Studying for human geo:
-religion map and indo european map
-multiple cultural landscape (pic) questions
FRQ
-origins of indo-european
-difference, diffusion of ethnic and universalizing religion
* Sino-tibetan branch
RELIGION+LANGUAGE = CULTURE
Difference between habit, custom culture:
Habit - A repeated act that becomes a characteristic of an individual
Custom - A repeated act that becomes a characteristic of a group
Culture - A collection of repeated acts that becomes a characteristic of a group
Material Culture - seen and touched
-survival activity influenced by environment (clothing, architecture, food)
-non survival activity (visual/performing arts)
Nonmaterial Culture - unseen - beliefs, practices, values
-language, religion, governance & justice
-social norms (with respect to gender(w), age, class/status, kinship, ethnicity, race)
FOLK CULTURE - culture practiced by a small, HOMOGENEOUS ALIKE, rural group that lives in isolation
-unknown origins
-clustered ( at a cultural hearth)
- relocation diffusion typically chain migration
-women are dependent on men
-adapt to the environment, natural landscape is apart of the culture
POP CULTURE - culture found in a large, HETEROGENEOUS DIVERSE society that still shares certain habits
-origins are MDCs
-global distribution
-Hierarchical diffusion from MDC -> MDC
-women are independent and equal
-alter the environment, makes it all more similar
People diverse, the landscape’s not
Sequential Occupancy:
-groups migrate to places formerly occupied by other groups
They add their distinctiveness to the location
Indigenous cultures -> colonial cultures -> postmodern cultures
(FOLK- origin unknown)
(POP- origin is MDCS)
Clothing and Architecture
Folk- reflects environment, local distribution
Pop- reflects people’s job or money success, global distribution
Food
Folk- reflects what the environment can support, local
Food taboos-created because the environment can’t sustain foods
Pop- reflects popular culture preferences
Art
Folk- composed anonymously, based on stories, passed down verbally
Pop- based on trending entertainment, produced by corporations in studios
ACCULTURATION
2 cultures sharing the same space, the adoption of behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
It is a two way interaction
Immigrant & host culture but not equally, usually immigrant changes more
CULTURAL ASSIMILATION (assasination)
Immigrants LOOSE their culture and adopt the host culture
Sometimes FORCED
CULTURAL APPROPRIATION (MISAPPROPRIATION)
Adopting customs to pop culture like the music video
Appropriation or assimilation?
1. Is there an imbalance of power?
2. Is the adoption of customs for 💰💸🤑
3. Is the customs portrayed out of context?
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Centrifugal Force - A cultural value that tends to pull people apart
Centripetal Force- ______________________ unify people
* Language diffuses by relocation diffusion and spatial interaction
Convergence- 2 languages -> 1 by spatial interaction
Divergence- new language formed bc of LACK of spatial interaction
Language Family: related to each other thru common ancestor long before recorded history
Language Branch: related thru a common ancestor confirmed thru archaeological evidence
Language Group: within a branch that share common origin in recent past, few differences in grammar/vocab
Romance languages are based on LATIN
Germanic Branch are based on OLD NORSE
Balto Slavic Branch - Russification: Soviets forced Russian on their empire
Theories on ORIGIN OF INDO EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY
Nomadic Warrior Thesis
* Kurgan People of the Russian Steppe
* Migrated and conquered people, spread and forced language on them
Sedentary Farmer Thesis
* Earliest speakers live in Anatolia/Turkey
* Language migrated with successful agricultural practices (basically they moved for more land to grow more food, because of population growth due to the successful practices)
Proto - Indo - European - The existence of a single common ancestral language of the Indo-European language family, some share certain words
Sound shifts- a slight change in word across subfamilies (like milk in romance languages)
Jacob Grimm’s (fairy tales) theory: consonants became softer over time
Origin of English
Germanic Invasion of Britain: Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
French Speakers Arrive: William the conqueror invades England
French & Anglo-Saxon is foundation of English
Diffusion of English
British Migration/Colonialism
Spanish American War
Lingua Franca- language used by people who have different native languages
English is global one, economy, most on internet
Chinese, as china’s pop. grows, so does the acceptance, when characters are limited, logograms/ideograms allow more “words per character”
