standing upright like so, feet, you know, roughly shoulder width apart. And so, it's a pretty natural way to stand with one exception. And that one exception is that your palms face forward, meaning that your thumbs face out. So, this is standard anatomical position. If we were uh dissecting a cadabver in this class, we would arrange the cadaavver into this position because all of our terminology is based on it. Okay? So, this is anatomical position and you'll see why that anatomical position is so important to us uh here in just a second. All right? So, that's anatomical position. And then we have what we call directional terms. Okay? And directional terms in anatomy and physiology can be pretty confusing. Like if um if I said, "Okay, now we're going to dissect the right arm of our cadaavver." When you're looking at me, right, the arm that's on your right is this one, but what we mean is the right arm of the cadaavver, which is mine, right? So if I'm the cadaver, we're dissecting this arm even though it's on your left. So it gets a little confusing. So to sort of help with that, we have a whole set of terms that help us sort of describe the position of one body structure usually when compared to another body structure. So we're going to go through this very quickly. And I do use these terms all the time. So I need to just warn you that we should start getting familiar with them. It's why I'm starting the lecture on slide 39 today because we need to get familiar uh with that terminology. Okay. So, first we're going to talk about I tend to think of them usually in pairs that are opposites of one another. All right. So, the first pair of terms that we're going to use is superior and inferior. Okay? And essentially superior means toward the top and inferior means toward the bottom. But we usually when we use one of those two terms, we're describing the position of one structure relative to another. So the easy one, right, I could give you just very quickly. My head is superior to my feet. Makes perfect sense, right? My head is superior. It's farther up than my feet are. Or I can say the opposite. The opposite is true as well. My feet are inferior to my head in anatomical position. Okay, does that make sense everybody? Now, sometimes students understand that to mean that anything above the waist is superior and anything below is inferior. That's also not true. So, does it make sense if I said to you, "My knees are superior to my ankles." Right? Just because they're not on the top half of my body doesn't mean that they're not closer to the top of my body than my ankles are. Or I could say my shoulders are inferior to my head. That's also true. Okay? So, the the terms are sort of relative, which is why we usually are comparing two body parts to one another. Okay, so that's superior and inferior. The next one, uh, the next one is trickier than it needs to be, and I'll show you why in just a second. The next one is anterior and posterior. They are opposites of one another. And then what I need to bring up a little bit later is what's in parenthesis, which is vententral and dorsal. Okay. So, anterior basically just means toward the front of the body. So, right now you are viewing an anterior view of me in anatomical position. You're viewing my front. There you go. Now you are viewing my posterior view uh of me in anatomical position. Okay. So, anterior toward the front, posterior toward the back. Let me talk about vententral for a second. Vententral means toward the belly and dorsal means toward the back. In humans, we stand upright. So anterior and vententral are the same, right? Every time I walk, my belly leads the way. So anterior and vententral are the same as are posterior and dorsal. Okay. So, in humans, that's the same. Here's where we run into trouble, though, and that is in creatures that do not walk upright. Break off. Oh, there we go. So, for example, I'm going to I'm going to do a drawing for you. By the way, we draw a lot in this class and you will draw a lot in this class. and I'm going to I'm going to do the first drawing of the semester so you know what the standard of artistic ability is in my class. Okay? So, I'm going to draw for you a creature that does not walk upright. All right? And that is a shark. There's its eyes. There's its teeth. Just like so. That is my shark. Now in a shark the anterior is its front. So anterior is right here. Its posterior is the opposite of anterior the tail end in this case. So I'm just going to write posterior right there. But now vententral and dorsal now become different, right? Because vententral is its belly. Well, the vententral of our shark is down here. And as we all know from every shark horror movie ever made, we know that shark is coming due to its dorsal fin. So dorsal toward the back I tend to use because this is human anatomy and physiology and because of this I tend to use anterior and posterior but your book author will switch back and forth all the time. So you kind of just have to understand that anterior and vententral are the same in humans but not in other animals and posterior and dorsal are the same in humans but not in other uh animals. Does that make sense everybody? So that's a little tricky but it's just one of those things that we have to learn and get familiar with and be comfortable with because they are terms that are used all the time. Okay, good enough. I'm going to move on to the next set right here. And that is medial and lateral. Okay, medial just means kind of like toward the midline of the body. So imagine I have a line right down the center of my anterior view. If we are moving toward that line, we call that medial. If we're moving away from that line, we call that lateral. Okay? So for example, my neck is medial to my shoulders. My shoulders are lateral to my neck. Or there's a third term here, intermediate, which basically means in between. My heart right here is intermediate to my lungs here and here. My heart sits right in between. So they it is intermediate to my lungs. Okay. So that's how we use those three terms. But medial and lateral are the more commonly used ones. All right. Intermediate just means between. All right. Good enough. Going to move on to proximal and distal. Okay. Now I want to make a note for you and that is that these two terms are used almost exclusively in the limbs. Okay. So proximal just means closer to the trunk of your body. Distal means farther away from the trunk of your body. So for example, I could say my elbow is proximal to my wrists or my fingers are distal to my wrist