Ayan Happy Monday sa inyong lahat. Happy Monday sa ating mga learners, sa ating mga parents, at sa ating mga teachers. Good afternoon po sa inyong lahat. I am once again Tutor Eric saying that learning biology is fun and terrific. Good afternoon and I am your Tutor Wendy na nagsasabing I believe that general biology can come in handy.
Ayan, good afternoon sa iyo, Tutor Wendy. Good afternoon, Tutor Eric Maagang pagbati ng good afternoon sa ating mga suki from Davao City. So, nakita ko kaagad sa comment sila, no.
Nag-hi agad sila, nag-good afternoon agad sila. Mukhang gusto magpabati ng ating mga suki. So, hi Elena, Glidel, Drew, Nicole, Novalisa, Janica.
Yan po ang mga maaga nating viewers. And hello... po, Sir Norwell. So, siya po yung aking napakabait na QA nitong aming Division Lecture Series.
Hi, Sir Norwell. Salamat po sa panunood at pagtutok. So, this week, Tutor Eric, nasa week 6 na tayo ng ating quarter 1. Napakabilis. Ilang linggo na lang ay matatapos ng ating first quarter.
So, ang ating magiging topic ngayong linggong ito, Tutor Eric, ay Okay. Ang topic natin ngayon ay ang transport across membranes. So sabi nga natin last week, sana yung mga nakapanood noong ating last episode ay manood din ngayon dahil ito ay talaga namang dugtong na dugtong yung ating mga topics.
Okay, so ano ba ang ating gagawin today, Tutor Eric? Ayan, sa ating mga learners ngayon, ihanda nyo na ang inyong mga papel at ang mga pansulat. Para kayo ay makapag-take down notes.
Again, may mga research na nagsasabi na nag-i-increase ng retention ng learning ang pagka-take down ng notes. Pangalawa, listen, learn, at saka participate sa ating discussion ngayon. Makapag-participate kayo sa pamagitan ng pagsagot sa ating mga activities and questions dito sa live stream ng ating tutorial ngayon. And of course, let us respect each other and let us practice. yung ating responsibility sa paggamit ng social media platforms.
Ayan, at ano nga ba ang ating mga competencies for this week? Para ang ating week 6 competencies, at the end of our tutorial, you should be able to explain yung iba't-ibang mga transport mechanisms natin sa ating cells. At pangalawa, may differentiate natin ano nga ba yung pinagkaiba ng endocytosis.
sa exocytosis. Ayan, so let us have a brief review ng ating mga pinag-usapan noong nakaraang linggo. Okay, last noong week 5, pinag-usapan natin ang structure ng ating cell membrane.
And our cell membrane, ang description siya sa kanya in general is a fluid mosaic model dahil it is composed ng iba't-ibang mga molecules that are in the cell membrane. at or na parang siyang nakaayos na parang isang mosaic, na parang siyang dikit-dikit. Kung nakagawa na kayo ng mosaic sa inyong mga art class. And ang mga molecules niya ay phospholipid by layer, and embedded ito ng ating mga proteins, carbohydrates, at ng ating kolesterol. And again, sa biology, structure defines function.
So ano ang nagiging function ng ating cell membrane? Yung una, Dahil ito ay nasa outermost na part ng ating cell, it serves us to give protection and it also gives shape to our cell dahil dito nag-a-attach yung ating cytoskeleton. And of course, our membranes function for compartmentalization. Mas membranes ang ating mga organelles and at the same time, it separates yung ating cell from the external environment. Also, dahil doon sa ating mga proteins at sa ating carbohydrates, it allows yung ating cell membrane na makapag-recognize ng mga iba't ibang mga molecules and at the same time ay makapag-recognize siya ng ibang cell.
And it also carries out different functions, mapag-uusapan natin in detail mamaya, ang ating transport mechanisms na ngayon and of course, Yung mga iba pang functions na ating napag-usapan noong nakaraang ligo. Okay, so before we start, ay meron tayong scientists for the week. So our featured scientists for the week ay ang ating mga Nobel Prize winner in Physiology and Medicine in 2013. Sila, sina James Rothman, sina Wendy Sheckman, at saka sina Thomas Sudhoff.
So ang kanilang contributions sa ating physiology and medicine is that yung kanilang mga works ay nakapag-contribute para mas maintindihan natin yung tinatawag na vesicular transport na ma-dediscuss din natin doon sa ating transport mekanisim mamaya, particularly yung sa ating exocytosis and endocytosis. Okay, Tutor Wendy. Okay, so Tutor Eric, ito na nga.
