Overview
This lecture analyzes the origins of the Peloponnesian War, exploring Thucydides' interpretation of the conflict between Athens and Sparta and introducing the strategic concept known as "Thucydides' Trap."
Causes of the Peloponnesian War
- The conflict began as rivalry between Athens (naval power) and Sparta (land power) starting in 431 BC.
- Thucydides argues the war was inevitable due to Athens' rising power and the threat this posed to Sparta.
- The immediate trigger involved a dispute between Corcyra (neutral) and Corinth (Spartan ally) over a town in modern Albania.
Thucydides’ Analysis of the Conflict
- Thucydides claims the real cause was not surface disputes but deeper shifts in the balance of power.
- Both Athens and Sparta were more concerned with how any peripheral conflict could impact their own influence.
- The war escalated after Sparta issued demands to limit Athens' power, which Athens refused.
Power Dynamics and State Intentions
- Athens’ power grew rapidly post-Persian Wars, forming the Delian League and expanding influence.
- Sparta’s influence declined due to a shrinking population and limited resources.
- Sparta feared Athens’ efforts to exclude Spartan influence from its empire, not just its growing strength.
- Examples like the Potidaean crisis and the Megarian Decree highlight Athens’ bid to consolidate and weaponize its influence.
Role of Third Parties
- Minor states like Corcyra and Corinth exploited the major powers' rivalry to serve their own interests.
- These third parties escalated crises, pushing Athens and Sparta towards war.
- Thucydides shows the danger of minor players amplifying rivalries beyond the control of the great powers.
Strategic Concepts from Thucydides' Trap
- Analyze conflicts for underlying power dynamics, not just immediate events.
- Consider state intentions and the use of existing power, not just material strength.
- Third-party actors can intensify major power rivalries, making conflict more likely.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Thucydides' Trap — the idea that rising powers threaten established ones, often leading to conflict.
- Delian League — Alliance led by Athens to unify Greek city-states against Persia, later an Athenian empire.
- Megarian Decree — An Athenian embargo on Megara, causing economic hardship and escalating tensions.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the origins and timeline of the Peloponnesian War.
- Understand Thucydides’ methodology and application to modern geopolitics.
- Prepare to discuss the role of state intentions and third-party actors in major conflicts.