we are nobody talked about because any type of fat just called the phospholipid and again fossils of is how a lipid portion - it is if you carry out this chain and the trustor all backbone and just using the one fatty acid chain we have this phosphate containing polar group with a positive and a negative charge now I want you to tell that appeal for group is what we refer to as a phosphate group ok we're going to use that terminology that the molecule quite a lot in this class you can submit you're aware of it now phospholipids are only found in our cell membrane and somebody when they started drawing phospholipid they drew this round portion for the polar portion with the positive and negative charges and so they kind of do it like this and then for the fatty acid chains they drew these two five proportions here and somebody does it look like ahead and remove like some tails coming off and so this stuff we have a head and we have tails so the head is the polar region and a tail is the non polar region and these possible loop is again what they're only found in our cell membrane so if you're looking at us on them right all right surrounding this cell is water basically and we call this the extra cellular bulletin inside gazelles are mainly water and is referred to out of the intracellular flow this is a problem and what we make some cell membranes with if we make some element ran out of a polar substance what would happen to you so memory there's water on the outside water on the inside and light dissolves like so what kind of a substance is water interest polar or nonpolar or water : so we make cell membrane on the polar substance is dissolved in the water so you can't make this on the right now something polar because it's fluid what this is all the way and what would happen if we made the cell membrane out of something that was purely non policies well think about what we already talked about when for oil and water and oil is totally not oh and let's say I drop some olive oil into a container of water and so lid on it and then I shake what happens to my olive oil as I shake the water very apartment it tries to mix and you get these little tiny bubbles of oil all the way through so if all of our cell membranes were made out of a completely non polar substance what would happen to my cell membrane when I waved it someone hey Bob apart my hand would go off into some of the nest literally your body parts with little bit over your cell membrane with just come apart so we can't make ourselves up something taller sizzles at all and I just totally nonpolar so fall apart cuz they're sitting in this watery environment so phospholipid our visible world are a little polar a little bit nonpolar now a polar head part if you're looking at a piece of the cell membrane here the polar head part of Fitness is the extracellular fluid here we'll have intracellular fluid here and our polar heads are going to line up X again along the edges that have the fluid as a tail coming off of these head and we have a double layer so the heads again are lining up with the intracellular fluid as well and the tails are sandwiched in between now what allowed to happen here is when the water interacts would be head it can't dissolve it to their caps to the tail so it doesn't happen till need to dissolve but the water also can't get in between these heads because it repels it away the head are super duper tightly packed next to each other they don't let water in between as if water could get in between it was push the scale to the oily part away and so these head pack real tight on both sides where we have the polar water and repel the water way so that we don't get dissolving we don't get spreading a part of the membrane I'll talk about this box a lipid layer a little bit later but it's called a bilayer because there's two layers of these kind of by the way the head since they are polar and they do polar have the ability to dissolve or interact with water a lot of times you'll hear is called hydrophilic and the tail since it cannot interact well with water these are called hydrophobic but anytime we have a chemical that is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic we call this and the paddock and so auntie paddock means that we have this chemical that have a bit of hydrophilic and a bit of hydrophobic to it the next type of facts like substance found in a human body is actually steroids there is our type of hormone now we have two different categories of hormones in the human body two major categories one are facts hormones which are the steroid run the second are proteins for multiple Casas in a little bit now these steroid hormones they are initially dried or initially made from cholesterol and cholesterol is a type of fat and you can see here this is a cholesterol molecule we just change it up a little bit and we have a steroid hormone called testosterone if you change this cholesterol molecule a bit more you have a steroid hormone which would be estrogen so we need cholesterol in order to be able to make the steroid hormone and remember I told you that people who have very low fat diet typically do not make many Ferriss hormones that because we don't actually eat a lot of cholesterol in our diet oh really where you get cholesterol in the body from is from crap so again you know that de novo surfaces we can convert fat this excuse me into cholesterol so the person is actually trying to lower for whatever dumb reason the cholesterol levels in their body to have to lower the fat level as well but the best way to lower your cholesterol levels join as many carbohydrates I talk about the last type of bottle molecules it is protein now when we talk about protein proteins are basically going to come in two different varieties one time protein is called a structural protein the second type of protein is what reserves you have a functional protein now structural proteins help to make up the form or the shape of the body so this would be like our bones hair is a structural protein some connective tissues structural protein functional protein based on out particular job that needs to be done in the vine so for instance there's certain proteins that we call enzyme this will talk about these two that's what we're doing in lab today these are a catalyst and then we have protein hormones we just talked about those antibody tomahto whole bunch about to get robbed hemoglobins see them some good example of functional pros so before we get into those too much let's talk first about the basic structure of any kind of protein and these proteins are made up of separate Council Hall amino campus and we're going to take these amino acids are going to bond them together to form a protein now