So ang ating main topic for today is membrane transport. So remember that the transport of different substances is one of the most important function ng ating cell membrane. So membrane transport refers to the movement of particles across or through a membranous barrier. So sa case ng ating pag-aaralan ngayon, it would be the cell...
membrane. So ano-ano ba ang example ng transport na ito? For example, is the absorption of nutrients during digestion o di kaya ay yung pagdi-discharge ng mga waste materials or waste products ng ating cells which is necessary for it to function normally.
So napakahalaga ng membrane transport sa normal functioning ng cells. So, ano-ano ba ang mga materials na tinatransport sa ating cells? So, dito sa ating list, nakakategorize siya based on its permeability across the cell membrane. So, the first group would be our small hydrophobic molecules.
So, when you say hydrophobic, then it is water-fearing na match na match naman doon sa ating lipid by layer. Kapag yung mga small hydrophobic molecules like your... Oxygen, your carbon dioxide, your nitrogen is very permeable or they are freely transported through the cell membrane. The next group are mostly permeable.
So ito yung ating mga small uncharged polar molecules like water, urea, and glycerol. So sa case na ito, minsan kailangan nila ng help or kailangan nila ng facilitator. And the next group would be our large uncharged polar molecules such as glucose and sucrose.
It is mostly impermeable. So mostly impermeable means hindi talaga siya freely moving across the cell membrane. And lastly, itong grupo na to, which is completely impermeable, yung ating mga ions or charged particles. So pag-uusapan natin kung paano ba ito tinatransport across the... cell membrane.
So, what are the factors that can affect membrane transport? So, first we have membrane permeability. Kasi yung permeability ng cell membrane, sometimes it would vary from cell to cell, especially depende doon sa environment kung nasaan yung cell.
So, generally, the more tightly packed yung lipid bilayer, Ibig sabihin, mas close together yung mga lipid molecules, lesser yung permeability niya or mas mahirap makapass through ang molecules kapag tightly packed siya. And another factor that can affect the permeability would be the heat or temperature of the environment at saka yung pH niya. Because heat and pH can actually denature the proteins that can be found in the...
cell membrane. So, another factor that can affect membrane transport is the size and charge of the solute or the particles to be transported. So, of course, mas malaki or the larger the size and the more charged the particle is, mas mahirap siyang itransport as compared doon sa ating mga smaller, uncharged particles.
And then, the last factor that would affect membrane transport would be the transmembrane solute concentration. So, ito yung tinatawag natin yung concentration gradient. So, ang concentration gradient results from the unequal distribution of particles between the intracellular or the cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid.
So, mas steep or mas mataas yung concentration gradient. mas mabilis ang nagiging pagtransport ng molecules. So, maraming mechanisms na nagre-regulate sa pagtatransport ng mga materials across the cell membrane and they can be categorized into two major groups. So, first we have the passive transport and we have the active transport. So, sa passive transport, nandyan yung ating diffusion.
or simple diffusion, we have the osmosis, and we have the facilitated diffusion. And for active transport, we have the primary active, the secondary active. And the bulk transport.
So, itong mga transport mechanisms na ito, pag-aaralan natin siya isa-isa. So, we start with the passive transport. So, ano ba yung passive transport? So, passive transport does not require the use of energy. So, the cell uses energy mostly or usually in the form of the molecule ATP or adenosine triphosphate.
Now... Kapag sinabi niyong passive transport, no energy is needed para siya ay mapagana. So bakit ganon?
Kung hindi kailangan ng ATP, ano ngayon ang driving force ng ating passive transport? So the answer is, it is the kinetic energy in the form of a concentration gradient. So kaya lumilipat or nagta-transport ang ating molecules kasi meron, merong na-form na concentration gradient.
or the difference in concentration between the extracellular and the intracellular fluid. So sa passive transport, materials are transported from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. So dapat yan ang tatandaan ng ating mga studyante.
Pag sinabing passive transport, from high concentration to low concentration. And it does not require... So, ayan. Tignan natin, Tutor Eric, kung gising na gising pa ang ating mga viewers for today.
Ayan So, tignan natin ngayon ang passive transport. Okay. So, passive transport moves molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
So, which best... describes this movement, kung ikukumpara natin siya sa pag-akyat or pagbaba doon sa isang mataas na lugar. Is it an uphill movement or is it a downhill movement? So, passive transport from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, which best describes this movement? Is it uphill or parang against siya doon sa ating gravity or is it downhill?
or towards din dun sa direction ng ating gravity. Kung ikukumpara lang natin ha, ang passive transport. Again, it's from a concentration of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Yung ating movement ng molecules. Andami ng response, Tutor Eric, ng ating mga viewers and they are saying na ang passive transport daw, according to Corinne, Drew, Elena, Charles, Princess Edelcar Arcane, yan daw ay downhill.
