welcome back to the channel where medical topics are made easy before we get started make sure to turn on the captions down below and read along it'll help improve your learning this video is part three on common medical root words and it's going to be the final video on it we already made videos on common medical abbreviations common medical prefixes and two other common root words they're going to be linked down below in the description so make sure to check them out as we go through the video hit pause before each table and see if you can figure out the meaning of the root before looking at the answers the tables are also time stamped down below in the description to help you out this video is filled with many common root words so make sure to watch until the end just to recap most medical words have a beginning middle and end called the prefix root and suffix not every word has a prefix though so the root may form the first part of the word if that's the case there may also be more than one root word combined together let's take a look at our first group of common root words again hit pause in the video and see how many you can figure out before moving on the first root is capitao which means head capitao is commonly used in anatomy one example is the fovea capitus the fovea capitus is the small depression in the femoral head where the ligamentum teres of the hip attaches this makes sense because fovea means small pit or depression and capitus refers to head which in this case it's the head of the femur there's a great video where we simplified the anatomy of the femur and that'll be linked down below as well just a quick reminder that you're going to see that most of the roots in this video are shown as ending in the letter o this is the combining form of the root just be aware that there could be a different vowel other than o that follows the root word the vowel that follows the root word is known as the combining vowel and it connects the root to another root or a suffix next we have entero which refers to the intestines a good example would be enterocolitis we know from the previous video on root words that color refers to the colon we've also mentioned in the past that itis is a suffix that means inflammation so enterocolitis is inflammation of both the small intestine and colon the next root is genu which refers to the knee or knee-like bend example medical terms are genuverum and genu velgum which both refer to angular deformities of the knees genu varum is also called bow legs and refers to the outward bowing of the knees genuvalgum is also called nocknes and refers to the inward angulation of the knees moving on to vino this means vein it's an easy one to remember because veno and vein sound the same an example would be venostasis which is the abnormal slowing or stoppage of the flow of blood in a vein this makes sense because the suffix stasis means stagnant or a state that does not change or slowing or stoppage of bodily fluids just a reminder from previous videos there are other roots that refer to blood vessels as well arterio means artery and we have three roots meaning blood vessels they're vascular angio and vaso the next root is lapero which refers to the abdomen a simple trick is to think of your lap which is close to your abdomen remember in the previous root video we also said abdominal refers to abdomen as well an example medical term is laparotomy which is a surgical incision into the abdominal cavity next we have fronto which refers to the forehead or frontal bone or frontal lobe of the brain it's easy to remember just use front to think of forehead or frontal bone another anatomy example is frontal parietal which refers to both the frontal and parietal bones or lobes of the brain moving on to dorso this means back you might remember from the prefix video we use dorso to mean back behind or posterior when talking about positions dorsal can also be used in anatomy such as the dorsal column which refers to the posterior spinal cord the trick you can use is to think of a dorsal fin on the back of a fish or a whale and this will help you remember dorsal refers to back next we have or which refers to the ear an example is postericular which means located or occurring behind the ear this is a good example of a medical term that uses a prefix followed by a root remember we learned in the prefix video that post can mean back or behind just like dorso can the next root is digit which refers to finger or toe we sometimes use our fingers to count digits or numbers so this can help you remember digit refers to fingers and toes you're going to see this root used in anatomy especially of the hand for example the flexor and extensor digitorum muscle groups help to flex and extend the digits and wrist finally we have psych which refers to the mind for example psychology is the study of the human mind and its functions all of the medical root words in the first two videos and up to this point in this video have pertained to body parts we're now going to wrap up the medical root word series with the few groups of miscellaneous roots you're likely to encounter first we have ocuso which means auditory or hearing you can think of acoustic music to help you remember kuso refers to sound or hearing next is arrow which refers to air or gas for example aerogastrias distension of the stomach by gas and this makes sense because we learned in the previous medical root word video that gastro refers to the stomach moving on to ankylo this means crooked or bent it can also mean fused stiff fixed and closed an example medical term is ankylosing spondylitis now this word might seem intimidating at first but watch how much you've learned from the previous videos and see how easy medical terminology becomes when you can break down the word we know ankylo means crooked bent or stiff we learned in the past medical root video that spondylo means spine and we know itis means inflammation from the suffix video so ankylosing spondylitis must be some kind of inflammation and stiffening of the spine and that's exactly what it is ankylosing