity Metals

  • Roasting: For Sulphide ores
  • Calcination: For Carbonate ores
  • Reduction and Refining

• Low Reactivity Metals

  • Found in free state
  • Extraction by simple heating
  • Examples: Gold, Platinum

Important Reactions

• Metal with Acids

  • Metal + Dilute Acid → Salt + Hydrogen
  • Exception: Nitric Acid (HNO₃) does not release hydrogen

• Metal and Non-metal Reaction

  • Formation of Ionic Compounds (e.g., NaCl)

Prevention of Corrosion

• Methods:
  • Painting, galvanisation (zinc coating), electroplating (chrome plating)
  • Use of alloys (e.g., stainless steel)

Important Experimental Concept

• Rusting of Iron
  • Requires both air (oxygen) and water
  • Experiment with iron nail, calcium chloride, and oil

Study Tips

• Practice Previous Year Questions

  • Available in the chapter-wise booklet

• Make Handwritten Notes: Proven to be effective for retention

• Join Telegram Channel

  • For notes and additional resources