Is that correct, Drew Edith? And the answer is downhill. Mas madali ka, downhill ang ating masasabi natin sa passive transport of molecules. Mula doon sa high concentration ng ating molecules, mag-move siya into... An area of lower concentration.
Parang kapag may crowd lang din, o parang kapag may maraming tao sa isang lugar, ang tendency ng mga tao, lumipat sila doon sa mas maluwag o doon sa mas konti ang tao. Tama diba, Tutor Wendy? Yes, totoo naman yun, Tutor Eric Kasi yun ang normal sa atin. Ayaw natin ng masikip, ayaw natin ng mainit. Kapag doon tayo sa low concentration.
Okay, so let's have our details ng passive transport. So, punta naman tayo sa iba't ibang types, Tutor Eric, ng passive transport. Ang unang-una natin would be the simple diffusion. So, sabi nga simple.
So, during simple diffusion, solute molecules pass directly through the membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. So, parang ano lang, natural lang na, nakakalusot yung mga... particles na ito across the cell membrane na as if ba walang harang between the intracellular and the extracellular. So, ang examples ng nakaka-move through simple diffusion is our small uncharged molecules and of course, yung mga lipid soluble molecules kasi nagmamatch siya doon sa characteristics ng ating cell membrane or yung ating lipid bilayer.
And of course, sa example natin ng simple diffusion sa ating human body ay ang gas exchange natin doon sa may alveoli. Remember, ating dear learners, kapag tayo ay humihinga, we breathe in air or we inhale air and we breathe out air. So, hindi yan na-filter agad na oxygen lang ang masisingot mo. Kung ano yung nandoon sa ating air, yun yung may breathe out mo. So, mikro...
Kasama siyang oxygen at saka carbon dioxide. So paano ngayon tayo nagkakaroon ng gas exchange? Kapag tayo ay nag-inhale, ang alveoli natin ay merong mas mataas na concentration of oxygen kumpara doon sa ating capillaries na nakakontakt dito sa ating alveoli.
So ang tendency, our oxygen will move from the alveoli, from the area with high concentration of oxygen. which is our alveoli, papunta dito sa ating capillaries. And likewise, yung ating carbon dioxide na mas concentrated doon sa ating capillaries ay magmumove siya from the capillaries papunta doon sa ating alveoli na less ang concentration ng carbon dioxide.
So that is how gas exchange occurs in our alveoli through simple diffusion. So, yun yung kung paano na-oxygenate at na-de-deoxygenate yung blood, diba, Tutor Eric? Then, it would be delivered to different parts of the body. Body.
So, punta naman tayo sa second type of passive. Passive pa rin to ha. Passive, no energy is needed.
So, the second type is what we call osmosis. So, osmosis is the diffusion of solvent molecules. through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. So, dito sa ating osmosis, when it comes to cell, ang main solvent kasi would be water.
So, we are talking about the movement of water molecules. So, ano ba ang kaibahan ng osmosis sa simple diffusion? So, sa simple diffusion, ang...
ang pinagtutunan natin ng pansin is the transport of solute. Dito sa osmosis, ang tinutunan natin ng pansin ay yung transport ng solvent. So bakit ba nangyayari yun? Kasi tandaan natin na mayroon tayong tinatawag na selectively permeable membrane. So minsan may mga solutes that cannot pass through the membrane.
And the cell would always seek... equilibrium. Ang gusto ni Cell, lagi siyang mababalance. So, if there is concentration gradient, merong area na mas high ang concentration, of course, gusto ni Cell i-balance out yan. At kung hindi makaka-move ang solute, ang tanging solution to achieve equilibrium is for the water or the solvent to be transported.
So, kung saan mas mataas yung concentration ng solute, doon pupunta ang ang ating solvent or water. So, Tutor Eric, para lang yan pag nagtimpla ka ng juice at napadami masyado yung iyong juice powder. So, ano ba ang gagawin mo?
Siyempre, hindi mo na matatanggal yung nailagay mong juice powder na dissolved. So, ang gagawin mo is to put more water para mag-dilute yung iyong solution. So, ganyan ang trabaho ni osmosis.
So bakit ba importante yan sa cell biology? It is because cells are permanently immersed in fluids. So lagi talaga nakabate sa fluid ang cells.
Meron tayong tatlong types of solutions kung saan nakabate ang cells. At yan ang magdedetermine kung saan magmove ang ating water. So we have the hypertonic solution, the isotonic solutions, and the...
hypotonic solutions. Okay? So, pag sinabi niyong hypertonic yung solution, mas high yung concentration niya compared dun sa contents ng ating cell. So, kapag nilagay yung cell... Yes, oo.