the smallest protein in the human body is about 1,500 amino acids one the larger proteins are tall 50,000 amino acids long so proteins are pretty big molecule pretty big chemical in the human body so when we look at the basic structure of an amino acid what it has is this NH 2 here this is an amine group and then the C double bond o o H this is a carboxylic acid group and then it has this R group or what also referred to as a functional group now there are 20 different types of amino acids we use in our body and all plenty of them have an amine group and then acid groups which is where we get in turn amino acid but each of these 20 different types of amino acids have a different functional or a different R group so for instance blending okay slice you have a hydrogen for its functional group whereas Farben acid has a methyl and a carboxylic acid for its functional group 15 will have a methyl and a faux fur for its functional group and then the other types of classes have a more complex functional group so each of these functional groups is what makes me laugh is different from the other ones each of them has the main group of carboxylic acid group and the difference is the AR or functional group of it now in order for our body to build a protein somewhere in that proteins you have to have all 20 of the amino acids so even if you only have one glycine and then made a call the others doesn't matter if you look at a protein somewhere in its structure it has all 20 of the amino acids now you and I need to eat a meal acid on a daily basis in order to make protein but it's just enough we don't have to eat all of them you don't have to eat all 20 of some of the amino acids we can make through de novo synthesis some of them we keep some of them we absolutely have to eat every day now this potentially is a problem for humans who are not carnivores all about you but on a really good register anymore I like time to eat for breakfast lunch and dinner okay and so I have to worry about getting on my amino acid supply because when I eat me I'm basically eating all plenty of you know okay but you can have some patience if you are vegetarians and vegetables certain vegetables do not have all 20 of the amino acids that we need so what you have to do for these patients is you have to tell them they need to study how to be a healthy vegetarian it's really important because what they may have to do not make it will have to do they have to eat certain company the food on a daily basis to make sure they get all 20 amino acids so for instance if you eat peanut butter on wheat bread you get all 20 of us if you eat rice and beans you get all 20 amino acids so that you can build proteins but if you don't eat even one of the types of amino acids that our body can't make you can't build any proteins and this is a problem because think about it is like our heart it beats all day every day and as that heart is beating some of the proteins just naturally break down they wear out no big deal you build them back up again but what if I'm a vegetarian who doesn't eat all 20 amino acids that I need on a daily basis and my heart in stillness pumping things and proteins are breaking down but I have all 20 amino acids in my diet can I build my heart I'll pull back up nope in the 1960s they came out with one of the very first type of protein drinks they've you could drink to lose weight and so you know big marketing thing and you know multiple women were drinking the protein drinks at that time and they have these women all over the United States drinking this protein drink and about six months into this protein drink diet which by the way insisted up even nothing and only drinking this protein drinks for breakfast lunch and dinner now of course I don't know who you are because all you do is drink the protein drink for breakfast lunch and dinner and you lose weight okay probably not very healthy weight loss but you get a little weight and stop six months into this people are dying all over the place and all of a sudden somebody noticed oh shoot we only put 19 of the 20 amino acids into this protein drink and the one of the others that we forgot Londyn begin from body camp a graph so that means these people were eating nothing else except this protein drink and they are getting that want to meet Olympus and their heart muscle was tearing down and so finally it just couldn't work anymore and people died at her so this is very important that on a daily basis we get the right combination foods to have the appropriate amounts of amino acids so we can build these proteins and you repair that we need every day all the time the nine amino acids that we have to get in our food are all essential amino acids the eleven amino acids that we can produce through de novo synthesis are all non-essential so it's essential to eat it so we have to get it in our food it may not be or it's not essential to keep it non-essential so we can do this ruthenium opens okay now when these amino acids are bonded together to form a protein I want you to know that the bond is called a peptide bond so one week on 50,000 amino acids together we're going on a lot of peptide bond which is why you'll hear people refer to proteins as a poly peptide because I have a lot of pet sidelines yeah proteins can take on various different shapes depending on whether the protein is going to become a structural protein or a functional protein so the very first shape we're going to see when we start bonding amino acids together is think about if you could put a bunch of pearls on a string and you just have this straight string of pearl and each pearl represents in the LM so if you can put 50,000 pearl lot of strength you would have what we would call a primary protein this is a primary structure of a protein just a long strand of amino acid now this strand of amino acid has the ability to bond to other amino acids so I'm going to go back to this picture right now and notice on these of me to laugh cause you've got some oxygens and some hydrogen sulfur nitrogen these are all coming out in 3d above in front below behind this long strand of amino acids and a lot of what's coming out are hydrogen and oxygen and carbon which just love to bond to each other and these side structures are able to bond to each other and form hydrogen bonds by forming these - bond we can actually change the shape of our protein so what you get now from this long strand you have these hydrogen bonds interacting and all of a sudden you're pressing takes all this kind of twisted shape here which is what we call an alpha helix and alpha helix is a secondary structure so our secondary structure is occurring due to the hydrogen bonding and then create what we call them out