spondylitis is a form of spinal arthritis that causes inflammation and fusing of the spine or vertebrae next we have auto which means self or same a simple general example is autopilot which is a device that steers a plane ship or vehicle by itself the next route is bacteria which is a simple one to remember it means bacteria you can think of bactericide which is a substance that kills bacteria next we have blasto which refers to immature or bud and it might pertain to an immature cell such as a myeloblast which is an immature white blood cell that forms in the bone marrow or another example is blastoma which is a type of cancer caused by malignancies and precursor immature cells the next one is brachy which means short the example we'll use here is brachycephaly do you remember what cephalo means from the first root word video cephalo means head so brachycephaly is a condition in which the shape of the head or skull is short moving on to toxi or toxico they refer to toxin toxic or poison you can think of toxicology which refers to the study or branch of science concerned with the effect and detection of poisons next we have litho which refers to a stone or calculus an example is nephrolithiasis which is a kidney stone we saw this example in the first root word video when we learned about nephrol which means kidney so it makes sense that nephrolithiasis means kidney stone it's also a good example of two root words combined together and in this case they're nephro and litho finally we have lacrimal which means tear you can think of the lacrimal gland which is the gland that secretes tears let's move on to the next group of medical root words again hit pause on the video and see how many you can name before continuing first we have acro which means extremities it also means top peak or extreme an example medical term is acromegaly which is abnormal growth of the hands feet and face from over production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland next is chemo which means chemical you can think of chemotherapy which translates to the treatment of diseases by chemicals the next route is andro which refers to male you can think of androgen which is a male sex hormone such as testosterone that promotes the development of male characteristics the opposite of that is estro which refers to female you can think of estrogen which is a female sex hormone that promotes the development of female characteristics next we have hydro which means sweat an example of medical term is hydradinitis which is inflammation of a sweat gland and this makes sense because hydro means sweat adeno means gland and itis means inflammation another simple trick is to think of hydro and water and water can help you think of sweat moving on to kypho this means a humped appearance a common example is kyphosis which refers to excessive outward curvature of the spine causing a hunched or humped back next is myco which relates to fungus you can think of mycology which is the study of fungi or mycosis which is a disease caused by an infection with the fungus the next root word is moringo which means eardrum a great example is moringo mycosis because we just learned what myco means so moringomycosis is a fungal infection of the eardrum or tympanic membrane you might remember from the previous root word video that tympano also refers to the eardrum which is why the medical term for eardrum is tympanic membrane next we have patho which relates to disease you can think of pathology which is the study of disease finally we have scolio which means twisted or crooked a common example is scoliosis which is the sideways curvature of the spine remember kyphosis meant the outward curvature to give a hunched or a humpback appearance now this is sideways curvature let's wrap it up with one final group of medical roots how many can you name before looking at the answers first we have somato which relates to the body a common medical term is somatosensory which relates to a sensation which can occur anywhere in the body such as pressure pain or temperature next we have splanchno which means viscera which are the organs in the cavities of the body especially the abdomen you might learn about the splanchnic nerves which are the nerves that supply the viscera the next root is gluco which refers to glucose an example term is glucometer which is a device that measures the amount of glucose in the blood similar to gluco glyco relates to sugar for example glycolysis is the breakdown of sugar or glucose next is thermo which relates to heat you can think of a thermometer which is used to measure temperature moving on to thrombo this refers to the clotting of blood for example thrombectomy is a surgery to remove a blood clot or thrombus from a blood vessel next we have tono which means tension or tone it's easy to remember because tono and tone sound the same you can refer to seizures as being tonoclonic which involve both stiffening tension or tone which is the tono part as well as jerking which is the clonic part the next one is simple too it's phono which means sound speech or voice you can think of a phone which sounds like phono to remember sound or voice an example is phonocardiogram which is a graphic record of heart sounds next is topo which means place or position you can think of topography which is a term used in anatomy it's the study of anatomy based on position region or divisions of the body finally we have varico which refers to a swollen dilated enlarged or twisted blood or lymph vessel especially a vein and that's how varicose veins got their name which are twisted in large veins most commonly in the legs hopefully this helped you better understand medical terminology and roots if you found the video useful please hit the like button and leave a comment down below make sure to hit that subscribe button so you don't miss out on the next video on suffixes along with other future medical topics made easy you can find all of the notes and tables for this video on the website linked down below in the description thanks for watching and hope you check out future videos