So, kapag nilagay yung cells sa isang hypertonic solution, ang tendency ng water is to move out. So, mababawasan yung water content, it will shrink, the process is called sa smallesis or crenation. And then, punta muna tayo dito sa hypotonic kasi siya yung opposite ng ating hypertonic. So, sa hypotonic solution naman, if you compared it sa inside ng cell, it has a much lower concentration. So, ang tendency naman is for the water to move inside the cell.
Ang mangyayari ngayon sa ating cell, it will swell and maybe it will burst. And the process is called hemolysis. And then the last one is the isotonic solution.
So, sa isotonic solution naman, Equal yung concentration ng inside the cell and yung outside niya. So, nagkakaroon ng tinatawag na dynamic equilibrium. So, may movement pa rin pero it is balanced.
So, meron mga applications. Mas applications itong ating types of solutions. Okay. So, ano ang mga examples natin or ano yung ating mga applications ng osmosis?
Una is kapa... ating food preservation. So, makikita nyo dyan sa picture, may iba't iba tayong klase ng mga preserved foods, yung mga vegetables which are pickled, or yung nilalagyan siya ng brine solution or ng hypertonic solution.
So, ano ang example ng ating pickled na food sa ating bansa, sa Philippines? Yung atsara. Okay? So, ano ang inilalagay natin sa atsara or yung atsara?
Ano ba ang, saan ba gawa ang atsara? Ito ay karaniwang gawa doon sa papaya and of course other vegetables. At nilalagyan siya ng isang solution na merong vinegar, na merong salt, at merong sugar.
So not necessarily na salt lang lagi ang ilalagay. Maaari din naman na yung sugar halimbawa sa fruits. Ang ginagamit na solution sa pagbe-preserve sa kanya is sugary. So ano ang concept niya? Mas mataas or mas marami yung solute.
doon sa brine solution na inilalagay. So, ang tendency na, ang tendency ay yung water content ng ating mga pinapreserve na gulay or ng ating vegetables is mag-move side doon sa ating solution. And likewise, yung ating mga bacteria which causes spoilage, hindi sila makakapag-thrive doon sa ating vegetables at saka doon sa ating fruits na konti ang water content.
And, At the same time, doon sa picking solution na ating inilalagay dito sa ating mga fruits and vegetables, hypertonic ito. So yung water din doon sa na-content ng ating bacteria and fungi and other microorganisms will also move outside. Diba, Tutor Wendy? And ayan, yung ating mga preserved foods, yung ating mga daeng, yung ating mga tuyo. Yung ating mga danggit, ano ang ginagawa sa kanya?
Bakit siya nape-preserve at hindi nasisiga? Binubuk sa, hinihiwa ito tapos nilalagyan ng asin. So ang tendency, ang asin kasi is hypertonic in nature. Yung water content ng ating mga isda ay lalabas. Again, kapag walang tubig na laman, yung ating pine-preserve na pagkain hindi makakapag-thrive ang bakteriya to add pa doon sa sun drying na ginagawa.
Another application ng ating osmosis, kapag kayo ay namaga or parang swelling yung ating tonsils or parang masakit yung ating lalamunan, what we can do ay mag-gargle tayo or magmumumog tayo ng tubig na may asin so that mababawasan yung pamamaga ng ating tonsils or ng ating lalamunan. Pero hindi recommended na tayo ay uminom ng tubig na may asin, ha? Gargle lang.
Okay, sige. Ano pa yung isa, Tutor Wendy? Ito yung ating osmoregulation ng ating mga isda.
So, mapapansin ninyo, meron tayong isda na nasa salt water at meron tayong isda na nasa fresh water. So, paano nakakapag-maintain ng... Balance ng balance itong ating mga isda dito sa dagat nang hindi sila nagiging daeng.
Ayan, so ang ginagawa ng ating mga isda sa saltwater, our saltwater fishes, they intake yung ating saltwater. So nag-i-intake sila ng saltwater so that meron balance ng salt doon sa kanilang environment, doon sa seawater at doon sa kanilang body. And at the same time, kapag sila ay nag-excrete ng kanilang waste, salty yung nga na-excrete nilang waste pero less ang water.
Now, ano naman ang case natin sa ating freshwater fishes? Sa freshwater fishes naman natin, ang tendency ng water sa kanila ay mag-enter doon sa kanilang mga body. So what they do, para ma-maintain yung balance ng solute sa kanila, or ma-maintain yung balance sa kanilang katawan, ang kanilang excretion ng waste ay very watery. So marami silang water na in-expelt sa kanilang katawan.
So important yan kasi lalo na sa mga gusto siguro mag-alaga ngayon, diba? Tutor Eric So bago tayo mag-continue, Tutor Eric, may mga nakita ako na ating mga bagong viewers. Hi muna tayo sa kanila sa Grade 11 STEM Garnet ng Katalunan Pequeño National High School Cluster 2 Davao City Division. So hi po sa ating mga estudyante ang Grade 11 STEM Garnet. Okay po.