farther away. Earlier I had said my knees are superior to my ankles. True. But I could also say that my knees are proximal to my ankles. Some anatomists would say that is more accurate. That because we're talking about the limbs, proximal is a better term than superior. Okay? So there's little nuances to it. Uh if I asked you that question on an exam and it was multiple choice, I wouldn't give you both choices, right? So you would either choose superior or proximal either one but both would not be available. Okay. Next one is superficial and deep. Superficial just means toward the exterior of the body. Deep means toward the center of the body, the interior of the body. Okay? So I would say for example that my skin is superficial to my muscles. Okay? In other words, my skin is closer to the outside. In fact, your skin is your superficial organ and so it's basically superficial to everything. Or I could say my heart is deep to my ribs. It's more internal. Okay, so that's how we use those terms. Uh, I would say, let me back up. I would say the ones we probably use most commonly were the first ones, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, uh, maybe medial, lateral as well. You'll get proximal, distal, occasionally. You'll get superficial deep occasionally. Okay. All right. Next thing are the two major divisions of the body. So we're going to divide the body up into what we call the axial division which is referring to your head, neck, and trunk. And then the word appendicular refers to your limbs. Later on this semester we will learn the names of the bones to the axial skeleton. All the bones in your skull, all the bones in your vertebral column and the bones of your ribs and shoulders. That's your axial skeleton. Head, neck and trunk. And then a separate chapter we learn the bones to the appendicular skeleton. all the bones in your limbs, arms and legs. Although I have to warn you, eventually we're going to find out that your book is very particular about the use of the word arm, which is this shoulder to elbow because this is your forearm, right? Which we're kind of familiar with. and leg, which your book will say is knee to ankle because this is your thigh. So, it gets more specific eventually. We'll deal with it. We don't have to really dive into that today. Uh, but at any rate, that's the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton. Okay, this is a view of the anterior body and these are what we call regional terms. So previously we talked about directional terms superior inferior for example here we have regional terms. Okay. So, I'm just going to break the bad news to you, which is we need to know these and I'm not going to lecture over everyone because you can look at the diagram and know what it's talking about already. Okay? So, we are going to start the process. I'm just getting you used to the idea today that you are at some point going to need to sit down and memorize these terms. And while you're irritated with me, I'm just going to go ahead and warn you that there is a second group of terms for the posterior of the body. Okay, this won't be the last time where in lecture I just say, hey, sorry, we need to know these. And I'm not going to take time to lecture over each one. It won't make any difference. It doesn't help. It's a waste of time. You just have to sit down and spend some time studying it. So, it won't be the last time. But with that said, I'm going to help you out a little bit with it today. And then on Wednesday of next week, we're going to do an activity together where we practice these. We pra I I will give you a how do I describe it? A a like a study technique, a memorization technique. And then on Friday of next week, I'm going to give you a tiny little fivepoint quiz. We'll talk more about it next week over these terms. Okay. Now, I want to tell you why it's important that we learn these terms. And that is because these terms are going to help us down the road. All right? Because it turns out that many, not all, but many of the bones of your body are named for the region that they're found in. Okay? So, for example, let's just look at the top of the list. Guess where your frontal bone is? Right there. Okay. Um, guess where your femur is? Right here in the femoral region. Uh, guess where your uh, calccanous is right back here in your heel. Right. Same place it is on this diagram. Calcanium right there pointing to your Okay. So, uh, these terms help us learn the names of bones. Or maybe I should say, if you know these terms, the bones suddenly get a lot easier. All right, next thing. Muscles are sometimes named for these regions as well. So, for example, uh, let me see if I can find a good one here. Oh, that's weird. I have two different books. Uh right here where it says acromial, that is sometimes called deltoid. In my other textbook, it's called the deltoid region, right? Which is the name of the muscle. Uh right there. Um sometimes they are named for oh patellar is another bone right there. Sometimes um blood vessels are named for these body regions. So, I'm almost certain that you have never heard of your poplil artery, but guess where it's found? It's actually in the back of your knee right there in the poplil region. Okay, so long story short, we start learning these now. It's kind of a bear. We don't like it. We don't like that we have to do it. And yet down the road it starts to pay off because they are terms that we keep using over and over and over again. Okay. Oh, here's one named for the muscle. The glutial region. It's where your glutius maximus medius and minimus are located, you know. So, it will start to pay off. Okay. Now, with that said, here's what I want to do. want to um first of all, now that I've made it sound super difficult, I want to just point out that you already know some of these. Okay? So, here's what I would like you to do. I'm going to give you one minute here. I'm in fact, I'll time it. And in one minute, I'm going to ask you to just put your eye on every single one of these terms. And probably most of them will be somewhat new to you and then suddenly you'll run across one that you'll go, "Oh yeah, that makes total sense. I know that already." For example, we all know probably that the word nasal refers to your nose and oral refers to your mouth. So, what I like to do in this class a lot of times is just pause and let's figure out what we already know. All right? So, let's take a minute and let's do just go through put your eyes on every single one of those and say yes or no. I know that one already. Okay.