Official languages- the language for use by government for the conduct of business and publication of documents
English is not official language of UK OR Australia
Working Languages- used by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication
UN working languages: ARABIC, ENGLISH, CHINESE, FRENCH, RUSSIAN, SPANISH
Informal Language- new languages that are a combo of english and another language
Franglais or Spanglish or Denglish
Pidgin Language is combo of simplified English and another language
Dialect - variety of a language distinguished by the vocab or spelling or pronunciation
Isogloss: BOUNDARY separating regions with different language usages
Standard Language-form of a language used for official government, business, education, and mass communication
Mutual Intelligbility: the ability of people communicating in 2 easy to readily understand each other w/ out special effort
Different Dialects are MI but different languages are not MI
Creole/Creolized Language: language results from mixing a colonizers language with indigenous language
Switzerland, Belgium, and Quebec are Multilingual Places
Dying Languages- a language that is used by older people but not being transmitted to children
Most that are dying are indigenous/native languages
It is a Prime example of globalism vs local distinctiveness, things being replaced by english
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Most of the world follows one of these four religions:
1. Christianity
2. Muslims/Islam
3. (unaffiliated)
4. Hinduism
5. Buddhism
Christian Branches
Roman- acknowledge pope
Orthodox- never acknowledged
Protestant- no longer acknowledges
Buddhist Branches
Mahayana: Nirvana all
Theravada: N monks only
Vajrayana: N all thru tantras/mystic texts
Islam Branches
Sunni MORE
Shia LESS only more in Azerbaijan, iraq, iran, and bahrain
Hindus mostly in India
Jews in USA and Israel
Universalizing Religions: O
Buddhism
Islam
Christianity
* Origins based on events in life of prophet
* Global distribution
* Holy places associated with founder’s life
* Calendar based on founder’s life
Ethnic Religons
Hindu
Jews
* Unclear origins (as with folk culture)
* Clustered distribution mostly in a hearth
* Holy places derived from physical environment
* Calendar based on physical geography of homeland
Buddhism
Hearth- India
Founder- Siddadartha
Four Noble truths
About suffering
Rebirths until nirvana
* Lotus flower
* 8-wheel
* Swastika
Worship in temples or own home
Tall tired sturctures
Christianity
Hearth- Southwest Asia, Jerusalem
European colonialism spread christianity
30% go to Eruope
30% go to north america
Most immigrants to us and canada are christian
Islam
Hearth- Southwest Asia, Mekkah, Madina, Jerusalem
5 Pillars
* Pilgrimage
* Fasting
* Give to those in need
* Pray 5 times
* Declare faith in only god
READ QUARAN
Worship in mosques
Crescent moon & star
30% go to southwest asia
30% go to Europe
Courtyard or minaret
Hinduism
Hearth- Nepal, South Aisai
Hinus worship at home or shrines dedicated to certain gods
Soul never dies, continualoy reborn, happiness achieved after freed from earthly desires
Domed spire= sikkahara near garden or river
Judaism
Hearth- israel, ancient land of the hebrews
Abrrahmic religion
Abraham is founder
Most immigrants go to Israel
* Christianity predominates in Europe, North America, and Latin America; Islam in SE Asia, Central Asai, and SW Asia & North Africa; and Buddhism in East Asia.
* Atheism - belief that a god does not exist
* Agnosticism -The belief that the existence of a god cannot be proven or disproven empirically.
* Animism -The belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
* Monotheism v.
* Polytheism -. Belief in or worship of more than one god.
* Religion → branch → denomination. A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body. → congregation
* Global distribution of religions (Figure 6-5)
Syncretic- combining multiple religious traditions
1. Earliest establishment of the kingdom israel
2. Siddhartha born
3. Jesus born
4. Muhammad born
5. Buddhist missionaries spread to east asia
6. Missionaries and colonist spread christianity to the americas
Autonomous Religions:
ISLAM and HINDUISM
Hierarchical Religions: ROMAN CATHOLIC CHRISTIANITY
> province
>Diocese
> Parish
Zoroastrians & some buddhists use exposure
Hindu cremation ritual known as Antyesti
Muslims and Christians use cemetaries
Islam use lunar calendar
Christianity follow equinox
Buddhism - different based on branch
Judaism is lunisolar
Sect- a religious group that has separated from a larger denomination
Theocracy- govn’t where state authority is derived from a deity
Many historical ex
-Iran
-Tailban
State REligons- gov’t that officially recognizes a religion
-gov not bound to deity or religious principles
-uk
-saudi arabia