in this set of videos we're looking at what was happening during the war years 1939 to 1945 and when you think of the impact of the Nazis during these war years we need to look at two separate things the impacts on the German people and then the impact on the people who lived in the occupied countries in this set of videos by focusing on Germany exclusively in the last video we looked at the impact of war in the early war years in this video I'd like to look at the impact of war on opposition to the Nazis and in the next video we'll look at what the impact of war was in the latter warriors in this video I'd like to look at the impact of the war on opposition to the Nazis if you remember back in a last in a video probably we looked up I'd imagine about ten videos back now in that video we were looking at opposition to the Nazis before the war and I said that this was a slate a sliding scale the opposition could actually take many different forms and could be very very different you have opposition that raises really starts from passive opposition where you could be doing something as simple as refusing to seek I lost in a crowd all the way up to an active opposition where you're using violence to oppose the Nazis in the war years opposition was on my exact same sliding scale from passive to active and we're going to look at lots of different types of opposition today some of which are much more passive and some of which are a hell of a lot more active now opposition to the Nazis in the war years did change and in particular as the Nazi start doing badly in the war and this is a photo Stalingrad which really was the turning point in the war when the Nazi start losing the war and when this Nazis start losing the war funnily enough more people opposed the Nazis it's really important though that we realized that this opposition was still on a very very small scale I'd like to go through some examples of what opposition Nazis did face in the war let's start with probably my favorite example of opposition or to analyse Hampel and this is them on the right hand side now in 1940 at the start of the war at least his brother was killed in action and needs to work and cross people from Berlin were suddenly spurred into resistance angry at what happened to release his brother they wrote and distributed over 200 anti-nazi postcards here's an example of one now on these postcards Otto Anneliese would scroll antique Nazi phrases and sayings in this picture you can see that they scrubbed out the face of Hitler on the stamp and amongst this I don't read all of the German amongst it it says murderers now these postcards were then left in prominent places in Berlin often Otto and Elise would walk into a huge block of flats and they would leave these postcards in prominent places like the stairs where the residents would see the postcards see these anti-nazi phrases interesting you know most of the postcards were delivered immediately back to the Gestapo because people who saw them were so frightened by what they'd seen and over time the Gestapo worked out how to track these two down it took them two years to do it and in 1943 very sadly the ham poles were tried and executed in the People's Court another example of opposition the Nazis faced slightly more active than the passiveness of just sending postcards and leaving them in prominent places was by this group of young people a white rose group a white rose group were led by hands and sophie scholl who you can see in this picture here and it was a group of students who wrote anti-nazi leaflets in Munich University they wrote five series of leaflets and the fifth in January of 1943 which is probably the most prominent of the leaflets they wrote stated that Hitler could win the war they distributed between 6 & 9 thousand copies of that leaflet across Germany really showing the impact that opposition could have when they tried to published a sixth of their series of leaflets though just after losing the Battle of Stalingrad the shoals were caught red-handed as they were lobbing the leaflets over a balcony in Munich University the Gestapo arrested them again and they were executed criticism from the church also continued in this period and Cardinal Galen who we saw was one of those figures who were criticizing the Nazis prewar continued his criticisms he continued to preach against Nazi ideas and in 1941 he preached against Gestapo terror and murder where before the war he was ignored and left alone during the war suddenly that criticism was too much for the Nazis and he was held under house arrest until 1945 and the end of the Second World War Dietrich Bonhoeffer who we also saw in that pre-war year yes who was a prominent Protestant priest who argued against Nazi ideas continued his resistance and actually stepped up a gear he joined the military intelligence the up fair and using his position in the military intelligence he secretly passed messages to the resistance and the ground movements in Germany he helped to organize the escape of Jews but eventually he was also caught by the Gestapo he was placed in a concentration camp outside Berlin and then eventually moved to Dachau concentration camp where he was killed in April of 1945 two weeks before the end of the war the most significant opposition the Nazis faced during a war they was really from their own men and their own army officers this man here is called Klaus von Stauffenberg and he was an armed very very high-ranking army officer and Stauffenberg and other army officers plotted to kill Hitler they didn't like what they saw was happening in the war and Stalin Berg in particular didn't like what was happening with the murder of Jews and he read decided he was going to try and kill Hitler their plan which was known as Operation Valkyrie was that Stauffenberg would bring a black of explosives to a meeting that he would have with Hitler in East Prussia so Stalin Burke was such a prominent army officer that he was given access to Hitler himself and his plan was that he would meet Hitler a place called the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia on the Eastern Front where Stauffenberg would set a bag of explosives off to detonate ten minutes after Stauffenberg had left the meeting this plan went into action on the 20th of July and Stauffenberg detonated his suitcase of explosives which he'd left under a table in that meeting at the Wolf's Lair and Stalin Berg made an excuse left the meeting and fled back to Berlin where he thought he had killed Hitler the bomb completely failed and will show a photo of that in a minute and as a result of that bomb failing Stauffenberg and all his conspirators were arrested and they were executed this to me shows how opposition during the war does changed Lee suddenly if the army are now involved as well it shows the seriousness of opposition in this picture here shows how devastating that bomb was this is hitless trousers which got blown apart during that bomb so the bomb did go off but unfortunately for Stauffenberg the bomb was next to a massive table leg and the table leg took the impact of the bomb rather than Hitler himself so Hitler did escape from this now there's some big questions about opposition during award I think we should think about how widespread was opposition not very but it's very difficult to know how widespread passive opposition was we think that passive opposition possibly was growing during a war so people saying Hitler jokes or refusing to participate in some of those Nazi ideas but it's very difficult to say that I wised how widespread was active opposition of the examples we've seen minimal still very small how significant a threat was opposition I think it was more of the significant threat during World War two than it was pre-war because you can see that in this period of time there are more examples of where there is active opposition and things like the July bomb brought to me are examples of how this was very significant however there wasn't a lot of opposition so if we're looking at why wasn't there more I think most people lived in complete and abject fear of the Nazis you've seen in the examples we've just looked at in the last 10 minutes how most of those people were arrested reasonably quickly by the Gestapo and executed and this to me shows why there wasn't more opposition opposition wasn't more prominent because people were scared about the consequences of what would happen next