So ang next po natin. Ay, isa na naman pang kiliti ng ating mga minds. Ay, parang wala si Tutor. O, ako na lang ha.
Abang inatay natin si Tutor Eric So, based doon sa ating kaninang lecture, what will happen to a cell if you place it in a salt water solution? Dapat nakikinig kayo, dapat alam nyo yan. So, A, it will burst. B, it will shrink.
C, it will expand. Or D, it will remain the same. Tutor Eric, nandito na tayo sa ating pangkiliti ng ating minds.
Okay, antayin natin. Ayan, may sumagot na. Mas Cell, sabi niya it will shrink daw po. Elena B din, it will shrink.
Samantha B So, Tutor Eric, mukhang ang ating mga estudyante ay tunay na nakikinig dahil tama ang kanilang sagot. So, the cell will shrink in salt water solution because it is hyper... Tonic as compared to the inside of the cell. So ang ating pong next type ng passive, passive pa rin tayo mga studyante ha, is facilitated diffusion. So what is facilitated diffusion?
So movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the aid of a transport molecule. So again, this is still passive. Wala pa rin pong energy na kailangan. para magkaroon ng facilitated diffusion dahil concentration gradient pa rin ang nagpapamove sa ating molecules. So from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
So ano ang difference niya sa mga naunang types ng passive transport? Dito pumapasok yung ating mga transport molecules which are the proteins found in the cell membrane. So meron kasing mga molecules na hindi talaga makalusot doon sa ating sa... Red membrane because, yes, o, dahil yun sa kanyang hydrophobic nature. So, yung mga hydrophilic molecules, naghahanap sila ng ibang way.
Ang example niyan is yung polar molecules, yung ions, and other small non-polar molecules. So, when you say kasi facilitator, parang it is someone or it is a means to make something more easier. So ang facilitator natin sa diffusion would be our proteins. So may iba-ibang types ng facilitator.
First, we have the channel proteins. So ito yung mga proteins na nakalusot talaga from the extracellular to the intracellular side of the cell membrane. So these membrane proteins form pores or channels. So nagkikreate siya ng parang mga butas or lagusan.
Doon sa ating cell membrane kung saan pwedeng dumaan yung ating mga ions. So, selective yan. So, each ion have their own channel proteins. So, gaya niyan sa ating illustration, merong mga proteins na nakakadaan, merong hindi. So, an example of a channel protein is our aquaporins.
So, ang aquaporins, these are the... Water channel proteins. So, diyan dumadaan yung ating mga water molecules. The aquaporins facilitate the faster transportation of water molecules.
And then, meron din tayong tinatawag na gated channel proteins. So, these are membrane proteins that open sa gate, allowing molecules to pass through the membrane. Yung kanina, yung channel proteins, pirmi lang siyang nakabukas.
Where the ions can pass freely, no? Daan lang sila ng daan, bukas lang siya. Pero sa gated channel proteins, it can be opened or closed.
So pwede siyang maisara. Or talagang nakasara siya, nagaantay siya ng stimuli. Para mag-open at papasukin or palabasin yung mga particles.
So, ano-ano ba yung pwedeng maging stimuli? First is the voltage. Diba, yan yung ating electrochemical potential.
Makikita natin yan sa ating mga neurons. Tama ba, Tutor Eric? So, changes in the voltage can stimulate the gated channel proteins to open. So, meron din tayong mga mechanical stress like vibrations or decaf pressure. So itong mga gated channel proteins na na-stimulate ng mechanical stress, makikita natin yan mostly sa ating mga sense organs, especially sa touch at saka sa hearing because of pressure and vibration.
And then meron din naman na-stimulate ng mga molecules called ligands like our neurotransmitters. So parang ano pala, no? Parang pinto pala ito, no? Tutor Wendy, no?
Para magbukas, kakatok ka. Oo. So, yung kanina, ano siya?
Pasok ka lang ng pasok. Open lang. Pasok ka lang ng open lang.
Ito naman, kailangan kumatok. Yung pagkatok mo would be the stimulus. Okay?
Yes. And then, last type ng ating transport protein is our carrier proteins. Ito naman, these are proteins that go conformational change. nag-change siya ng shape or structure once na mag-bind sa kanya yung ion or molecules. At pag-change siya ng structure niya, it can open out sa extracellular or it can open in doon sa intracellular ng cell.
So, depende kung saan papunta yung molecule, kung siya ay to be transported out or transported in. So, ang example ng molecules that are... Moved by carrier proteins is the glucose and amino acid.
