in this chapter we'll take a look at the biosocial development that occurs in late adulthood important thing to keep in mind during this phase of development is one might experience what's referred to as ageism and ageism is defined as prejudice in which people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age now this can have a variety of effects on those who experience this type of ism and we'll take a look at some of these on following slides an important thing to keep in mind is every kind of ism is destructive but ageism may be especially destructive and they list a few reasons why that may be the case I recommend you pause the slide and read these to gain further insight and I made some notes here these are just my notes I inserted in here so important thing is you know a lot of stereotypes that we tend to use just automatically as part of our you know society and that thing may appear to be kind of harmless or benevolent and complimentary you know things like young lady or something like that but actually these can have insidious effects they can actually erode an older person's feeling of confidence and ageism you know that actually can help kind of like foster anxiety morbidity and even mortality and so please pause this video and read these gain further insight and we'll move on so they're saying the potential consequences when ageism becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy and that can just manifest in more dependency on others giving up when young adult norms are not met and feeling feeble and consequently avoiding social interaction and caring for oneself and I added a note down here at the bottom in red and I just stated that you know attitudes toward aging may be one reason that longevity actually varies markedly depending on where a person lives so that's a can be a cultural thing as well as as well as a geographical type thing so please keep that in mind now here's a chart I'm not going to go through this but you may be interested if you pause the video and look at this in depth you may gain some insight that you may find interesting so during a late late adulthood things like sleep the circadian rhythms those can actually diminish as one ages and so they mentioned here you know that many older people you know they may wake before dawn and maybe sleepy during the day and so another thing too is regard to exercise on average only about 35 percent of those over the age of 65 will actually meet recommended guidelines for aerobic exercise and strength type X and strength increasing type exercise and why would that be and so on that mention a few things here you know that older adults you know might not exercise because you know they're afraid that they may injure themselves cause damage to their bodies or they may even experience maybe lack of social support and another thing you know is the most team sports and other activities you know they may be designed for individuals who are belong to a much younger generation now a term that's known as elder speak that is a kind of a condescending way of speaking to older adults and it kind of sounds kind of like baby talk you know with short simple sentences you know exert exaggerated emphasis repetition and speaking at a slower rate and a higher pitch then one would normally use and unfortunately you know those who you know belong to older generations whatever you're they're aware of that and so that is a way that it's almost a form of ageism and that can actually you know affect adversely individuals who experience that okay so with in older adulthood there might be what's called young old and old old and oldest old and please pause the video and look at this a little more in-depth okay moving on so out of this slide the only important thing is is too this talks about microsystem compensation and I'm not too concerned about that term so much is is just knowing though that in older adulthood you know most people remain sexually active through that phase and although it may be less frequent and but you know those and marriage and couples and things like that they you know even though that may be the case they actually may actually improve the relationship develop a lot more intimacy and things like that not just based upon sex now in regard to driving just some things to keep in mind you know that those who are in older adulthood made you know drive more slowly might not drive at night or when there's bad weather and may actually give up driving completely and so just keep that in mind those remember these are broad generalized they don't apply to every individual now the census in regard to the census every sense becomes a little slower and less sharp with each passing decade so as we age our senses become a little less sharp and a little slower and that that occurred that actually occurs for all senses you know touch pain taste smell sight hearing that kind of thing so that just keep that in mind now in regard to one sense that can diminish during aging is visual sense and so visual problems are really common as one ages things like brighter lights and bifocals are needed or different types of glasses depending on which one what one does for instance reading as compared to just general working around the house or something like that you know and things like cataracts glaucoma macular degeneration degeneration can happen but it can also be avoided you know if diagnosed early one of the other senses that may be experience some effect will be auditory sense which is just hearing and so in they just have some statistics here you know in the United States you may be thirty nine percent of people over the age of 65 have some hearing difficulty and 8% might actually be deaf and rates are higher amongst men than they are those of women and so we're going to move on here and so all systems together in regard to that so in primary aging you know that refers to universe and irreversible physical changes that occur to basically all living creatures as they grow older and those can be for instance you know the heart pumps more slowly vascular network is less flexible lungs and kidneys may function less effectively digestion slows healing takes longer from an illness and accident and so those are some examples of things that one may have experienced in older adulthood so now in secondary aging that refers to specific phil physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging that result from poor health habits genetic vulnerability and other influences that may vary from person to person now in regard to illness things like the flu so can be a little more affect in individual little more a little more strongly and differently in older adulthood and what's important in this slide right here is just the fact right here that definitely annual immunization is riemeck recommended for those over ages of 65 and it's because there are other informative make flu sometimes fatal so it can have a much stronger effect on older individuals now hypertension may also increase with aging now that just means the blood high blood pressure blood pressure rises now definitely things like remaining physically active and well can actually decrease the occurrence of morbidity now definitely as one ages one may experience an increased chance of falling and that is due to balance issues or injury in the legs or the back or something like that so definitely with age you know what's important on this slide right here is with age you know one's bones become more porous therefore losing calcium and strength and that can lead to osteoporosis and that's why falling can especially be very dangerous for somebody of advanced age now theories of aging you know so what are some of the theories about what happens to one is one ages and so just some common phrases like wear and tear you know that's the process by which the human body just wears out do the passage of time and exposure to stresses now down here they mentioned that calorie restriction actually can increase age by not by actually reducing the amount of stress on the body now genetic clock that just refers to the mechanism in our DNA cells and they regularly the aging process by triggering hormonal changes in controlling cellular reproduction and repair so definitely as one ages actually one's telomeres that is the end of the chromosome so in this photo right here this is a young person's chromosomes and you see right here these white things on the end right there those are the telomeres and those actually become shorter as one ages I left I put this slide in here guys I thought it was as we're very interesting and so definitely things like for centenarians those who live up to a hundred years old or beyond what they've determined certain factors that actually help them achieve that and those were things like good diet staying active at work or you know productive work family and community strong social connection and networking and last but not least you know exercise and relaxation and so this gentleman right here he's been running for 103 years old three years actually he's been running for that long and he can actually run you know like a hundred meters within 30 seconds so you know he's in great shape for someone who's supposedly of quote/unquote advanced age so just some things to keep in mind there so in regard to the term maximum life expectancy that's the oldest possible age to which members of these species can live under ideal circumstances and so they say you know for humans that age is approximately 122 years now very rarely does a human actually live to 122 years old and so that's just something to keep in mind but that is the actual maximum life expectancy for humans now the average life expectancy that is actually each species seems to have a genetic timetable for declination and death and so although the average lifespan has clearly increased it is disputed whether the maximum can increase as well and so here's something that's important so there are dramatic variations in these between nations so definitely culture and geographic location you know everything those can actually be influential factors in life expectancy and so that concludes our discussion please complete your study guides for this chapter as well as participate in our discussion forums for this chapter