Acids, Bases, and Salts One Shot Notes

Introduction

• Introduction: Basics of acids, bases, and salts in science.
• One Shot: Cover all topics in one-shot video. Includes experiments and demonstrations.
• According to 11th and 10th-grade syllabus.

Basics

Classification of Matter

• Pure Substances: - Elements, Compounds
• Mixtures: - Homogeneous, Heterogeneous
• Elements: Metals, Non-metals, Metalloids
• Compounds: Acids, Bases, Salts

Acids, Bases, and Salts

• Acids: Turn blue litmus red. Example: HCl, H2SO4
• Bases: Turn red litmus blue. Example: NaOH, Ca(OH)2
• Salts: Formed by the neutralization of acids and bases. Example: NaCl

Indicators

Litmus Paper and Solution

• Litmus Paper: Red and Blue
• Color change as an indicator

Methyl Orange and Phenolphthalein

• Methyl Orange: Red in acids, Yellow in bases
• Phenolphthalein: Colorless in acids, Pink in bases

Vanilla and Onion

• Vanilla: Vanilla scent disappears in base
• Onion: Onion smell disappears in base
• Known as olfactory indicators

Definitions of Acids and Bases

• Acid: Donate H+ ions in water. Example: HCl, H2SO4
• Base: Donate OH- ions in water. Example: NaOH, KOH
• Acids are sour, bases are bitter
• Conducting Electricity: Conduct electricity when diluted

Neutralization

• Neutralization Reaction: Acid + Base = Salt + Water
• Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

Mechanic Properties

Acids and Bases with Metals

• Acids react with metals to form salt and hydrogen gas
• Bases react with certain metals to form salt and hydrogen gas

Hydrogen Gas Test

• Pop Sound Test: Hydrogen gas makes a pop sound when ignited

Metal Carbonate and Hydrogen Carbonate

• Acids: Form CO2, water, and salt
• Bases: No reaction
• Lime Water Test: To test for carbon dioxide

pH Scale

• Potential or Power of Hydrogen ion
• pH Scale: 0-14
• Acid: pH < 7
• Base: pH > 7
• Neutral: pH = 7

Universal Indicator

• Different colors at different pH levels
• Acidic Colors: Red, Orange, Yellow
• Basic Colors: Blue, Green

Daily Life Applications

• Plants and Animals: Certain pH needed for survival
• Agriculture: Sprinkle base on fields in acid rain condition
• Digestive System: Use antacids for acidity
• Tooth Decay: Use base in toothpaste

Compounds

Common Salt (NaCl)

• Source: From sea water, through evaporation
• Use: Food, raw material

Caustic Soda (NaOH)

• Source: Electrolysis of brine
• Use: Paper, detergents, soap

Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2)

• Source: Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
• Use: Bleaching, disinfecting

Baking Soda (NaHCO3)

• Source: NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3
• Use: Baking, antacid, fire extinguisher

Washing Soda (Na2CO3.10H2O)

• Source: Solvay process, from baking soda
• Use: Soften hard water, cleaning

Plaster of Paris (CaSO4.1/2H2O)

• Source: Heating gypsum (373 Kelvin)
• Use: For fractures, molding

Conclusion

• Revision of experiments, processes, properties, and applications
• Announcement of upcoming live session