So tapos na tayo, Tutor Eric, sa ating passive transport. We go now to our active transport. So the active transport requires the use of energy, usually in the form of the molecule ATP or adenosine triphosphate. So yan lang talaga ang main difference niya sa passive, di ba?
Yun ang tatandaan ng mga ating students. Kapag passive, no energy is needed. Kapag active, energy is needed to move the molecules.
So, bakit kailangan ng enerhiya? Because sa active transport, ang mga minumove niyang molecules is against the concentration gradient. So, kung kanina sa passive, from high to low, dito sa active, it is from low to high. So, kung iyaan lang natin yan sa analogy natin, Tutor Eric, diba? Halimbawa sa train.
Diba pag rush hour, punong-puno ang train pero gusto pa rin sumakay ng mga tao, diba? Kasi syempre gusto nilang makauwi. Pero dahil punong-puno siya, ang hirap sumakay, diba?
Kasi high concentration na yung ating train. Pero nag-exert ng effort talaga yung mga gusto sumakay doon sa train. So parang ganyan yung ating active transport. Kailangan niya ng energy.
Ayan So balik tayo ngayon sa ating brain teaser. Ang active transport, again, ay nagmove ng molecules from an area of high concentration. Wait. So, ang active transport ay nagmove ng molecules against our concentration gradient. That is, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
So, correction niya na. Molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. So alin ang mag-best na mag-describe ng kanilang movement?
Is it A, uphill or is it B, downhill? Students, active transport tayo. So pasensya sa ating typo error.
Active transport from low to high. From low to high. So is it uphill or is it downhill?
Hi po ulit sa mga taga, Padre Garcia National High School. Hello po, ayan grade 11 STEM. Tutor Eric, sabi nila uphill daw po.
Uphill, uphill ang active transport. Ayan, at syempre, ayan, tama yung kanilang sagot. It's an uphill.
So, merong struggle at kinakailangan ng effort at energy para makaakyat. Kasi nga, yung molecules natin is moved from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Okay, sige, tignan na natin yung mga specific examples. Pag sa types ng ating active transport.
So, ang unang type ng ating active transport is the primary active transport. So, the primary active transport uses energy usually in the form of ATP, kaya nga siya ay active transport. So, it also uses or meron din siya mga facilitator na membrane protein transporters like our ion pumps, our ion channels, and yung ating ATPases, which are also yung mga proteins yan embedded in our...
cell membrane. So, ito yung mga ions na minumove ng primary active transport. So, we have sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. At ang pinaka familiar tayo na example of a primary active transport is the sodium-potassium pump. So, yung sodium-potassium pump, yes.
So, nagpa-pump siya ng tatlong ions ng sodium palabas ng cell ng and nagpa-pump naman siya ng dalawang potassium ion papasok ng cells. So it is against a concentration gradient kasi maraming sodium na sa labas pero patuloy pa rin nagpa-pump ng sodium si sodium-potassium pump. And marami ng potassium sa loob pero pinapump pa rin niya papasok yung potassium.
So bakit ba ganun, Tutor Eric? Kasi ang ating cells pala ay may minementain din na electrochemical gradient. Yes, especially yung ating mga neurons.
So, sabi, cells are more positively charged. Mas mataas yung positive charge niya sa labas as compared sa loob. So, kailangan i-maintain siya ng cells. So, kahit marami na yung sodium sa labas, patuloy pa rin siya magpa-pump ng sodium just to make the outside of the cell more positively charged.
So, ang tawag dun ay electrochemical. So yun yung ating tawag na resting voltage. Nakikait siya ng resting voltage sa ating mga neurons. Kapag hindi nagpo-fire ng signals ang ating neurons, minamentain lang yung kanyang voltage through the sodium-potassium pump. So ang ating second type is the secondary active.
So the secondary active transport uses potential energy. Often from electrochemical potential difference as ions are pumped in and out of the cell. It is also known as coupled transport or co-transport.
So ano ba ang kaibahan niya sa primary active transport? So sa primary active, kumukuha ng energy from ATP. And sa secondary active transport naman, Yung nabibuild up na electrochemical difference, yun ang ginagamit niya para mag-pump ng second molecule.
So sa secondary active transport, dalawang molecules or dalawang substrate ang tinatransport. Kapag tawag sa kanya ay co-transport. Okay. So pwedeng simporter siya.
The two substrates move in the same direction. Pwede din namang anti-porter kapag... Yung substrates move in opposite direction.
Kung isa ay palabas, yung isa ay palaob. Now we go to bulk transport, another form of active. Ito kailangan din ng energy.
So when you say bulk transport, it is the movement of large materials into or out of the cell by way of vesicles. We have endocytosis and we have exocytosis. Kasi minsan may mga materials na napakalaki na hindi na talaga nila kayang...
mag-pass through the cell membrane. So, tinatransport na lang sila in large bulks. Diba? Okay.
