AP Human Geography Review Summary

Introduction

• Comprehensive review of all seven units of AP Human Geography.
• Purpose: Quick summary of main concepts to prepare for AP test or final exam.
• More detailed content available in topic review videos and the Ultimate Review Packet.

Unit 1: Geography Basics

Maps and Data

• Thematic Maps: Show specific themes or patterns.
• Reference Maps: Show general geographic areas.
• Map Projections: Each has distortions (Mercator is accurate in direction).
• GIS (Geographic Information Systems): Layer data to see spatial relationships.

Research and Data Analysis

• Quantitative Research: Numerical data (e.g., census).
• Qualitative Research: Attitudinal data (up for discussion).

Spatial Concepts

• Distance Decay: Reduced by technology and communications.
• Cultural Landscape: Unique sense of place shaped by culture.

Environmental Sustainability

• Environmental Determinism: Environment limits societal growth.
• Possibilism: Society can shape the environment.

Scale and Regions

• Scale of Analysis: Organization of data at different levels (national, local).
• Types of Regions: Functional, perceptual, formal.

Unit 2: Population and Migration

Population Concepts

• Population Distribution: Where people live due to economic, social, and environmental opportunities.
• Population Density: Arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural density.

Key Population Metrics

• Demographic Transition Model (DTM): Stages of population growth.
• Population Pyramids: Graphical representation of age and sex.
• Malthusian Theory: Population will exceed food production (neo-Malthusians).

Migration

• Push/Pull Factors: Economic, political, social, environmental.
• Types of Migration: Forced vs. voluntary, internal vs. international.

Unit 3: Culture

Cultural Concepts

• Cultural Relativism vs. Ethnocentrism: Understanding cultures within their context vs. judging them by one's own standards.
• Cultural Landscape: Visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.

Diffusion

• Types: Relocation, hierarchical, contagious, stimulus.

Religion and Language

• Universalizing vs. Ethnic Religions: Diffusion patterns and impacts on landscapes.
• Language Families and Diffusion: Origins and impacts on cultural landscapes.

Unit 4: Political Organization of Space

Political Entities

• Nation vs. State: Definitions and examples (e.g., nation-state, multinational state).
• Political Boundaries: Types (relic, antecedent, superimposed, etc.).

Political Power

• Unitary vs. Federal States: Centralization of power.
• Supranational Organizations: Impact on state sovereignty.

Unit 5: Agricultural and Rural Land Use

Agricultural Practices

• Intensive vs. Extensive Agriculture: Characteristics and examples.

Agricultural Revolutions

• First, Second, Green Revolutions: Innovations and impacts.

Modern Agricultural Issues

• Sustainability and Ethics: GMOs, organic farming, fair trade.

Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land Use

Urban Models

• Concentric Zone, Sector, Multiple Nuclei Models: City structure.

Urban Challenges

• Gentrification: Economic impacts and displacement.

Sustainable Urban Development

• Smart Growth, New Urbanism: Strategies to reduce sprawl and enhance livability.

Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development

Economic Sectors

• Primary, Secondary, Tertiary: Types of activities.

Globalization

• Impact on Labor and Trade: Neoliberal policies and economic shifts.

Development Models

• Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth: Pathways to development.
• Wallerstein's World Systems Theory: Core-periphery dynamics.

Conclusion

• Comprehensive review crucial for AP Human Geography test preparation.
• Additional resources and study aids available in the Ultimate Review Packet and topic review videos.