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Overview of Biological Macromolecules
May 20, 2025
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Biological Macromolecules (Bio 111, Chapter 3)
3.1 Macromolecule Synthesis
Objectives:
Understand macromolecule synthesis
Explain dehydration and hydrolysis reactions
Key Terms:
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids:
Four major classes of biological macromolecules.
Organic Molecules:
Contain carbon, essential for life, can form stable bonds.
Monomers and Polymers:
Monomers are building blocks that combine to form polymers.
Reactions:
Dehydration Synthesis:
Combines monomers into polymers by removing water (Hâ‚‚O).
Hydrolysis:
Breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water.
Enzymes:
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
Specific to certain reactions; e.g., sucrose enzyme only works on sucrose.
3.2 Carbohydrates
Objectives:
Understand the role of carbohydrates in cells
Explain carbohydrate classifications
Types:
Monosaccharides:
Simple sugars like glucose, fructose, galactose.
Disaccharides:
Two monosaccharides linked together; e.g., sucrose (glucose + fructose).
Polysaccharides:
Long chains of monosaccharides, e.g., glycogen, starch, cellulose.
Function:
Provide energy, primarily as glucose.
Polysaccharides serve as storage forms (e.g., glycogen in animals).
3.3 Lipids
Objectives:
Describe four major types of lipids
Explain roles of fats
Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Types of Lipids:
Fats and Oils:
Long-term energy storage; saturated fats are solid at room temp, unsaturated fats are liquid.
Waxes:
Provide waterproofing on plants and animals.
Phospholipids:
Make up cell membranes, have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Steroids:
Includes cholesterol, important for hormones.
Characteristics:
Nonpolar hydrocarbons, hydrophobic.
3.4 Proteins
Objectives:
Describe functions of proteins
Understand relationship between amino acids and proteins
Structure:
Made up of amino acids (monomers) linked by peptide bonds.
Four levels of organization: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary.
Structure is critical to function.
Functions:
Wide range of functions: enzymes, structural components, transport, defense, etc.
3.5 Nucleic Acids
Objectives:
Describe nucleic acid structure
Know the difference between DNA and RNA
Components:
Nucleotides:
Monomers of nucleic acids, composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
Types:
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
Double-stranded, stores genetic information.
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid):
Single-stranded, involved in protein synthesis.
Role:
DNA stays in the nucleus, RNA travels for protein synthesis.
Study Tips:
Review key differences between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
Familiarize yourself with different types of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Understand the structural differences and functions of DNA and RNA.
Use interactive elements and videos provided for deeper understanding.
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