So, important dito yung role na piniplay ng ating vesicles. So, first in endocytosis. Endo kasi means within, inside. So, cells take in substances from outside the cell by engulfing or swallowing them. Okay?
So, ang purpose niya, pwede yung nutrition. Pwede yung protection by capturing pathogens and other foreign substances. At pwede din namang disposal of old or damaged cells. So, nililinis din nila yung paligid, di ba?
Yung may mga cells na ganun ang kanilang task. So, there are three different types. We have phagocytosis, phenocytosis, and we have the receptor-mediated endocytosis. So, pag sinabi niyong phagocytosis, It means cell eating. So Greek word kasi yung phago, it means to eat.
So a cell engulfs large particles using their pseudopods. Yan yung ating mga specialized cells, di ba? Mas pseudopods sila. They enclose it in a vesicle called phagosome.
So, ang nakikita nyo ngayon is an amoeba that is actually phagocytosing two parameciums. Diba? Masyado siguro siyang gutong.
Dalawa talaga yung kinain niya. Cell eating. Ano ba ang nangyari? For example, you have a bacteria.
So, it will attach sa receptors ng pseudopods. And the pseudopods will enclose on that bacteria, forming what we call a phagosome. So yung phagosome, i-deliver siya inside the cell, and doon sa loob ng cell, mag-fuse siya sa ating lysosome.
Kung natatanda niyo yung lysosome, this is our digestive organelle ng cells. So pag nag-fuse sila, ang tawag na sa kanya is phagolysosome. And then the lysosomal enzymes would digest now the bacteria.
The digested materials would be expelled outside of the cell. So yan ang nangyayari during... phagocytosis. Cytosis.
So, ayan, let's have a question. Which of the following could be a reason for a cell to engage in phagocytosis? Is it A, to feed?
B, to destroy an invader? C, to clean up cellular debris? Or letter D, all of the above? So, ano kaya yung ating magiging reason dito? Of course, kagaya nga ng nabanggit ni Tutor Wendy kanina, ang dahilan kung bakit nagpapagocytosis ang mga cells natin ay una para makapag-take up ng nutrients or to feed other organisms.
Makapag-destroy yan ng invader kagaya yung white blood cells. Tsaka makapag-clean up din ng mga cellular debris natin. So the answer would be letter D, all of D, above. Ayan And of course, tama din yung sagot ng ating mga learners. Yes, tutor Eric Nakikinig talaga sila.
Next, we have what we call phenocytosis. So, ito naman, kung kanina eating, ito naman, cell drinking. So, in phenocytosis, the extracellular fluid would be engulfed in a vesicle. So, kung ano man yung nakadissolve doon ng mga solutes, yun na yung i-intake ng ating cell. So, meron pa rin role na ginagampanan yung ating vesicle.
Now, ang phenocytosis is non-specific. Mostly, non-specific siya kasi kung ano man yung naka-dissolve doon sa extracellular fluid, yun na yung may intake ng ating cell at hindi na niya ito maseselect pa. And then the last type of endocytosis is the receptor-mediated endocytosis. Ito naman, highly selective siya. The cell membrane contains receptor proteins used to engulf specific target molecules.
So the target molecules would attach to the receptor. tors doon sa ating membrane. And then, ayun na nga, ma-enclose din siya into a vesicle, and mangyayari na yung phagocytosis.
Okay? And then, our last one, we have our exocytosis. So, the exocytosis is the exact opposite of our endocytosis. So, exo means outside. So, secretory vesicles within the cell fuses with the plasma membrane, releasing its content into the extra cellular space.
So, Ang purpose nito would be secretion of cell products. Halimbawa, gumawa ng proteins like your hormones or enzymes, kailangan siyang i-deliver sa labas. So, i-enclose siya ng vesicle. Yung vesicle would travel to the cell membrane, fuse with it, and release the contents to the cell, outside of the cell. Pwede namang removal of toxins or other waste products.
For example, are your damaged organelles. Kapag na-digest na yan ng lysosome, may enclosed vesicle, and idideliver na outside of the cell through the process of exocytosis. So, yun yung ating dalawang bulk transport system. Yung ating endocytosis and exocytosis.
Okay? So, now we proceed to our assessment. Tutor Eric? Ayan So, ayan.
Let's have our assessment. So, number one, which is not true about aksyon. active transport?
Is it A, it requires energy? B, it moves substances up the concentration gradient? Or letter C, it moves the substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration? So, ayan, mag-elimination tayo.
Of course, kaya nga siya active, it requires energy. So, hindi siya yung magiging sagot. Letter B, it moves substances up or against the concentration gradient?