for the little fish sign stands for alpha helical spiral staircase been going on now remember I told you yesterday that hydrogen bombs they're very weak bonds so take those energy to make them or break them which also means that they form really fast and they can break really fast so in Suzanne has this long strand of amino acids occurs there's potential that instantly the heart your mom begin before as you get this alpha helix spiral staircase thing going on and we call this a secondary structure now sometimes what will happen is the secondary structure actually begin to fold in on itself the ends start of fold over and you get this sort of funky blob looking thing occurring right here and the alpha helix that we have is just folded and any time it folds in on itself and you see this weird-looking shape right here it's official term is actually a blob of protein this is a tertiary structure you people call this just a glob protein if they want down like hair a little bit more educated you mind your than politics blob alert protein but it's just a weird shape of protein and this is what we call a tertiary structure if you taste like in this picture for law so there's one two three four blobs of protein and put them all together you have a call for tener instruction this is a different shape of proteins that we find in the human body any protein that is primary or secondary in shape is always structural so here this secondary in shape connective tissue can be primary or secondary bones have primary and secondary in them so anytime you have is a long strand of proteins or the alpha helix shape it's going to be some kind of structural protein tertiary protein versus court Mary court Mary is always and only in aluminum all the other functional proteins everything else if globular tertiary so protein hormone and the body's enzymes they're all tertiary gloss hemoglobin is for blobs together it's the only ordinary structure in human life here here is a function yesterday and so is good coronary emotional life only visible to vote for certain functions there before they're functional but fourth is only hemoglobin and third is all the other functional stuff okay now hydrogen bond they are very weak bonds again they can form fast right back okay and we can break hydrogen bonds by adding a phosphate group to them now here's the interesting thing when we grate a hydrogen bond we can actually change the shape of the protein so if you have a phosphate group to this blob of protein here you can change the shape because hydrogen bonds create a certain shape and if I break a few not a lot but a couple of hydrogen bomb I can get totally different shapes so one shape with certain hydrogen bonds occur and then when I break those ties your mom I get a second shape kind of like transformers one minute the carbon is monroebot right okay so you can get your proteins in one chick break the hydrogen bonds get a second shape now what's the throat are you doing why do we want to change the shape approaches book if but when you move your arms it was you're doing you're changing the shape of the proteins in your muscle so that you're on our campus when your heart is beating is what you're changing the shape of proteins to make that heart beat we also have enzymes which are biological catalysts with the catalysts it is we need up a reaction okay and catalyst our enzymes are always going to be tertiary blog and when this protein is in one shape the enzyme is off sprinkle Hessian bond to get a new shape turns the enzyme on let those hydrogen bonds back turn the enzyme off so if we change the shape of an enzyme we can turn it on and off so the shape changing is super super important and we get this shape changing by adding a phosphate to our blog proteins now that phosphate comes from the quality this module called ATP or adenosine tri profit so ATP is made out of an athlete let the ribose sugar and 3 of our po4 or off the groups and you end up with adenosine triphosphate we can take one of these phosphates off add it to a protein brick some hydrogen bonds get a shape change if we take one of the phosphates off we now call this adenosine dive topic we can borrow another phosphate and then we have adenosine monophosphate if we borrow all three phosphates we just have the ribose sugar and the adenine which means we just have a show then acp what its job is is to change the shape of protein and anytime we're getting shape changes ATP is involved and when it changes the shape of enzymes it can also help speed up chemical reactions but sometimes you'll hear people call ATP energy of the body but really it's true job is to change the shape of protein it triggers the breaking of hydrogen long so we get this protein shake change now sometimes we get into those pathology situations where things are going to go wrong in the body and sometimes when things go wrong in the body we don't just get your normal change or what we might call a change in conformation a change in configuration those terms all mean shape change that's totally normal instead supposedly a shape change that bad and the bad shape change is what we call the naturing of protein and the protein changes shape so much that it becomes denatured what that means is the proteins no longer can do its job it can no longer function so basically what happens is let's say we've got this law of protein and we break more hydrogen bonds that were ever supposed to break this love of protein can basically fall over and what it falls apart we call that denaturing the protein and by falling apart it no longer does its job anymore it can no longer function it's no longer hemoglobin or no longer an enzyme is no longer protein is this really jump its cellular trash and it's just 20 part soda denature protein means we broke way too many hydrogen bonds and our protein loses its function so it's two basic ways to do this in the human body one is to become to assist remember that 7.35 to 7.45 and I told you if you're patient drops in 7.2 they're very sick the reason they're sick is that lower pH is causing their approach to fall apart we're talking proteins in the brain proteins in the heart proteins and then tests and proteins and everywhere are denaturing bacon 6.8 and too many proteins have denature and they done the other thing that can happen in your temperature goes up you give you and fevers denature proteins that's why they're dangerous now how hot do I have to get before my proteins start to be nature okay so approximately for an adult or any degrees centigrate which is about a hundred and four degrees Fahrenheit you get two back okay does it look bad so you can come out 104 and your proteins will begin to be me you don't want to be verb that