So, ito ay at... true din about the active transport. So, our answer would be letter C So, tama din. Nina Elena, sina Corinne, saka si Drew, saka sina Glidel. C ang kanilang sagot.
Yes, lahat sila ay C Okay, number 2. Okay, number 2. So, what type of transport is represented by the image below? So, yung ating mga cross dyan ay yung ating mga molecules. Is it an active transport?
B, passive transport. C, exocytosis. D, exocytosis. So, alin kaya ang movement na ito?
So, from low to high, no? So, A daw po. Mas mga nagsasabi C, endocytosis.
Kasi papasok. Ayan, papasok kasi. But then again, ayan, tignan natin yung concentration gradient ng ating solute.
So, it's A From low concentration ng solute, papunta doon sa high concentration. Kasi, remember yung endo and exo, may vesicle yan eh. Mas yung...
may role ang vesicles dyan. Yes. Now, let us see naman what type of transport is shown in the image.
Is it active? B, bulk transport? C, passive?
D, facilitated? So, parang itong mga nasa image, mga proteins. At meron siyang roles na nagpo-point from high concentration to low concentration. And that type of transport na kinakailangan ng mga facilitator proteins and still a passive transport is letter D.
Okay, facilitated transport. Yan, dito ang specific naman ng C Kasi nga, it is passive. Pero to be specific, kasi tingnan nyo mga students, meron tayong mga facilitator, yung ating mga transport protein.
Kapag, mas specific siya sa facilitated. Facilitated transport. So, ang mga ganitong quiz, ah, We have to choose the best answer. Yes.
Ayan, number four. Saan ang direction kaya magmove yung ating water? Okay, is it papunta doon sa left ng ating chamber?
Or is it papunta sa right? Or hindi magmove ang ating water? So, tignan natin yung concentration din ng ating solute.
So, sa right, mas marami yung concentration ng ating solute. So, ang tendency ng water ay magmove. doon sa area ng low solute papunta doon sa area ng high solute.
Na may high concentration of solute. So, our answer would be letter B So, again ha, yung water yung tinatanong. So, it's letter B So, ang sagot naman ng ating mga learners, si Nina Kier, Nina Princess, Nina Arcane, Samantha, at saka ni Glidel ay letter B Yes, tama naman sila dito sa ating... Question about osmosis. And the last one.
Ayan, which of the following molecules can be transported through a passive movement? Is it A, glucose from the gut wall into the blood? B, carbon dioxide into a leaf? Or C, mineral ions into a plant, root, hair, and cell? Elimination tayo ulit.
Ang ions ay inakailangan ng energy para siya ay makatransport sa cell natin. Ang glucose from the gut wall into the blood, nakangailangan din ito ng expenditure ng energy. So this one, it's an active transport.
So ang naiiwan na lang natin ay carbon dioxide into the leaf. So in particular, this is the gas exchange doon sa ating mesophyll layer ng ating dahon. Tama na naman ang ating mga estudyante.
Tama na lang nakikinig sila. Okay, so Tutor Eric, andi mo si Tutor Tony? Okay, nandiyan na kaya siya, ha?
Meron tayong mga bagong viewers. Meron ako nakikita, Tutor Tony, may mga bago kaming viewers from Echagi National High School. Siguro Tutor Tony talagang nanonood na sila, ngayon lang talaga sila nakakapagparamdam. So next time sana talaga tuloy-tuloy ang nakaparamdam ng alin.
Invite lang natin po sila na... to indicate the name of their schools plus the name of their teachers when they're commenting. And of course, don't forget to scan this QR code para makapagsend po kayo ng feedback sa amin or you may type sa inyong web browser tinyurl.com slash CE2Live feedback form para malaman po namin ng mga things na kailangan po po namin improve or baka meron po kayong may suggest na pwede natin i-guess sa ating mga tutorial session. And then finally, don't forget to support our hashtag Team Mahusay Senior High School Science First Semester Subjects every 3.40 to 5.20pm every Monday.
So congratulations Tutor Wendy and Tutor Eric Share ko lang itong mabilis na quotes na ito. Opo, ang sabi niya, success is a journey. The best form of transport.
Since we discussed about transport, di ba? The best form of transport is happiness. And I hope ang ating mga learners ay tuwang-tuwa at ang ating mga teachers ay tuwang-tuwa kasi nakatulong ang ating e2ly session this afternoon sa kanilang subject na Gen Bio 1. So, thank you po sa panunood and see you again.
Sana po yung mga nabanggit natin ngayon ng mga bagong students ay makita ulit namin kayo next week. See you po ulit next Monday. Ayan, at up next na sa ating itulay sessions, ang ating Alternative Learning System and Mommy.
At nagsasabi ng see you next week. See you next week! Bye! God bless! Thank you!
Thank you sa ating mga students!